Adenosine receptors: Promising targets for the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostics for asthma

Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 9-19

  Russo, Cristina ^a   Arcidiacono, Giuseppe ^a   Polosa, Riccardo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Adenosine; Adenosine receptors; Asthma; Bronchoconstriction; New therapies

Indexed keywords

1,4 DIHYDRO 2 METHYL 6 PHENYL 4 (2 PHENYLETHYNYL) 3,5 PYRIDINEDICARBOXYLIC ACID 5 BENZYL 3 ETHYL ESTER; 2 (4 METHOXYPHENYL)ADENOSINE; 2 [4 (2 CARBOXYETHYL)PHENETHYLAMINO]ADENOSINE 5' (N ETHYLCARBOXAMIDE); 2 ANILINOADENOSINE; 4 [2 [7 AMINO 2 (2 FURYL) 1,2,4 TRIAZOLO[2,3 A][1,3,5]TRIAZIN 5 YLAMINO]ETHYL]PHENOL; 5 AMINO 2 (2 FURYL) 7 (2 PHENYLETHYL)PYRAZOLO[4,3 E][1,2,4]TRIAZOLO[1,5 C]PYRIMIDINE; 6 ETHYL 4 PROPYL 2 PHENYL 3 PYRIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID 5 THIOCARBOXYLIC ACID 5 ETHYL 3 PROPYL ESTER; 6 N (3 IODOBENZYL)ADENOSINE 5' N METHYLCARBOXAMIDE; 9 CHLORO 2 (2 FURYL) 5 PHENYLACETYLAMINO 1,2,4 TRIAZOLO[1,5 C]QUINAZOLINE; 9 CHLORO 2 (2 FURYL) 5,6 DIHYDRO 5 IMINO 1,2,4 TRIAZOLO[2,3 C]QUINAZOLINE; ADENOSINE; ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTOR; ADENOSINE A2A RECEPTOR; ADENOSINE A2B RECEPTOR; ADENOSINE A3 RECEPTOR; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; BUDESONIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; ENPROFYLLINE; EPI 2010; HISTAMINE; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; MONTELUKAST; N (4 CYANOPHENYL) 2 [4 (2,3,6,7 TETRAHYDRO 2,6 DIOXO 1,3 DIPROPYL 1H PURIN 8 YL)PHENOXY]ACETAMIDE; THEOPHYLLINE; UK 432 097; UK 432097; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALLERGIC ASTHMA; BRONCHOSPASM; CELL ADHESION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL TYPE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DENDRITIC CELL; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; HEART DISEASE; HISTAMINE BLOOD LEVEL; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HUMAN; KIDNEY DISEASE; LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION; MAST CELL; MONOCYTE; NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROVOCATION TEST; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFLAMMATION; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TISSUE INJURY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADENOSINE; ANIMALS; ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENTS; ASTHMA; CLINICAL TRIALS; DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, PURINERGIC P1;

EID: 33645034489     PISSN: 07673981     EISSN: 14728206     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2005.00388.x     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Bodansky O. Schwartz M.J. 5′-nucleotidase Adv. Clin. Chem. 1968 11 277 328
2. Mentzer R.M. Rubio R. Berne R.M. Release of adenosine from hypoxic canine lung tissue and its possible role in the pulmonary circulation Am. J. Physiol. 1975 229 1625 1631
3. Arch J.R.S. Newsholme E.A. The control of the metabolism and the hormonal role of adenosine Essays Biochem. 1978 14 82 123
4. Trams E.G. Lauter C.J. On the sidedness of plasma membrane enzymes Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1974 345 180 197
5. Newby A.C. Adenosine and the concept of retaliatory metabolites Trends Biochem. Sci. 1984 9 42 44
6. Linden J. Molecular approach to adenosine receptors: receptor mediated mechanisms of tissue protection Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2001 41 775 787
7. Driver A.G. Kukoly C.A. Ali S. Mustafa S.J. Adenosine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in asthma Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1993 148 91 97
8. Huszar E. Vass G. Vizi E. et al. Adenosine in exhaled breath condensate in healthy volunteers and in patients with asthma Eur. Respir. J. 2002 20 1393 1398
9. Holgate S.T. Lewis R.A. Austen F.K. Role of adenylate cyclase in immunologic release of mediators from rat mast cells: agonist and antagonist effects of purine- and ribose-modified adenosine analogs Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1980 77 6800 6804
10. Cushley M.J. Tattersfield A.E. Holgate S.T. Inhaled adenosine and guanosine on airway resistance in normal and asthmatic subjects Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1983 15 161 165
11. Mann J.S. Holgate S.T. Renwick A.G. Cushley M.J. Airway effects of purine nucleosides and nucleotides and release with bronchial provocation in asthma J. Appl. Physiol. 1986 61 1667 1676
12. Cushley M.J. Tallant N. Holgate S.T. The effect of dipyridamole on histamine- and adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in normal and asthmatic subjects Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 1985 67 185 192
13. Crimi N. Palermo F. Oliveri R. et al. Enhancing effect of dipyridamole inhalation on adenosine-induced bronchospasm in asthmatic patients Allergy 1988 43 179 183
14. Church M.K. Pao G.J.-K. Holgate S.T. Characterisation of histamine secretion from mechanically dispersed human lung mast cells: effects of anti-IgE, calcium ionophore A23187, compound 48/80 and basic polypeptides J. Immunol. 1982 129 2116 2121
15. Hughes P.J. Holgate S.T. Church M.K. Adenosine inhibits and potentiates IgE-dependent histamine release from human lung mast cells by an A2-purinoceptor mediated mechanism Biochem. Pharmacol. 1984 33 3847 3852
16. Peachell P.T. Columbo M. Kagey-Sabotka A. Lichtenstein L.M. Marone G. Adenosine potentiates mediator release from human lung mast cells Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988 138 1143 1151
17. Forsythe P. McGarvey L.P.A. Heaney L.G. MacMahon J. Ennis M. Adenosine induces histamine release from human BAL mast cells Clin. Sci. 1999 96 349 355
18. Polosa R. Adenosine-receptor subtypes: their relevance to adenosine-mediated responses in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur. Respir. J. 2002 20 488 496
19. Spicuzza L. Bonfiglio C. Polosa R. Research applications and implications of adenosine in diseased airways Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2003 24 409 413
20. Phillips G.D. Ng W.H. Church M.K. Holgate S.T. The response of plasma histamine to bronchoprovocation with methacholine, adenosine 5′-monophosphate, and allergen in atopic nonasthmatic subjects Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1990 141 9 13
21. Rafferty P. Beasley R. Holgate S.T. The contribution of histamine to immediate bronchoconstriction provoked by inhaled allergen and adenosine 5′- monophosphate in atopic asthma Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1987 136 369 373
22. Phillips G.D. Polosa R. Holgate S.T. The effect of histamine H1 receptor antagonism with terfenadine on concentration-related AMP-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma Clin. Exp. Allergy 1989 19 405 409
23. Rorke S. Jennison S. Jeffs J.A. Sampson A.P. Arshad H. Holgate S.T. Role of cysteinyl leukotrienes in adenosine 5′-monophosphate induced bronchoconstriction in asthma Thorax 2002 57 323 327
24. Phillips G.D. Holgate S.T. The effect of oral terfenadine alone and in combination with flurbiprofen on the bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled adenosine 5′-monophosphate in nonatopic asthma Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1989 139 463 469
25. Crimi N. Palermo F. Polosa R. et al. Effect of indomethacin on adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1989 83 921 925
26. Crimi N. Polosa R. Magri S. et al. Inhaled lysine acetylsalicylate (L-ASA) attenuates the bronchoconstrictor response to adenosine 59-monophosphate (AMP) in asthmatic subjects Eur. Respir. J. 1995 8 905 912
27. Phillips G.D. Scott V.L. Richards R. Holgate S.T. Effect of nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate against bronchoconstriction induced by inhaled adenosine 5′-monophosphate Eur. Respir. J. 1989 2 210 217
28. Richards R. Phillips G.D. Holgate S.T. Nedocromil sodium is more potent than sodium cromoglycate against AMP-induced bronchoconstriction in atopic asthmatic subjects Clin. Exp. Allergy 1989 19 285 291
29. Persiani S. D'Amato M. Makovec F. Arshad H. Holgate S.T. Rovati L.C. Pharmacokinetics of andolast after administration of single escalating doses by inhalation in mild asthmatic patients Biopharm. Drug. Dispos. 2001 22 73 81
30. Polosa R. Lau L.C.K. Holgate S.T. Inhibition of adenosine 5′-monophosphate and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma by inhaled frusemide Eur. Respir. J. 1990 3 665 672
31. Polosa R. Rajakulasingam K. Prosperini G. Church M.K. Holgate S.T. Relative potencies and time-courses of changes in AMP airway responsiveness with inhaled frusemide and bumetanide in asthma J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1993 92 288 297
32. Polosa R. Inhaled loop diuretics: how do we interpret their modulatory role in asthma Allergy 1993 48 555 558
33. Polosa R. Phillips G.D. Rajakulasingam K. Holgate S.T. The effect of inhaled ipratropium bromide alone and in combination with oral terfenadine on bronchoconstriction provoked by adenosine 5′-monophosphate in asthma J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1991 87 939 947
34. Polosa R. Santonocito G. Magrì S. et al. Neutral endopeptidase inhibition with inhaled phosphoramidon: no effect on bronchial responsiveness to adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) in asthma Eur. Respir. J. 1997 10 2460 2464
35. Polosa R. Rajakulasingam K. Church M.K. Holgate S.T. Repeated inhalation of bradykinin attenuates adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic airways Eur. Respir. J. 1992 5 700 706
36. Polosa R. Ng W.H. Crimi N. et al. Release of mast cell-derived mediators after endobronchial adenosine challenge in asthma Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 1995 151 624 629
37. Polosa R. Pagano C. Dokic D. Prosperini G. Church M.K. Crimi N. Histamine release upon AMP nasal provocation in allergic subjects Thorax 1999 54 230 233
38. Zeng D. Prosperini G. Russo C. et al. Heparin attenuates symptoms and mast cell degranulation induced by AMP nasal provocation J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004 114 316 320
39. Salmon J.E. Cronstein B.N. Fcγ receptor-mediated functions in neutrophils are modulated by adenosine receptor occupancy. A1 receptors are stimulatory and A2 receptors are inhibitory J. Immunol. 1990 145 2235 2240
40. Salmon J.E. Brogle N. Brownlie C. et al. Human mononuclear phagocytes express adenosine A1 receptors. A novel mechanism for differential regulation of Fc gamma receptor function J. Immunol. 1993 151 2775 2785
41. Merrill J.T. Shen C. Schreibman D. et al. Adenosine A1 receptor promotion of multinucleated giant cell formation by human monocytes: a mechanism for methotrexate-induced nodulosis in rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum. 1997 40 1308 1315
42. Tsutsui S. Schnermann J. Noorbakhsh F. et al. A1 adenosine receptor upregulation and activation attenuates neuroinflammation and demyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis J. Neurosci. 2004 24 1521 1529
43. Liao Y. Takashima S. Asano Y. et al. Activation of adenosine A1 receptor attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and prevents heart failure in murine left ventricular pressure-overload model Circ. Res. 2003 93 759 766
44. Lee H.T. Xu H. Nasr S.H. Schnermann J. Emala C.W. A1 adenosine receptor knockout mice exhibit increased renal injury following ischemia and reperfusion Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2004 286 F298 F306
45. 1 receptor J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1994 268 1328 1334
46. El-Hashim A. D'Agostino B. Matera M.G. Page C. Characterization of adenosine receptors involved in adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in allergic rabbits Br. J. Pharmacol. 1996 119 1262 1268
47. Nyce J.W. Metzger W.J. DNA antisense therapy for asthma in an animal model Nature 1997 385 721 725
48. Zhong H. Belardinelli L. Maa T. Feoktistov I. Biaggioni I. Zeng D. A(2B) adenosine receptors increase cytokine release by bronchial smooth muscle cells Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 2004 30 118 125
49. Sun C.X. Young H.W. Molina J.G. Volmer J.B. Schnermann J. Blackburn M.R. A protective role for the A1 adenosine receptor in adenosine-dependent pulmonary injury J. Clin. Invest. 2005 115 35 43
50. Nyce J.W. Insight into adenosine receptor function using antisense and gene-knockout approaches Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1999 20 79 83
51. Cronstein B.N. Adenosine, an endogenous anti-inflammatory agent J. Appl. Physiol. 1994 76 5 13
52. Sullivan G.W. Linden J. Role of A2A adenosine receptors in inflammation Drug Dev. Res. 1998 45 103 112
53. Ohta A. Sitkovsky M. Role of G protein-coupled adenosine receptors in down-regulation of inflammation and protection from tissue damage Nature 2001 414 916 920
54. 2B adenosine receptor subtypes Biochem. Pharmacol. 1998 55 627 633
55. Suzuki H. Takei M. Nakahata T. Fukamachi H. Inhibitory effect of adenosine on degranulation of human cultured mast cells upon cross-linking of FcεRI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998 242 697 702
56. 2 receptors J. Immunol. 1992 148 2201 2206
57. 2 receptors adenosine inhibits the upregulation of Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) expression on fMLP stimulated neutrophils Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1993 9 179 185
58. 2A receptors mediate the inhibitory effect of adenosine on formyl-Met-Leu-Phe stimulated respiratory burst in neutrophil leucocytes Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1996 354 262 267
59. Hannon J.P. Bray-French K.M. Phillips R.M. Fozard J.R. Further pharmacological characterization of the adenosine receptor subtype mediating inhibition of oxidative burst in isolated human neutrophils Drug Dev. Res. 1998 43 214 224
60. Bouma M.G. Stad R.K. Van Den Wildenberg F. Buman W.A. Differential regulatory effects of adenosine on cytokine release by activated human monocytes J. Immunol. 1994 153 4159 4168
61. Huang S. Apasov S. Koshiba M. Sitkovsky M. Role of A2A extracellular adenosine receptor-mediated signaling in adenosine-mediated inhibition of T-cell activation and expansion Blood 1997 90 1600 1610
62. Koshiba M. Rosin D.L. Hatashi N. Linden J. Sitkovsky M.V. Patterns of A2A extracellular adenosine receptor expression in different functional subset of human peripheral T cells. Flow cytometry studies with anti-A2A receptor monoclonal antibodies Mol. Pharmacol. 1999 55 614 624
63. Fozard J.R. Ellis K.M. Villela Dantas M.F. Tigani B. Mazzoni L. Effects of CGS 21680, a selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist, on airways inflammation induced by allergen in actively sensitised Brown Norway rats Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2002 438 55 60
64. Ongini E. Fredholm B.B. Pharmacology of adenosine A2A receptors Trends. Pharmacol. Sci. 1996 17 364 372
65. Ralevic V. Burnstock G. Receptors for purines and pyrimidines Pharmacol. Rev. 1998 50 413 492
66. 2B receptor-mediated interleukin-8 production in human mast cells Mol. Pharmacol. 1999 55 726 734
67. 2B receptors: a novel therapeutic target in asthma Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1998 19 148 153
68. Dent G. Rabe K.F. Theophylline Lung Biol. Health Dis. 2000 145 77 124
69. Zhong H. Belardinelli L. Maa T. Zeng D. Synergy between A2B adenosine receptors and hypoxia in activating human lung fibroblasts Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 2005 32 2 8
70. Grant M.B. Tarnuzzer R.W. Caballero S. et al. Adenosine receptor activation induces vascular endothelial growth factor in human retinal endothelial cells Circ. Res. 1999 85 699 706
71. Feoktistov I. Goldstein A.E. Ryzhov S. et al. Differential expression of adenosine receptors in human endothelial cells: role of A2B receptors in angiogenic factor regulation Circ. Res. 2002 90 531 538
72. 2B receptor-coupled pathway Am. J. Physiol. 1999 276 Pt 1 C361 C369
73. 2B receptors evoke interleukin-8 secretion in human mast cells - an enprofylline-sensitive mechanism with implications for asthma J. Clin. Invest. 1995 96 1979 1986
74. Kirschenbaum A.S. Hettinger B. Day Y.-J. et al. MRS 1754, a selective A2b adenosine receptor antagonist, inhibits degranulation of cultured human but not murine mast cells J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001 107 S281
75. Feoktistov I. Garland E.M. Goldstein A.E. et al. Inhibition of human mast cell activation with the novel selective adenosine A2B receptor antagonist 3-isobutyl-8-pyrrolidinoxanthine (IPDX) Biochem. Pharmacol. 2001 62 1163 1173
76. Ryzhov S. Goldstein A.E. Matafonov A. Zeng D. Biaggioni I. Feoktistov I. Adenosine-activated mast cells induce IgE synthesis by B lymphocytes: an A2B-mediated process involving Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 with implications for asthma J. Immunol. 2004 172 7726 7733
77. Zablocki J. Kalla R. Perry T. et al. The discovery of a selective, high affinity A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonist for the potential treatment of asthma Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005 15 609 612
78. 3 adenosine receptor is the unique adenosine receptor which facilitates release of allergic mediators in mast cells J. Biol. Chem. 1993 268 16887 16890
79. Thorne J.R. Danahay H. Broadley K.J. Analysis of the bronchoconstrictor responses to adenosine receptor agonists in sensitized guinea-pig lungs and trachea Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1996 316 263 271
80. 3 receptor activation in rats Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1996 298 293 297
81. 3 adenosine receptor Circ. Res. 1996 78 627 634
82. 3 adenosine receptors on human eosinophils elevates intracellular calcium Blood 1996 88 3569 3574
83. 3 receptor expression and function in eosinophils Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1997 16 531 537
84. 3 receptor stimulation inhibits migration of human eosinophils J. Leukoc. Biol. 1997 62 465 468
85. 3 receptors on human eosinophils mediate inhibition of degranulation and superoxide anion release Br. J. Pharmacol. 1999 127 188 194
86. Reeves J.J. Harris C.A. Hayes B.P. Butchers P.R. Sheehan M.J. Studies on the effects of adenosine A3 receptor stimulation on human eosinophils isolated from non-asthmatic or asthmatic donors Inflamm. Res. 2000 49 666 672
87. Young H.W. Molina J.G. Dimina D. et al. A3 adenosine receptor signaling contributes to airway inflammation and mucus production in adenosine deaminase-deficient mice J. Immunol. 2004 173 1380 1389
88. Polosa R. Rorke S. Holgate S.T. Evolving concepts on the value of adenosine hyperresponsiveness in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Thorax 2002 57 649 654
89. Joos G.F. O'Connor B. Anderson S.D. et al. ERS Task Force. Indirect airway challenges Eur. Respir. J. 2003 21 1050 1068
90. Polosa R. Ciamarra I. Mangano G. et al. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation markers in nonasthmatics with allergic rhinitis Eur. Respir. J. 2000 15 30 35
91. van den Berge M. Meijer R.J. Kerstjens H.A. et al. PC20 adenosine 5′-monophosphate is more closely associated with airway inflammation in asthma than PC20 methacholine Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 2001 163 1546 1550
92. van Den Toorn L.M. Prins J.B. Overbeek S.E. Hoogsteden H.C. de Jongste J.C. Adolescents in clinical remission of atopic asthma have elevated exhaled nitric oxide levels and bronchial hyperresponsiveness Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 2000 162 Pt 1 953 957
93. Prieto L. Gutierrez V. Uixera S. Bruno L. Concentrations of exhaled nitric oxide in asthmatics and subjects with allergic rhinitis sensitized to the same pollen allergen Clin. Exp. Allergy 2002 32 1728 1733
94. van den Toorn L.M. Overbeek S.E. de Jongste J.C. Leman K. Hoogsteden H.C. Prins J.B. Airway inflammation is present during clinical remission of atopic asthma Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 2001 164 2107 2113
95. van den Velzen E. van Bos J.W. Benckhuijsen J.A. van Essel T. de Bruijn R. Aalbers R. Effect of allergen avoidance at high altitude on direct and indirect bronchial hyperresponsiveness and markers of inflammation in children with allergic asthma Thorax 1996 51 582 584
96. Grootendorst D.C. Dahlen S.E. Van Den Bos J.W. et al. Benefits of high altitude allergen avoidance in atopic adolescents with moderate to severe asthma, over and above treatment with high dose inhaled steroids Clin. Exp. Allergy 2001 31 400 408
97. Polosa R. Li Gotti F. Mangano G. Mastruzzo C. Pistorio M.P. Crimi N. Monitoring of seasonal variability in bronchial hyper-responsiveness and sputum cell counts in non-asthmatic subjects with rhinitis and effect of specific immunotherapy Clin. Exp. Allergy 2003 33 873 881
98. Currie G.P. Lee D.K. Haggart K. Bates C.E. Lipworth B.J. Effects of montelukast on surrogate inflammatory markers in corticosteroid-treated patients with asthma Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 2003 167 1232 1238
99. van den Berge M. Kerstjens H.A. Meijer R.J. et al. Corticosteroid-induced improvement in the PC20 of adenosine monophosphate is more closely associated with reduction in airway inflammation than improvement in the PC20 of methacholine Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 2001 164 1127 1132
100. Prosperini G. Rajakulasingam K. Cacciola R.R. et al. Changes in sputum counts and airway hyperresponsiveness after budesonide: monitoring anti-inflammatory response on the basis of surrogate markers of airway inflammation J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2002 110 855 861
101. Ketchell R.I. Jensen M.W. Lumley P. Wright A.M. Allenby M.I. O'connor B.J. Rapid effect of inhaled fluticasone propionate on airway responsiveness to adenosine 5′-monophosphate in mild asthma J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2002 110 603 606
102. Luijk B. Kempsford R.D. Wright A.M. Zanen P. Lammers J.W. Duration of effect of single-dose inhaled fluticasone propionate on AMP-induced bronchoconstriction Eur. Respir. J. 2004 23 559 564
103. Scichilone N. Deykin A. Pizzichini E. Bellia V. Polosa R. Monitoring response to treatment in asthma management: food for thought Clin. Exp. Allergy 2004 34 1168 1177
104. Prieto L. Bruno L. Gutierrez V. et al. Airway responsiveness to adenosine 5′-monophosphate and exhaled nitric oxide measurements: predictive value as markers for reducing the dose of inhaled corticosteroids in asthmatic subjects Chest 2003 124 1325 1333