Clinical implications of angiogenesis in cancers

Vascular Health and Risk Management

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 97-108

  Pang, Roberta W C ^a   Poon, Ronnie T P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Antiangiogenic therapy; Cancer; Prognosis

Indexed keywords

AE 941; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANGIOGENIC FACTOR; ANGIOSTATIN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; CELECOXIB; ENDOSTATIN; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; IRINOTECAN; MARIMASTAT; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY LM 609; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; SEMAXANIB; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; THALIDOMIDE; VANDETANIB; VASCULOTROPIN ANTIBODY; VATALANIB; ZK 225;

ANGIOGENESIS; BREAST CANCER; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL INFILTRATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON POLYPOSIS; COLORECTAL CANCER; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TARGETING; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GROWTH INHIBITION; HOST CELL; HUMAN; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER METASTASIS; LUNG CANCER; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MICROVASCULATURE; MOUSE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS CANCER; PANCREAS CARCINOMA; PREDICTION; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN SECRETION; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR CELL; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANGIOGENIC PROTEINS; ANGIOSTATIC PROTEINS; ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; PROGNOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 33744962527     PISSN: 11766344     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.2.97     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Acenero MJ, Gonzalez JF, Gallego MQ et al. 1998. Vascular enumeration as a significant prognosticator for invasive breast carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 16:1684-8.
2. Aguayo A, Kantarjian HM, Estey EH, et al. 2002. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor levels have prognostic significance in patients with acute myeloid leukemia but not in patients with myeloplastic syndromes. Cancer, 95:1923-30.
3. Akagi Y, Liu W, Xie K, et al. 1999. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human colon cancer by interleukin-1 beta. Br J Cancer, 80:1506-11.
4. Aref S, El Sherbiny M, Goda T, et al. 2005. Soluble VEGF/sFLt1 ratio is an independent predictor of AML patient outcome. Hematology, 10:131-4.
5. Asahara T, Banters C, Zheng LP, et al. 1995. Synergistic effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor on angiogenesis in vivo. Circulation, 92(Suppl):365-71.
6. Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, et al. 1999. Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ Res, 85:221-8.
7. Badet J. 1999. Angiogenin, a potent mediator of angiogenesis. Biological, biochemical and structural properties. Pathol Biol (Paris), 47:345-51.
8. Bergers G, Brekken R, McMahon G, et al. 2000. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 triggers the angiogenic switch during carcinogenesis. Nat Cell Biol, 2:737-44.
9. Bouvet M, Ellis LM, Nishizaki M, et al. 1998. Adenovirus-mediated wild-type p 53 gene transfer down-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression and inhibits angiogenesis in human colon cancer. Cancer Res, 58:2288-92.
10. Burke PA, DeNardo SJ. 2001. Antiangiogenic agents and their promising potential in combined therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 39:155-71.
11. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. 2000. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature, 407:249-57.
12. Casanovas O, Hicklin DJ, Bergers G, et al. 2005. Drug resistance by evasion of antiangiogenic targeting of VEGF signaling in late-stage pancreatic islet tumors. Cancer Cell, 8:299-309.
13. Chen CN, Cheng YM, Lin MT, et al. 2002. Association of color doppler vascularity index and microvessel density with survival in patients with gastric cancer. Ann Surg, 235:512-18.
14. Cianchi F, Cortesini C, Bechi P, et al. 2001. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression correlates with tumor angiogenesis inhuman colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology, 121:1339-47.
15. Ciardiello F, Bianco R, Damiano V, et al. 2000. Antiangiogenic and antitumor activity of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor C225 monoclonal antibody in combination with vascular endothelial growth factor antisense oligonucleotide in human GEO colon cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res, 6:3739-47.
16. Dabrosin C, Margetts PJ, Gauldie J. 2003. Estradiol increases extracellular levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in vivo in murine mammary cancer. Int J Cancer, 107:535-40.
17. Daniel TO, Liu H, Morrow JD, et al. 1999. Thromboxane A2 is a mediator of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent endothelial migration and angiogenesis. Cancer Res, 59:4574-7.
18. de Gramont A, Van Cutsem E. 2005. Investigating the potential of bevacizumab in other indications: metastatic renal cell, non-small cell lung, pancreatic and breast cancer. Oncology, 69(Suppl 3):46-56
19. Dias S, Hattori K, Zhu Z, et al. 2000. Autocrine stimulation of VEGFR-2 activates human leukemic cell growth and migration. J Clin Invest, 106:511-21.
20. Dickson C, Spencer-Dene B, Dillon C, et al. 2000. Tyrosine kinase signaling in breast cancer: fibroblast growth factors and their receptors. Breast Cancer Res, 2:191-6.
21. Dirix LY, Vermeulen PB, Pawinski A, et al. 1997. Elevated levels of the angiogenic cytokines basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in sera of cancer patients. Br J Cancer, 76:238-43.
22. Drake MJ, Robson W, Mehta P, et al. 2003. An open-label phase II study of low-dose thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Br J Cancer, 88:822-7.
23. Drevs J, Zirrgiebel U, Schmidt-Gersbach CI, et al. 2005. Soluble markers for the assessment of biological activity with PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ ZK), a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with advanced colorectal cancer from two phase I trials. Ann Oncol, 16:558-65.
24. El-Assal ON, Yamanoi A, Ono T, et al. 2001. The clinicopathological significance of heparanase and basic fibroblast growth factor expressions in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 7:1299-305.
25. Eliceri BP, Cherish DA. 1999. The role of alphav integrins during angiogenesis: insights into potential mechanisms of action and clinical development. J Clin Invest, 103:1227-30.
26. Ellis LM, TakahashiY, Fenoglio CJ, et al. 1998. Vessel counts and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Eur J Cancer, 34:337-40.
27. Etoh T, Shibuta K, Barnard GF, et al. 2000. Angiogenin expression in human colorectal cancer: the role of focal macrophage infiltration. Clin Cancer Res, 6:3545-51.
28. Folkman J. 1971. Tumor angiogenesis: Therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med, 285:1182-6.
29. Friess H, Yamanaka Y, Buchler M, et al. 1993. Enhanced expression of transforming growth factor beta isoforms in pancreatic cancer correlates with decreased survival. Gastroenterology, 105:1846-56.
30. 3: a new prognostic indicator in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 4:2625-43.
31. George D. 2003. Targeting PDGF receptors in cancer - rationales and proof of concept clinical trials. Adv Exp Med Biol, 532:141-51.
32. Graepler F, Verbeek B, Graeter T, et al. 2005. Combined endostatin/ sFlt-1 antiangiogenic gene therapy is highly effective in a rat model of HCC. Hepatology, 41:879-86.
33. Griffiths L, Stratford LJ. 1997. Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor thymidine phosphorylase in tumor growth and response to therapy. Br J Cancer, 76:689-93.
34. Gupta K, Gupta P, Wild R, et al. 1999. Binding and displacement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by thrombospondin: effect on human microvascular endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, 3:147-58.
35. Hanahan D, Folkman J. 1996. Patterns of emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell, 86:353-64.
36. Haubner R, Wester HJ, Weber WA, et al. 2001. Noninvasive imaging of alpha(v)beta3 integrin expression using 18F-labeled RGD-containing glycopeptide and positron emission tomography. Cancer Res, 61:1781-5.
37. Hernberg M, Virkkunen P, Bono P, et al. 2003. Interferon alfa-2b three times daily and thalidomide in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 21:3770-6.
38. Herold-Mende C, Steiner HH, Andl T, et al. 1999. Expression and functional significance of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in human tumor cells. Lab Invest, 79:1573-82.
39. Heymach JV, Desai J, Manola J, et al. 2004. Phase II study of the antiangiogenic agent SU5416 in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res, 10:5732-40.
40. Hoar FJ, Lip GY, Belgore F, et al. 2004. Circulating levels of VEGF-A, VEGF-D and soluble VEGF-A receptor (sFlt-1) in human breast cancer. Int J Biol Markers, 19:229-35.
41. Holash J, Maisonpierre PC, Compton D, et al. 1999. Vessel co-option, regression and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Science, 284:1994-8.
42. Hu Q, Dey AL, Yang Y, et al. 2004. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, and not receptor 2, is an independent prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer, 100:1884-91.
43. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny WL, et al. 2004. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med, 350:2335-42.
44. Hyodo I, Doi T, Endo H, et al. 1998. Clinical significance of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in gastrointestinal cancer. Eur J Cancer, 34:2041-5.
45. Igarashi M, Dhar DK, Kubota H, et al. 1998. The prognostic significance of microvessel density and thymidine phosphorylase expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer, 82:1225-32.
46. Jacobson J, Rasmuson T, Grankvist K, et al. 2000. Vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 163:343-7.
47. Jain RK, Safabakhsh N, Sckell A, et al. 1998. Endothelial cell death, angiogenesis, and microvascular function after castration in an androgen-dependent tumor: role of vascular endothelial growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95:10820-5.
48. Johnson DH, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny WL, et al. 2004. Randomized phase II trial comparing bevacizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with carboplatin and paclitaxel alone in previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol, 22:2184-91.
49. Kamiya K, Konno H, Tanaka T, et al. 1999. Antitumor effect on human gastric cancer and induction of apoptosis by vascular endothelial growth factor neutralizing antibody. Jpn J Cancer Res, 90:794-800.
50. Kerbel RS. 2001. Clinical trials of antiangiogenic drugs: opportunities, problems and assessment of initial results. J Clin Oncol, 19:45S-51S.
51. Kerbel RS, Viloria-Petit A, Okada F, et al. 1998. Establishing a link between oncogenes and tumor angiogenesis. Mol Med, 4:286-95.
52. Kitadai Y, Haruma K, Tokutomi T, et al. 1998. Significance of vessel count and vascular endothelial growth factor in human esophageal carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res, 4:2195-200.
53. Klement G, Baruchel S, Rak J, et al. 2000. Continuous low-dose therapy with vinblastine and VEGF receptor-2 antibody induces sustained tumor regression without over toxicity. J Clin Invest, 105:R15-24.
54. Koch AE, Halloran MM, Haskell CJ, et al. 1995. Angiogenesis mediated by soluble forms of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Nature, 376:517-19.
55. Konno S, Takebayashi Y, Aiba M, et al. 2001. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of thymidine phosphorylase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in gastric carcinoma. Cancer Lett, 166:103-11.
56. Kotoh T, Dhar DK, Masunaga R, et al. 1999. Antiangiogenic therapy of human esophageal cancers with thalidomide in nude mice. Surgery, 125:536-44.
57. Leahy KM, Ornberg RL, Wang Y, et al. 2002. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by celecoxib reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in angiogenic endothelial cells in vivo. Cancer Res, 62:625-31.
58. Lee CG, Heijn M, di Tomaso E, et al. 2000. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment augments tumor radiation response under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Cancer Res, 60:5565-70.
59. Leung DW, Cachianes G, Kuang WJ, et al. 1989. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science, 246:1306-9.
60. Lin AY, Brophy N, Fisher GA, et al. 2005. Phase II study of thalidomide for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer, 103:119-25.
61. Liotta LA, Stracke ML. 1988. Tumor invasion and metastases: biochemical mechanisms. Cancer Treat Res, 40:223-38.
62. Liu Y, Poon RT, Li Q, et al. 2005. Both angiogenesis- and angiogenesis-independent effects are responsible for hepatocellular carcinoma growth arrest by tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584. Cancer Res, 65:3691-9.
63. Lode HN, Moehler T, Xiang R, et al. 1999. Synergy between an antiangiogenic integrin alphav antagonist and an antibody-cytokine fusion protein eradicates spontaneous tumor metastases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96:1591-6.
64. Llovet JM, Sala M, Castells L, et al. 2000. Randomized controlled trial of interferon treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 31:54-8.
65. Lyden D, Hattori K, Dias S, et al. 2001. Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow-derived endothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth. Nat Med, 7:1194-201.
66. Maeda K, Chung YS, Ogawa Y, et al. 1996. Prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in gastric carcinoma. Cancer, 77:858-63.
67. Maeda K, Chung YS, Takatsuka S, et al. 1995. Tumor angiogenesis as a predictor of recurrence in gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 13:477-81.
68. Maehara Y, Kakeji Y, Kabashima A, et al. 1999. Role of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in invasion and metastasis in gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 17:607-14.
69. Maisonpierre PC, Suri C, Jones PF, et al. 1997. Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie-2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Science, 27:55-60.
70. Matsumoto K, Konno H, Tanaka T, et al. 2000. Combination therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor neutralizing antibody and mitomycin C on human gastric cancer xenograft. Jpn J Cancer Res, 91:748-52.
71. Matsumura M, Chiba Y, Lu C, et al. 1998. Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase expression correlated with tumor angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett, 128:55-63.
72. Miller KD, Chap LI, Holmes FA, et al. 2005. Randomized phase III trial of capecitabine compared with bevacizumab plus capecitabine in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 23:792-9.
73. Miller KD, Trigo JM, Wheeler C, et al. 2005. A multicenter phase II trial of ZD6474, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 11:3369-76.
74. Molica S, Vacca A, Ribatti D, et al. 2002. Prognostic value of enhanced bone marrow angiogenesis in early B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 100:3344-51.
75. Nguyen M, Watanabe H, Budson AE, et al. 1994. Elevated levels of an angiogenic peptide, basic fibroblast growth factor, in the urine of patients with a wide spectrum of cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst, 86:356-61.
76. O'Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Chen C, et al. 1996. Angiostatin induces and sustains dormancy of human primary tumors in mice. Nat Med, 2:689-92.
77. O'Reilly MS, Boehm T, Shing Y, et al. 1997. Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell, 88:277-85.
78. Oba K, Konno H, Tanaka T, et al. 2002. Prevention of liver metastasis of human colon cancer by selective matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor MMI-166. Cancer Lett, 175:45-51.
79. Ogura O, Takebayashi Y, Sameshima T, et al. 2001. Preoperative assessment of vascularity by color Doppler ultrasonography in human rectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum, 44:538-46.
80. Ozvegy-Laczka C, Cserepes J, Elkind NB, et al. 2005. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in cancer: role of ABC multidrug transporters. Drug Resist Updat, 8:15-26.
81. Pal S, Claffey KP, Dvorak HF, et al. 1997. The von Hippel-Lindau gene product inhibits vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor expression in renal cell carcinoma by blocking protein kinase C pathways. J Biol Chem, 272:27509-12.
82. Papapetropoulos A, Garcia-Cardena G, Dengler TJ, et al. 1999. Direct actions of angiopoietin-1 on human endothelium: Evidence for network stabilization, cell survival, and interaction with other angiogenic growth factors. Lab Invest, 79:213-23.
83. Perez-Atayde AR, Sallan SE, Tedrow U, et al. 1997. Spectrum of tumor angiogenesis in the bone marrow of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am J Pathol, 150:815-21.
84. Peters BA, Diaz LA, Polyak K, et al. 2005. Contribution of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells to human tumor vasculature. Nat Med, 11:261-2.
85. Pietra N, Sarli L, Caruana P, et al. 2000. Is tumour angiogenesis a prognostic factor in patients with colorectal cancer and no involved nodes? Eur J Surg, 166:552-6.
86. Poon RT, Fan ST, Wong J. 2001. Clinical implications of circulating angiogenic factors in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol, 19:1207-25.
87. Poon RT, Ho JW, Tong CS, et al. 2004. Prognostic significance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg, 91:1354-60.
88. Poon RT, Lau CP, Cheung ST, et al. 2003. Quantitative correlation of serum levels and tumor expression of vascular endothelial growth factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res, 63:3121-6.
89. Poon RT, Lau CP, Ho JW, et al, 2003. Tissue factor expression correlates with tumor angiogenesis and invasiveness in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 9:5339-45.
90. Poon RT, Ng IO, Lau C, et al. 2001a. Correlation of serum basic fibroblast growth factor levels with clinicopathologic features and postoperative recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg, 182:298-304.
91. Poon RT, Ng IO, Lau C, et al. 2001b. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor predicts venous invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study. Ann Surg, 233:227-35.
92. Poon RT, Ng IO, Lau C, et al. 2002. Tumor microvessel density as a predictor of recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective study. J Clin Oncol, 20:1775-85.
93. Rabitsch W, Sperr WR, Lechner K, et al. 2004. Bone marrow microvessel density and its prognostic significance in AML. Leuk Lymphoma, 45:1369-73.
94. Rak JW, Mitsuhashi Y, Sheehan C. 2000. Oncogenes and tumor angiogenesis: differential modes of vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulation in ras-transformed epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Cancer Res, 60:490-8.
95. Reiriz AB, Richter MF, Fernandes S, et al. 2004. Phase II study of thalidomide in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res, 14:527-31.
96. Ruzinova MB, Schoer RA, Gerald W, et al. 2003. Effect of angiogenesis inhibition by Id loss and the contribution of bone-marrow-derived endothelial cells in spontaneous murine tumors. Cancer Cell, 4:277-89.
97. Saito H, Tsujitani S, Oka S, et al. 1999. The expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 is significantly correlated with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and poor prognosis of patients with advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer, 86:1455-62.
98. Schmitz V, Wang L, Barajas M, et al. 2004. Treatment of colorectal and hepatocellular carcinomas by adenoviral mediated gene transfer of endostatin and angiostatin-like molecule in mice. Gut, 53:561-7.
99. Seo Y, Baba H, Fukuda T, et al. 2000. High expression of vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with liver metastasis and a poor prognosis for patients with ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer, 88:2239-45.
100. Seto S, Onodera H, Kaido T, et al. 2000. Tissue factor expression in human colorectal carcinoma: correlation with hepatic metastasis and impact on prognosis. Cancer, 88:295-301.
101. Shaheen RM, Ahmad SA, Liu W, et al. 2001. Inhibited growth of colon cancer carcinomatosis by antibodies to vascular endothelial and epidermal growth factor receptors. Br J Cancer, 85:584-9.
102. Shaheen RM, Tseng WW, Davis D W, et al. 2001. Tyrosine kinase inhibition of multiple angiogenic growth factor receptors improves survival in mice bearing colon cancer liver metastases by inhibition of endothelial cell survival mechanisms. Cancer Res, 61:1464-8.
103. Shi W, Siemann DW. 2005. Targeting the tumor vasculature: enhancing antitumor efficacy through combination treatment with ZD6126 and ZD6474. In Vivo, 19:1045-50.
104. Shimada H, Takeda A, Nabeya Y, et al. 2001. Clinical significance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer, 92:663-9.
105. Shimada H, Takeda A, Shiratori T, et al. 2002. Prognostic significance of serum thymidine phosphorylase concentration in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer, 94:1947-54.
106. Shimoyama S, Gansauge F, Gansauge S, et al. 1996. Increased angiogenin expression in pancreatic cancer is related to cancer aggressiveness. Cancer Res, 56:2703-6.
107. Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, et al. 1992. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-mitiated angiogenesis. Nature, 359:843-5.
108. Shweiki D, Neeman M, Itin A, et al. 1995. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by hypoxia and by glucose deficiency in multicell spheroids: implications for tumor angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 92:768-72.
109. Singhal S, Mehta J, Desikan R, et al. 1999. Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med, 341:1567-71.
110. 3 targeted magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Med, 4:623-6.
111. Solorzano CC, Baker CH, Bruns CJ, et al. 2001. Inhibition of growth and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer growing in nude mice by PTK 787/ ZK222584, an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Cancer Biother Radiopharm, 16:359-70.
112. Stadler WM, Cao D, Vogelzang NJ, et al. 2004. A randomized phase II trial of the antiangiogenic agent SU5416 in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 10:3365-70.
113. Strumberg D, Richly H, Hilger RA, et al. 2005. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the Novel Raf kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor BAY 43-9006 in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors. J Clin Oncol, 23:965-72.
114. Takebayashi Y, Akiyama S, Akiba S, et al. 1996. Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of an angiogenic factor, thymidine phosphorylase, in human colorectal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst, 88:1110-17.
115. Takebayashi Y, Aklyama S, Yamada K, et al. 1996. Angiogenesis as an unfavorable prognostic factor in human colorectal carcinoma. Cancer, 78:226-31.
116. Tang TC, Poon RT, Lau CP, et al. 2005. Tumor cyclooxygenase-2 levels correlate with tumor invasiveness in human hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol, 11:1896-902.
117. te Velde EA, Reijerkerk A, Brandsma D, et al. 2005. Early endostatin treatment inhibits metastatic seeding of murine colorectal cancer cells in the liver and their adhesion to endothelial cells. Br J Cancer, 92:729-35.
118. Thomas JP, Arzoomanian RZ, Alberti D, et al. 2003. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of recombinant human endostatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol, 21:223-31.
119. Thomas AL, Morgan B, Horsfiield MA, et al. 2005. Phase I study of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of PTK787/ ZK 222584 administered twice daily in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol, 23:4162-71.
120. Tokunaga T, Oshika Y, Abe Y, et al. 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA isoform expression pattern is correlated with liver metastasis and poor prognosis in colon cancer. Br J Cancer, 77:998-1002.
121. Torres C, Wang H, Turner J, et al. 1999. Prognostic significance and effect of chemoradiotherapy on microvessel density (angiogenesis) in esophageal Barrett's esophagus-associated adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol, 30:753-8.
122. Veikkola T, Karkkainen M, Cleasson-Welsh L, et al. 2000. Regulation of angiogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Cancer Res, 60:203-12.
123. Verstovsek S, Kantarjian H, Manshouri T, et al. 2002. Prognostic significance of cellular vascular endothelial growth factor expression in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood, 99:2265-7.
124. Wang L, Tang ZY, Qin LX, et al. 2000. High-dose and long-term therapy with interferon-alfa inhibits tumor growth and recurrence in nude mice bearing human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts with high metastatic potential. Hepatology, 32:43-8.
125. Weidner N, Semple P, Welch W, et al. 1991. Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis: correlation in invasive breast carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 324:1-8.
126. Werther K, Christensen IJ, Nielsen HJ, et al. 2002. Prognostic impact of matched preoperative plasma and serum VEGF in patients with primary colorectal carcinoma. Br J Cancer, 86:417-23.
127. Wu J, Richer J, Horwitz KB, Hyder SM. 2004. Progestin-dependent induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer cells: preferential regulation by progesterone receptor B. Cancer Res, 64:2238-14.
128. Yamamoto Y, Toi M, Kondo S, et al. 1996. Concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor in the sera of normal controls and cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res, 2:821-6.
129. Yamanaka Y, Friess H, Buchler M, et al. 1993. Overexpression of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors in human pancreatic cancer correlates with advanced tumor stage. Cancer Res, 53:5289-96.
130. Yoshikawa T, Tsuburaya A, Kobayashi O, et al. 2000. Plasma concentrations of VEGF and bFGF in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer Lett, 153:7-12.
131. Zangari M, Anaissie E, Stopeck A, et al. 2004. Phase II study of SU5416, a small molecule vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, in patients with refractory multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res, 10(1 Pt 1):88-95.