Regulation of drug metabolism and disposition during inflammation and infection

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism and Toxicology

Volumn 1, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 629-640

  Renton, Kenneth W ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

cytochrome P450; drug disposition; drug metabolism; drug toxicity; infection; inflammation

Indexed keywords

CYTOCHROME P450; DRUG;

ANIMAL; ENCEPHALITIS; HUMAN; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; ENCEPHALITIS; HUMANS; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS;

EID: 33747114409     PISSN: 17425255     EISSN: 17447607     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17425255.1.4.629     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. RENTON KW: Relationships between the enzymes of detoxication and host defence mechanisms. In:Biological basis of detoxication . J Caldwell, WB Jacoby (Eds), Academic Press, New York, US (1983):307-324.
2. RENTON KW: Cytochrome P450 regulation and drug biotransformation during inflammation and infection. Curr. Drug Metab. (2004) 5:235-243. (Pubitemid 38735778)
3. MORGAN ET, LI-MASTERS T, CHENG PY: Mechanisms of cytochrome P450 regulation by inflammatory mediators. Toxicology (2002) 181-182:207-210. (Pubitemid 36015700)
4. MORGAN ET: Regulation of cytochromes P450 during inflammation and infection. Drug Metab. Rev. (1997) 29:1129-1188. (Pubitemid 28133460)
5. RENTON KW: Alteration of drug biotransformation and elimination during infection and inflammation. Pharmacol. Ther. (2001) 92:147-163. (Pubitemid 34251132)
6. MORGAN ET: Regulation of cytochrome P450 by inflammatory mediators: why and how? Drug Metab. Dispos. (2001) 29:207-212. (Pubitemid 32179517)
7. SAMARAS SC, DEITZ N: Physiopathology of detoxification of pentobarbital sodium. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. (1953) 12:400.
8. RENTON KW, MANNERING GJ: Depression of the hepatic cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase system by administered tilorone (2,7-bis(2- (diethylamino)ethoxy) fluoren-9-one dihydrochloride). Drug Metab. Dispos. (1976) 4:223-231.
9. RENTON KW, MANNERING GJ: Depression of hepatic cytochrome P450- dependent monooxygenase systems with administered interferon inducing agents. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1976) 73:343-348.
10. MORGAN ET: Regulation of cytochrome P450 by inflammatory mediators: why and how? Drug Metab. Dispos. (2001) 29:207-212. (Pubitemid 32179517)
11. FUKUDA Y, ISHIDA N, NOGUCHI T, KAPPAS A, SASSA S: Interleukin-6 down regulates the expression of transcripts encoding cytochrome P450 1A1, 1A2 and III3A in human hepatoma cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. (1992) 184:960-965.
12. FUKADA Y, SASSA S: Supression of cytochrome P4501A1 by interleukin-6 in human hepaG2 hepatoma cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1994) 47:1187-1195. (Pubitemid 24127933)
13. CLARK MA, BING BA, GOTTSCHALL PE, WILLIAMS JF: Differential effect of cytokines on the phenobarbital or 3- methylcholanthrene induction of P450 mediated monooxygenase activity in cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1995) 49:97-104.
14. SANNE JL, KRUEGER KE: Expression of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme and 3 â-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the rat central nervous system: a study by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. J. Neurochem. (1995) 65:528-536.
15. WRIGHT K, MORGAN ET: Regulation of cytochrome P450IIC12 expression by interleukin-1á, interleukin-6 and dexamethasone. Mol. Pharmacol. (1991) 39:468-474.
16. NADIN L, BUTLER AM, FARRELL GC, MURRAY M: Pretranslational downregulation of cytochromes P450 2C11 and 3A2 in male rat liver by tumor necrosis factor á. Gastroenterology (1995) 109:198-205.
17. TINEL M, ROBIN MA, DOOSTZADEH J et al.: The interleukin-2 receptor down-regulates the expression of cytochrome P450 in cultured rat hepatocytes. Gastroenterology (1995) 109:1589-1599.
18. HERRMANN M, SCHOLMERICH J, STRAUB RH: Influence of cytokines and growth factors on distinct steroidogenic enzymes in vitro: a short tabular data collection. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (2002) 966:166-186. (Pubitemid 34729172)
19. PARKINSON A, LASKER J, KRAMER MJ et al.: Effects of three recombinant human leukocyte interferons on drug metabolism in mice. Drug Metab. Dispos. (1982) 10:579-585. (Pubitemid 13223686)
20. SINGH G, RENTON KW, STEBBING N: Homogeneous interferon from E. coli depresses hepatic cytochrome P450 and drug biotransformation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1982) 106:1256-1261. (Pubitemid 13214705)
21. CALLEJA C, EECKHOUTTE C, DACASTO M et al.: Comparative effects of cytokines on constitutive and inducible expression of the gene encoding for the cytochrome P450 3A6 isoenzyme in cultured rabbit hepatocytes: consequences on progesterone 6â-hydroxylation. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1998) 56:1279-1285. (Pubitemid 28511265)
22. CARELLI M, PORRAS MC, RIZZARDINI M, CANTONI L: Modulation of constitutive and inducible hepatic cytochrome(s) P450 by interferon-â in mice. J. Hepatol. (1996) 24:230-237. (Pubitemid 26059118)
23. ISLAM M, FRYE RF, RICHARDS TJ et al.: Differential effect of IFN-á2b on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system: a potential basis of IFN toxicity and its modulation by other drugs. Clin. Cancer Res. (2002) 8:2480-2487. (Pubitemid 34856329)
24. KUROKOHCHI K, YONEYAMA H, MATSUO Y, NISHIOKA M, ICHIKAWA Y: Effects of interleukin 1á on the activities and gene expressions of the cytochrome P450IID subfamily. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1992) 44:1669-1674.
25. MORGAN ET, THOMAS KB, SWANSON R, VALES T, HWANG J, WRIGHT K: Selective suppression of cytochrome P450 gene expression by interleukins 1 and 6 in rat liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1994) 1219:475-483. (Pubitemid 24319709)
26. CHEN YL, FLORENTIN I, BATT AM, FERRARI L, GIROUD JP, CHAUVELOT-MOACHON L: Effects of interleukin-6 on cytochrome P450- dependent mixed-function oxidases in the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1992) 44:137-148.
27. CHEN YL, LE VRAUX V, LENEVEU A et al.: Acute-phase response, interleukin-6, and alteration of cyclosporine pharmacokinetics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1994) 55:649-660. (Pubitemid 24212266)
28. WARREN GW, VAN ESS PJ, WATSON AM, MATTSON MP, BLOUIN RA: Cytochrome P450 and antioxidant activity in interleukin-6 knockout mice after induction of the acutephase response. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. (2001) 21:821-826. (Pubitemid 33078520)
29. SIEWERT E, BORT R, KLUGE R, HEINRICH PC, CASTELL J, JOVER R: Hepatic cytochrome P450 down-regulation during aseptic inflammation in the mouse is interleukin 6 dependent. Hepatology (2000) 32:49-55. (Pubitemid 30432365)
30. WRIGHT K, MORGAN ET: Transcriptional and post-transcriptional supression of P450IIC11 and P450IIC12 by inflammation. FEBS Lett. (1990) 271:59-61. (Pubitemid 20336204)
31. DELAPORTE E, CRIBB AE, RENTON KW: Interferon-mediated changes in the expression of CYP1A1 in human B lymphoblastoid (AHH-1 TK+/-) cells. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. (1995) 73:1692-1697.
32. DELAPORTE E, RENTON KW: Cytochrome P4501A1 and cytochrome P4501A2 are downregulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by conditions resulting in interferon- á/â induction. Life Sci. (1997) 60:787-796. (Pubitemid 27087271)
33. CHEN JQ, STROM A, GUSTAFSSON JA, MORGAN ET: Suppression of the constitutive expression of cytochrome P450 2C11 by cytokines and interferons in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes: comparison with induction of acute-phase genes and demonstration that CYP2C11 promoter sequences are involved in the suppressive response to interleukins 1 and 6. Mol. Pharmacol. (1995) 47:940-947.
34. MOOCHHALA S, RENTON KW: The effect of IFN-á-Con1 on hepatic cytochrome P450 and protein. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. (1991) 13:903-912.
35. MOREL Y, BAROUKI R: Downregulation of cytochrome P450 1A1 gene promoter by oxidative stress - critical contribution of nuclear factor 1. J. Biol. Chem. (1998) 273:26969-26976. (Pubitemid 28471719)
36. IBER H, CHEN Q, CHENG PY, MORGAN ET: Suppression of CYP2C11 gene transcription by interleukin-1 mediated by NF-êB binding at the transcription start site. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (2000) 377:187-194. (Pubitemid 30257304)
37. GORALSKI KB, ABDULLA D, SINAL CJ, ARSENAULT A, RENTON KW: Toll-like receptor-4 regulation of hepatic Cyp3a11 metabolism in a mouse model of LPS-induced CNS inflammation. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. (2005) 289:G434-G443. (Pubitemid 41216380)
38. VAN ESS PJ, MATTSON MP, BLOUIN RA: Enhanced induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes and CAR binding in TNF (p55-/-/p75-/-) double receptor knockout mice following phenobarbital treatment. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2002) 300:824-830. (Pubitemid 34164985)
39. SACHDEVA K, YAN B, CHICHESTER CO: Lipopolysaccharide and cecal ligation/puncture differentially affect the subcellular distribution of the pregnane X receptor, but consistently cause suppression of its target genes CYP3A. Shock (2003) 19:469-474. (Pubitemid 44305175)
40. BEIGNEUX AP, MOSER AH, SHIGENAGA JK, GRUNFELD C, FEINGOLD KR: Reduction in cytochrome P450 enzyme expression is associated with repression of CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) and PXR (pregnane X receptor) in mouse liver during the acute phase response. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2002) 293:145-149. (Pubitemid 34694183)
41. MORGAN ET: Suppression of constitutive cytochrome P450 gene expression in livers of rats undergoing an acute phase response to endotoxin. Mol. Pharmacol. (1989) 36:699-707. (Pubitemid 20008215)
42. HAKKOLA J, HU Y, INGELMAN-SUNDBERG M: Mechanisms of down-regulation of CYP2E1 expression by inflammatory cytokines in rat hepatoma cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2003) 304:1048-1054. (Pubitemid 36254417)
43. CHANG KC, LAUER BA, BELL TD, CHAI H: Altered theophylline pharmacokinetics during acute respiratory viral illness. Lancet (1978) 1:1132-1133. (Pubitemid 8356442)
44. RENTON KW: Altered theophylline kinetics. Lancet (1978) 2:160-161.
45. FLEETHAM JA, NAKATSU K, MUNT PW: Theophylline pharmacokinteics and respiratory infections. Lancet (1978) 2:898.
46. CLARKE CJ, BOYD G: Theophylline pharmacokinetics during respiratory viral infection. Lancet (1979) 1:492. (Pubitemid 9127251)
47. WALKER SB, MIDDLEKAMP JN: Theophylline toxicity and viral infection. Pediatrics (1982) 70:508.
48. GREENWALD M, KOREN G: Viral induced changes in theophylline handling in children. Am J. Asthma Allergy Pediatr. (1990) 3:162.
49. WOO OF, KOUP JR, KRAEMER M, ROBERTSON WO: Acute intoxication with theophylline while on chronic therapy. Vet and Human Toxicol. (1980) 22:48-51. (Pubitemid 11162327)
50. KRAEMER MJ, FURUKAWA C, KOUP JP, SHAPIRO G: Altered theophylline clearance during an influenza outbreak. Pediatrics (1982) 69:476-480. (Pubitemid 12135951)
51. KOREN G, GREENWALD M: Decrease in theophylline clearance causing toxicity during viral epidemics. J. Asthma (1985) 22:75-79. (Pubitemid 15231681)
52. BLEAU AM, FRADETTE C, EL-KADI AOS, COTE MC, DU SOUICH P: Cytochrome P450 downregulation by serum from humans with a viral infection and from rabbits with an inflammatory reaction. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2001) 29:1007-1012. (Pubitemid 32605916)
53. BLEAU AM, LEVITCHI MC, MAURICE H, DU SOUICH P: Cytochrome P450 inactivation by serum from humans with a viral infection and serum from rabbits with a turpentineinduced inflammation: the role of cytokines. Br. J. Pharmacol. (2000) 130:1777-1784. (Pubitemid 30657504)
54. BLEAU AM, MAUREL P, PICHETTE V, LEBLOND F, DU SOUICH P: Interleukin-1â, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-á and interferon-ã released by a viral infection and an aseptic inflammation reduce CYP1A1, 1A2 and 3A6 expression in rabbit hepatocytes. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2003) 473:197-206. (Pubitemid 36929885)
55. ANOLIK R, KOLSKI GB, SCHAIBLE DH, RATNER J: Transient alteration of theophylline half-life: possible association with Herpes simplex infection. Ann. Allergy (1982) 49:109-111. (Pubitemid 12046115)
56. FORSYTH JS, MORELAND TA, RYELANCE GW: The effect of fever on antipyrine metabolism in children. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1982) 13:811-815. (Pubitemid 13139864)
57. LEE BL, WONG D, BENOWITZ NL, SULLAM PM: Altered patterns of drug metabolism in patients with aquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1993) 53:529-535. (Pubitemid 23161200)
58. KIRBY GM, BATIST G, ALPERT L, LAMOUREUX E, CAMERON RG, ALAOUI-JAMALI MA: Overexpression of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in aflatoxin B1 bioactivation in human liver with cirrhosis and hepatitis. Toxicol. Pathol. (1996) 24:458-467. (Pubitemid 26274855)
59. PASANEN M, RANNALA Z, TOOMING A, SOTANIEMI EA, PELKONEN O, RAUTIO A: Hepatitis A impairs the function of human hepatic CYP2A6 in vivo. Toxicology (1997) 123:177-184. (Pubitemid 27443389)
60. BECQUEMONT L, CHAZOUILLERES O, SERFATY L et al.: Effect of interferon á-ribavirin bitherapy on cytochrome P450 1A2 and 2D6 and N-acetyltransferase-2 activities in patients with chronic active hepatitis C. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2002) 71:488-495. (Pubitemid 34701356)
61. ONEIL WM, GILFIX BM, MARKOGLOU N, DI GIROLAMO A, TSOUKAS CM, WAINER IW: Genotype and phenotype of cytochrome P450 2D6 in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2000) 56:231-240. (Pubitemid 30456683)
62. TONG JZ, DE LAGAUSIE P, FURLAN V, CRESTEIL T, BERNARD O, ALVAREZ F: Long-term culture of adult rat hepatocyte spheroids. Exp. Cell Res. (1992) 200:326-332.
63. TRELUYER JM, BENECH H, COLIN I, PRUVOST A, CHERON G, CRESTEILT: Ontogenesis of CYP2Cdependent arachidonic acid metabolism in the human liver: relationship with sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr. Res. (2000) 47:677-683. (Pubitemid 30249859)
64. TRELUYER JM, CHERON G, SONNIER M, CRESTEIL T: Cytochrome P450 expression in sudden infant death syndrome. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1996) 52:497-504. (Pubitemid 26233594)
65. BEURTON F, GUERET G, HORISBERGER M, CHERON G, CRESTEIL T: Transcriptional activation of CYP2C, MxA and Fas in sudden infant death syndrome. Int J. Mol. Med. (1999) 3:33-39.
66. DE PAEPE P, BELPAIRE FM, BUYLAERT WA: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations when treating patients with sepsis and septic shock. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (2002) 41:1135-1151. (Pubitemid 35398690)
67. CARCILLO JA, DOUGHTY L, KOFOS D et al.: Cytochrome P450 mediated-drug metabolism is reduced in children with sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. Intensive Care Med. (2003) 29:980-984. (Pubitemid 36783172)
68. SHEDLOFSKY SI, ISRAEL BC, MCCLAIN CJ, HILL DB, BLOUIN RA: Endotoxin administration to humans inhibits hepatic cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism. J. Clin. Invest. (1994) 94:2209-2214.
69. SHEDLOFSKY SI, ISRAEL BC, TOSHEVA R, BLOUIN RA: Endotoxin depresses hepatic cytochrome P450- mediated drug metabolism in women. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1997) 43:627-632. (Pubitemid 27283572)
70. TOFT P, HESLET L, HANSEN M, KLITGAARD NA: Theophylline and ethylenediamine pharmacokinetics following administration of aminophylline to septic patients with multiorgan failure. Intensive Care Med. (1991) 17:465-468.
71. SHELLY MP, MENDEL L, PARK GR: Failure of critically ill patients to metabolise midazolam. Anaesthesia (1987) 42:619-626. (Pubitemid 17118485)
72. PARK GR, MILLER E, NAVAPURKAR V: What changes drug metabolism in critically ill patients? - II Serum inhibits the metabolism of midazolam in human microsomes. Anaesthesia (1996) 51:11-15.
73. GIANNINI E, FASOLI A, BORRO P et al.: Impairment of cytochrome P450- dependent liver activity in cirrhotic patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. (2001) 15:1967-1973. (Pubitemid 34014353)
74. PRESCOTT LF: Therapeutic misadventure with paracetamol: fact or fiction? Am. J. Ther. (2000) 7:99-114.
75. PRANDOTA J: Unusual distribution, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of some drugs and their implications to pharmacotherapy. Am. J. Ther. (2000) 7:332-340.
76. HAAS CE, KAUFMAN DC, JONES CE, BURSTEIN AH, REISS W: Cytochrome P450 3A4 activity after surgical stress. Crit. Care Med. (2003) 31:1338-1346. (Pubitemid 36583841)
77. FRYE RF, SCHNEIDER VM, FRYE CS, FELDMAN AM: Plasma levels of TNF-á and IL-6 are inversely related to cytochrome P450-dependent drug metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure. J. Card. Fail. (2002) 8:315-319. (Pubitemid 35253202)
78. FRADETTE C, BLEAU AM, PICHETTE V, CHAURET N, DU SOUICH P: Hypoxia-induced downregulation of CYP1A1/1A2 and upregulation of CYP3A6 involves serum mediators. Br. J. Pharmacol. (2002) 137:881-891. (Pubitemid 35407491)
79. BAER AN, MCALLISTER CB, WILKINSON GR, WOOSLEY RL, PINCUS T: Altered distribution of debrisoquine oxidation phenotypes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. (1986) 29:843-850. (Pubitemid 16072882)
80. MAYO PR, SKEITH K, RUSSELL AS, JAMALI F: Decreased dromotropic response to verapamil despite pronounced increased drug concentration in rheumatoid arthritis. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2000) 50:605-613. (Pubitemid 32010020)
81. DULOS J, VAN DER VLEUTEN MA, KAVELAARS A, HEIJNEN CJ, BOOTS AM: CYP7B expression and activity in fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis: regulation by proinflammatory cytokines. Arthritis Rheum. (2005) 52:770-778. (Pubitemid 40365098)
82. SLAVIERO KA, CLARKE SJ, RIVORY LP: Inflammatory response: an unrecognised source of variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cancer chemotherapy. Lancet Oncol. (2003) 4:224-232. (Pubitemid 36503320)
83. RIVORY LP, SLAVIERO K, SEALE JP et al.: Optimizing the erythromycin breath test for use in cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. (2000) 6:3480-3485.
84. RIVORY LP, SLAVIERO KA, CLARKE SJ: Hepatic cytochrome P450 3A drug metabolism is reduced in cancer patients who have an acute-phase response. Br. J. Cancer (2002) 87:277-280.
85. IBACH B, APPEL K, GEBICKEHAERTER P et al.: Effect of phenytoin on cytochrome P450 2B mRNA expression in primary rat astrocyte cultures. J. Neurosci. Res. (1998) 54:402-411. (Pubitemid 28493950)
86. HONMA S, SHIMODAIRA K, SHIMIZU Y et al.: The influence of inflammatory cytokines on estrogen production and cell proliferation in human breast cancer cells. Endocr. J. (2002) 49:371-377. (Pubitemid 34832311)
87. ROTHWELL NJ, LUHESHI G, TOULLAND S: Cytokines and their receptors in the central nervous system: physiology, pharmacology and pathology. Pharmacol. Ther. (1996) 69:85-95. (Pubitemid 26111423)
88. RENTON KW, DIBB S, LEVATTE TL: Lipopolysaccharide evokes the modulation of brain cytochrome P4501A in the rat. Brain Res. (1999) 842:139-147. (Pubitemid 29447861)
89. MONSHOUWER M, AGNELLO D, GHEZZI P, VILLA P: Decrease in brain cytochrome P450 enzyme activities during infection and inflammation of the central nervous system. Neuroimmunomodulation (2000) 8:142-147. (Pubitemid 32010728)
90. NICHOLSON TE, RENTON KW: Role of cytokines in the lipopolysaccharideevoked depression of cytochrome P450 in the brain and liver. Biochem. Pharmacol. (2001) 62:1709-1717. (Pubitemid 34033658)
91. NICHOLSON TE, RENTON KW: The role of cytokines in the depression of CYP1A activity using cultured astrocytes as an in vitro model of inflammation in the central nervous system. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2002) 30:42-46. (Pubitemid 34016939)
92. GORALSKI KB, RENTON KW: Brain inflammation enhances 1-methyl-4- phenylpyridinium-evoked neurotoxicity in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (2004) 196:381-389. (Pubitemid 38496460)
93. SHIMAMOTO Y, KITAMURA H, HOSHI H et al.: Differential alterations in levels of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 isozymes following intracerebroventricular injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in rats. Arch. Toxicol. (1998) 72:492-498. (Pubitemid 28396286)
94. SHIMAMOTO Y, KITAMURA H, IWAI M, SAITO M, KAZUSAKA A, FUJITA S: Mechanism of decrease in levels of hepatic P450 isozymes induced by intracerebral endotoxin: independence from sympathetic nervous and adrenocortical systems. Arch. Toxicol. (1999) 73:41-49. (Pubitemid 29155829)
95. ABDULLA D, GORALSKI KB, DEL BUSTO CANO EG, RENTON KW: The signal transduction pathways involved in hepatic cytochrome P450 regulation in the rat during a lipopolysaccharide-induced model of central nervous system inflammation. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2005) 33:1521-1531. (Pubitemid 41324001)
96. DEL BUSTO CANO EG, RENTON KW: Modulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 during Listeria monocytogenes infection in the brain. J. Pharm. Sci. (2003) 92:1860-1868. (Pubitemid 37071818)
97. GORALSKI KB, HARTMANN G, PIQUETTE-MILLER M, RENTON KW: Downregulation of mdr1a expression in the brain and liver during CNS inflammation alters the in vivo disposition of digoxin. Br. J. Pharmacol. (2003) 139:35-48. (Pubitemid 36645306)
98. NICHOLSON TE, RENTON KW: Modulation of cytochrome P450 by inflammation in astrocytes. Brain Res. (1999) 827:12-18. (Pubitemid 29222899)
99. PIQUETTE-MILLER M, PAK A, KIM H, ANARI R, SHAHZAMMI A: Decreased expression and activity of P-glycoprotein in rat liver during acute inflammation. Pharmaceutical Res. (1998) 15:706-711. (Pubitemid 28275646)
100. HARTMANN G, KIM H, PIQUETTE-MILLER M: Regulation of the hepatic multidrug resistance gene expression by endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines in mice. Int. Immunopharmacol. (2001) 1:189-199. (Pubitemid 32183718)
101. HARTMANN G, CHEUNG AK, PIQUETTE-MILLER M: Inflammatory cytokines, but not bile acids, regulate expression of murine hepatic anion transporters in endotoxemia. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2002) 303:273-281.
102. SUKHAI M, YONG A, PAK A, PIQUETTE-MILLER M: Decreased expression of P-glycoprotein in interleukin- 1â and interleukin-6 treated rat hepatocytes. Inflamm. Res. (2001) 50:362-370. (Pubitemid 32675398)
103. MCRAE MP, BROUWER KL, KASHUBA AD: Cytokine regulation of P-glycoprotein. Drug Metab. Rev. (2003) 35:19-33. (Pubitemid 36249784)
104. RENTON KW, NICHOLSON TE: Hepatic and central nervous system cytochrome P450 are down-regulated during lipopolysaccharide-evoked localized inflammation in brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2000) 294:524-530. (Pubitemid 30490825)
105. KAWAGUCHI H, MATSUI Y, WATANABE Y, TAKAKURA Y: Effect of interferon-ã on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin, a P-glycoprotein substrate, intravenously injected into the mouse. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2004) 308:91-96. (Pubitemid 38090705)
106. CASTAGNE V, BONHOMME-FAIVRE L, URIEN S et al.: Effect of recombinant interleukin-2 pretreatment on oral and intravenous digoxin pharmacokinetics and P-glycoprotein activity in mice. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2004) 32:168-171. (Pubitemid 38176932)
107. BONHOMME-FAIVRE L, PELLOQUIN A, TARDIVEL S et al.: Recombinant interleukin-2 treatment decreases P-glycoprotein activity and paclitaxel metabolism in mice. Anti-Cancer Drugs (2002) 13:51-57. (Pubitemid 34169527)
108. SERKOVA NJ, CHRISTIANS U, BENET LZ: Biochemical mechanisms of cyclosporine neurotoxicity. Mol. Interv. (2004) 4:97-107. (Pubitemid 38584972)