Apoptosis in Alzheimer disease: A mathematical improbability

Current Alzheimer Research

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 393-396

  Zhu, Xiongwei ^a   Raina, Arun K ^a   Perry, George ^a,b   Smith, Mark A ^a  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b University of San Antonio   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer disease; Apoptosis; Cell death; Neurodegeneration

Indexed keywords

CASPASE; DNA FRAGMENT;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; APOPTOSIS; CELL DEATH; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE COURSE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; NERVE DEGENERATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; BRAIN; CELL SURVIVAL; HUMANS; MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEINS; NECROSIS; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEURONS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 33748466130     PISSN: 15672050     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156720506778249470     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. Selkoe DJ. Alzheimer's disease results from the cerebral accumulation and cytotoxicity of amyloid beta-protein. J Alzheimers Dis 3: 75-80 (2001).
2. Zhu X, Lee HG, Casadesus G, Avila J, Drew K, Perry G, et al. Oxidative imbalance in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 31: 205-17 (2005).
3. Zhu X, Raina AK, Perry G and Smith MA. Alzheimer's disease: the two-hit hypothesis. Lancet Neurol 3: 219-26 (2004).
4. Bancher C, Lassmann H, Breitschopf H and Jellinger KA. Mechanisms of cell death in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm Suppl 50: 141-52 (1997).
5. Jellinger KA and Bancher C. Neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease: a critical update. J Neural Transm Suppl 54: 77-95 (1998).
6. Mark RJ, Lovell MA, Markesbery WR, Uchida K and Mattson MP. A role for 4-hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of lipid peroxidation, in disruption of ion homeostasis and neuronal death induced by amyloid beta-peptide. J Neurochem 68: 255-64 (1997).
7. Sayre LM, Zelasko DA, Harris PL, Perry G, Salomon RG and Smith MA. 4-Hydroxynonenal-derived advanced lipid peroxidation end products are increased in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 68: 2092-7 (1997).
8. Slater AF, Stefan C, Nobel I, van den Dobbelsteen DJ and Orrenius S. Signalling mechanisms and oxidative stress in apoptosis. Toxicol Lett 82-83: 149-53 (1995).
9. Yankner BA. New clues to Alzheimer's disease: unraveling the roles of amyloid and tau. Nat Med 2: 850-2 (1996).
10. Vander Heiden MG, Chandel NS, Li XX, Schumacker PT, Colombini M and Thompson CB. Outer mitochondrial membrane permeability can regulate coupled respiration and cell survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97: 4666-71 (2000).
11. Zhu X, Smith MA, Perry G and Aliev G. Mitochondrial failures in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 19: 345-52 (2004).
12. Deng G, Pike CJ and Cotman CW. Alzheimer-associated presenilin-2 confers increased sensitivity to apoptosis in PC12 cells. FEBS Lett 397: 50-4 (1996).
13. Marques CA, Keil U, Bonert A, Steiner B, Haass C, Muller WE, et al. Neurotoxic mechanisms caused by the Alzheimer's disease-linked Swedish amyloid precursor protein mutation: oxidative stress, caspases, and the JNK pathway. J Biol Chem 278: 28294-302 (2003).
14. Chan SL, Culmsee C, Haughey N, Klapper W and Mattson MP. Presenilin-1 mutations sensitize neurons to DNA damage-induced death by a mechanism involving perturbed calcium homeostasis and activation of calpains and caspase-12. Neurobiol Dis 11: 2-19 (2002).
15. Cotman CW and Su JH. Mechanisms of neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 6: 493-506 (1996).
16. Anderson AJ, Su JH and Cotman CW. DNA damage and apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease: colocalization with c-Jun immunoreactivity, relationship to brain area, and effect of postmortem delay. J Neurosci 16: 1710-9 (1996).
17. Tsang SY, Tam SC, Bremner I and Burkitt MJ. Research communication copper-1,10-phenanthroline induces internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in HepG2 cells, resulting from direct oxidation by the hydroxyl radical. Biochem J 317 (Pt 1): 13-6 (1996).
18. Su JH, Deng G and Cotman CW. Neuronal DNA damage precedes tangle formation and is associated with up-regulation of nitrotyrosine in Alzheimer's disease brain. Brain Res 774: 193-9 (1997).
19. Smith MA, Richey Harris PL, Sayre LM, Beckman JS and Perry G. Widespread peroxynitrite-mediated damage in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 17: 2653-7 (1997).
20. Stadelmann C, Bruck W, Bancher C, Jellinger K and Lassmann H. Alzheimer disease: DNA fragmentation indicates increased neuronal vulnerability, but not apoptosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 57: 456-64 (1998).
21. Perry G, Nunomura A, Lucassen P, Lassmann H and Smith MA. Apoptosis and Alzheimer's disease. Science 282: 1268-9 (1998).
22. Perry G, Nunomura A and Smith MA. A suicide note from Alzheimer disease neurons? Nat Med 4: 897-8 (1998).
23. Guo H, Albrecht S, Bourdeau M, Petzke T, Bergeron C and Le-Blanc AC. Active caspase-6 and caspase-6-cleaved tau in neuropil threads, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 165: 523-31 (2004).
24. Stadelmann C, Deckwerth TL, Srinivasan A, Bancher C, Bruck W, Jellinger K, et al. Activation of caspase-3 in single neurons and autophagic granules of granulovacuolar degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Evidence for apoptotic cell death. Am J Pathol 155: 1459-66 (1999).
25. Selznick LA, Holtzman DM, Han BH, Gokden M, Srinivasan AN, Johnson EM Jr., et al. In situ immunodetection of neuronal caspase-3 activation in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58: 1020-6 (1999).
26. Masliah E, Iimoto DS, Saitoh T, Hansen LA and Terry RD. Increased immunoreactivity of brain spectrin in Alzheimer disease: a marker for synapse loss? Brain Res 531: 36-44 (1990).
27. Yang F, Sun X, Beech W, Teter B, Wu S, Sigel J, et al. Antibody to caspase-cleaved actin detects apoptosis in differentiated neuroblastoma and plaque-associated neurons and microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 152: 379-89 (1998).
28. Gamblin TC, Chen F, Zambrano A, Abraha A, Lagalwar S, Guillozet AL, et al. Caspase cleavage of tau: linking amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 10032-7 (2003).
29. Gervais FG, Xu D, Robertson GS, Vaillancourt JP, Zhu Y, Huang J, et al. Involvement of caspases in proteolytic cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta precursor protein and amyloidogenic A beta peptide formation. Cell 97: 395-406 (1999).
30. Cribbs DH, Poon WW, Rissman RA and Blurton-Jones M. Caspase-mediated degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 165: 353-5 (2004).
31. Hetz CA, Torres V and Quest AF. Beyond apoptosis: nonapoptotic cell death in physiology and disease. Biochem Cell Biol 83: 579-88 (2005).
32. Jellinger KA. Cell death mechanisms in neurodegeneration. J Cell Mol Med 5: 1-17 (2001).
33. Jellinger KA and Stadelmann C. Problems of cell death in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 3: 31-40 (2001).
34. Pike CJ. Estrogen modulates neuronal Bcl-xL expression and beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 72: 1552-63 (1999).
35. Zhu X, Wang Y, Ogawa O, Lee HG, Raina AK, Siedlak SL, et al. Neuroprotective properties of Bcl-w in Alzheimer disease. J Neurochem 89: 1233-40 (2004).
36. Lee HG, Perry G, Moreira PI, Garrett MR, Liu Q, Zhu X, et al. Tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease: pathogen or protector? Trends Mol Med 11: 164-9 (2005).
37. Srinivasula SM, Hegde R, Saleh A, Datta P, Shiozaki E, Chai J, et al. A conserved XIAP-interaction motif in caspase-9 and Smac/DIABLO regulates caspase activity and apoptosis. Nature 410: 112-6 (2001).
38. Torp R, Su JH, Deng G and Cotman CW. GADD45 is induced in Alzheimer's disease, and protects against apoptosis in vitro. Neurobiol Dis 5: 245-52 (1998).
39. Martins LM, Kottke TJ, Kaufmann SH and Earnshaw WC. Phosphorylated forms of activated caspases are present in cytosol from HL-60 cells during etoposide-induced apoptosis. Blood 92: 3042-9 (1998).
40. Smith MA, Perry G, Richey PL, Sayre LM, Anderson VE, Beal MF, et al. Oxidative damage in Alzheimer's. Nature 382: 120-1 (1996).
41. Hampton MB, Fadeel B and Orrenius S. Redox regulation of the caspases during apoptosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 854: 328-35 (1998).
42. Marcum JL, Mathenia JK, Chan R and Guttmann RP. Oxidation of thiol-proteases in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 334: 342-8 (2005).
43. Hetz CA, Hunn M, Rojas P, Torres V, Leyton L and Quest AF. Caspase-dependent initiation of apoptosis and necrosis by the Fas receptor in lymphoid cells: onset of necrosis is associated with delayed ceramide increase. J Cell Sci 115: 4671-83 (2002).
44. Raina AK, Hochman A, Zhu X, Rottkamp CA, Nunomura A, Siedlak SL, et al. Abortive apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 101: 305-10 (2001).
45. Degterev A, Huang Z, Boyce M, Li Y, Jagtap P, Mizushima N, et al. Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury. Nat Chem Biol 1: 112-9 (2005).