Cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases

Amino Acids

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 1-15

  Cooper, A J L ^a,b   Pinto, J T ^b  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b BURKE MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Allium derived compounds; Cysteine S conjugate lyases; Cysteine S conjugates; Glutamine transaminase K; Mitochon drial aspartate aminotransferase; S (1,1,2,2 tetrafluoroethyl) L cysteine; S (1,2 dichlorovinyl) L cysteine

Indexed keywords

6 GUANINYLCYSTEINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CYSTEINE CONJUGATE; HALOOLEFIN; KYNURENINASE; LYASE; MERCAPTOPURINE; MITOCHONDRIAL ENZYME; PRODRUG; SULFUR; TIOGUANINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AMINO ACID ANALYSIS; CATALYSIS; CYTOSOL; CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG TARGETING; ELIMINATION REACTION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME ASSAY; ENZYME PURIFICATION; HALOGENATION; KIDNEY PROXIMAL TUBULE; LIVER CYTOSOL; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MITOCHONDRION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CARBON-SULFUR LYASES; GARLIC; HUMANS; HYDROCARBONS, HALOGENATED; MAMMALS; METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II; MITOCHONDRIA; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PRODRUGS;

ALLIUM; ALLIUM CEPA; ALLIUM SATIVUM;

EID: 32944464498     PISSN: 09394451     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0243-4     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. DG Abraham RJ Thomas AJL Cooper 1995a Glutamine transaminase K is not a major cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase of rat kidney mitochondria: evidence that a high-molecular-weight enzyme fulfills this role. Mol Pharmacol 48 855 860
2. 4. J Biol Chem 270 180 188
3. HJ Adcock PJ Gaskin PN Shaw PH Teesdale-Spittle LD Buckberry 1996 Novel sources of mammalian C-S lyase activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 48 150 153
4. MW Anders 2004 Glutathione-dependent bioactivation of haloalkanes and haloalkenes. Drug Metab Rev 36 583 594
5. MW Anders 2005 Formation and toxicity of anesthetic degradation products. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45 147 176
6. E Baumann 1883 Über die Bildung der Mercaptursäuren in Organismus und ihre Erkennung im Harn. Hoppe-Seylers Physiol Chem 84 190 197
7. MF Beal 2000 Energetics in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci 23 298 304
8. RK Bhattacharya MO Schultze 1967 Enzymes from bovine and turkey kidneys which cleave S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine. Comp Biochem Physiol 22 723 735
9. H Brauch G Weirich B Klein S Rabstein HM Bolt T Bruning 2004 VHL mutations in renal cell cancer: does occupational exposure to trichloroethylene make a difference? Toxicol Lett 151 301 310
10. SA Bruschi KA West JW Crabb RS Gupta JL Stevens 1993 Mitochondrial HSP60 (P1 protein) and HSP70-like protein (mortalin) are major targets for modification during S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine-induced toxicity. J Biol Chem 268 23157 23161
11. SA Bruschi JW Crabb JL Stevens 1994 The E3 subunit of 2-oxoglutarate, branched-chain α-keto acid, and malate dehydrogenase are adducted during nephrotoxic cysteine-conjugate injury. Toxicologist 14 428 (Abstract)
12. SA Bruschi JG Lindsay JW Crabb 1998 Mitochondrial stress protein recognition of inactivated dehydrogenases during mammalian cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 13413 13418
13. LD Buckberry IS Blagbrough BW Bycroft PN Shaw 1992 Kynurenine aminotransferase activity in human liver. Identity with hepatic C-S lyase activity and a physiological role for this enzyme. Toxicol Lett 60 241 246
14. LD Buckberry R Patel L Hollingworth PH Teesdale-Spittle 1998 Cysteine conjugate β-lyase activity of amino acid decarboxylases. Biochem Soc Trans 26 269S
15. RJ Bull GA Orner RS Cheng L Stillwell AJ Stauber LB Sasser MK Lingohr BD Thrall 2002 Contribution of dichloroacetate and trichloroacetate to liver tumor induction in mice by trichloroethylene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 182 55 65
16. Q Chen TW Jones PC Brown JL Stevens 1990 The mechanism of cysteine conjugate cytotoxicity in renal epithelial cells. Covalent binding leads to thiol depletion and lipid peroxidation. J Biol Chem 1265 21603 21611
17. DF Colucci DA Buyske 1965 The biotransformation of a sulfonamide to a mercaptan and to mercapturic acid and glucuronide conjugates. Biochem Pharmacol 14 457 466
18. JNM Commandeur I Andreadou M Rooseboom M Out LJ De Leur E Groot NPE Vermeulen 2000 Bioactivation of selenocysteine Se-conjugates by a highly purified rat renal cysteine conjugate β-lyase/glutamine transaminase K. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294 753 761
19. Cooper AJL (1988) Glutamine aminotransferases and ω-amidases. In: Kvamme E (ed) Glutamine and glutamate in mammals, vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 33-52
20. AJL Cooper 1994 Enzymology of cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases. Adv Pharmacol 27 71 113
21. AJL Cooper 1998 Mechanisms of cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases. Adv Enzymol 72 199 238
22. AJL Cooper 2004 The role of glutamine transaminase K (GTK) in sulfur and α-keto acid metabolism in the brain, and the possible bioactivation of neurotoxicants. Neurochem Int 44 1 21
23. AJL Cooper A Meister 1974 Isolation and properties of a new glutamine transaminase from rat kidney. J Biol Chem 249 2554 2561
24. AJL Cooper A Meister 1981 Comparative studies of glutamine transaminases from rat tissues. Comp Biochem Physiol 69B 137 145
25. AJL Cooper JT Pinto 2005 Aminotransferase, L-amino acid oxidase and β-lyase reactions involving cysteine S-conjugates found in allium extracts. Relevance to biological activity? Biochem Pharmacol 69 209 220
26. Cooper AJL, Tate SS (1997) Enzymes involved in processing of glutathione conjugates. In: Sipes IG, McQueen CA, Gandolfi AJ (series eds), Guengerich FP (volume ed) Comprehensive toxicology: volume 3, biotransformations. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 329-363
27. AJL Cooper RA Stephani A Meister 1976 Enzymatic reactions of methionine sulfoximine. Conversion to the corresponding α-imino and α-keto acids, and to α-ketobutyrate and methane sulfinamide. J Biol Chem 251 6674 6682
28. r cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase. Biochem Pharmacol 62 1345 1353
29. AJL Cooper SA Bruschi MW Anders 2002a Toxic, halogenated cysteine S-conjugates and targeting of mitochondrial enzymes of energy metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 64 553 564
30. AJL Cooper SA Bruschi A Iriarte M Martinez-Carrion 2002b Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase catalyses cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase reactions. Biochem J 368 253 261
31. AJL Cooper SA Bruschi M Conway SM Hutson 2003a Human mitochondrial and cytosolic branched-chain aminotransferases are cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases, but turnover leads to inactivation. Biochem Pharmacol 65 181 192
32. AJL Cooper B Krasnikov E Okuno TM Jeitner 2003b L-Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase II of rat kidney and liver mitochondria possesses cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase activity. A contributing factor to the nephrotoxicity/hepatotoxicity of halogenated alkenes? Biochem J 376 169 178
33. BS Cummings JC Parker LL Lash 2000 Role of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase α in the metabolism and cytotoxicity of trichloroethylene in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 59 531 543
34. W Dekant D Schrenk S Vamvakas D Henschler 1988a Metabolism of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene in mice: in vivo and in vitro evidence for activation by glutathione conjugation. Xenobiotica 18 803 806
35. W Dekant S Vamvakas D Henschler MW Anders 1988b Enzymatic conjugation of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene with glutathione. Formation of 1-(glutathion-S-yl)-1,2, 3,4,4-pentachlorobuta-1,3-diene and 1,4-bis(glutathion-S-yl)-1,2,3,4- tetrachlorobuta-1,3-diene. Drug Metab Dispos 16 701 706
36. W Dekant S Vamvakas M Koob A Kochling W Kanhai D Muller D Henschler 1990 A mechanism of haloalkene-induced renal carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect 88 107 110
37. W Dekant S Vamvakas MW Anders 1994 Formation and fate of nephrotoxic and cytotoxic glutathione S-conjugates: Cysteine conjugate β-lyase pathway. Adv Pharmacol 27 114 162
38. AA Elfarra IY Hwang 1990 In vivo metabolites of S-(2-benzothiazolyl)-L- cysteine as markers of in vivo cysteine conjugate β-lyase and thiol glucuronosyl transferase activities. Drug Metab Dispos 18 917 922
39. AA Elfarra IY Hwang 1991 Targeting of 6-mercaptopurine to the kidneys. Metabolism and kidney-selectivity of S-(6-purinyl)-L-cysteine analogs in rats. Drug Metab Dsipos 21 841 845
40. AA Elfarra Hwang 1996 Effects of pH, temperature, and chemical structure on the stability of S-(purin-6-yl)-L-cysteine: evidence for a novel molecular rearrangement mechanism to yield N-(purin-6-yl)-L-cysteine. Chem Res Toxicol 9 654 658
41. AA Elfarra LH Lash MW Anders 1986 Metabolic activation and detoxification of nephrotoxic cysteine and homocysteine S-conjugates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 2667 2671
42. AA Elfarra RJ Duescher IY Hwang AR Sicuri JA Nelson 1995 Targeting 6-thioguanine to the kidney with S-(guanin-6-yl)-L-cysteine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274 1298 1304
43. MB Finkelstein W Dekant MW Anders 1996 Cysteine conjugate β-lyase-catalyzed bioactivation of bromine-containing cysteine S-conjugates: stoichiometry and formation of 2,2-difluoro-3-halothiiranes. Chem Res Toxicol 9 227 231
44. AT Fleischauer CA Poole L Arab 2000 Garlic consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancers. Am J Clin Nutr 72 1047 1052
45. HE Ganther 1999 Selenium metabolism, selenoproteins and mechanisms of cancer prevention: complexities with thioredoxin reductase. Carcinogenesis 20 1657 1666
46. PJ Gaskin HJ Adcock LD Buckberry PH Teesdale-Spittle PN Shaw 1995 The C-S-lysis of L-cysteine conjugates by aspartate and alanine aminotransferase enzymes. Hum Exp Toxicol 14 422 427
47. SJ Hargus ME Fitzsimmons Y Aniya MW Anders 1991 Stereochemistry of the microsomal glutathione S-transferase catalyzed addition of glutathione to chlorotrifluoroethene. Biochemistry 30 717 721
48. PJ Hayden JL Stevens 1990 Cysteine conjugate toxicity, metabolism and binding to macromolecules in isolated rat kidney mitochondria. Mol Pharmacol 37 468 476
49. JD Hayes JU Flanagan IR Jowsey 2005 Glutathione transferases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45 51 88
50. HK Ho ZH Hu SP Tzung DM Hockenbery N Fausto SD Nelson SA Bruschi 2005a BCL-xL overexpression effectively protects against tetrafluoroethylcysteine- induced intramitochondrial damage and death. Biochem Pharmacol 69 147 157
51. HK Ho CC White C Fernandez N Fausto TJ Kavanagh SD Nelson SA Bruschi 2005b Nrf2 activation involves an oxidative stress independent pathway in tetrafluoroethylcysteine-induced cytotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 86 354 364
52. MM Hollander AJ Reiter WH Horner AJL Cooper 1989 Conversion of canavanine to α-keto-γ-guanidinooxybutyrate and to vinylglyoxylate and 2-hydroxyguanidine. Arch Biochem Biophys 270 698 713
53. IY Hwang AA Elfarra 1991 Kidney-selective prodrugs of 6-mecaptopurine: biochemical basis of the kidney selectivity of S-(6-purinyl)-L-cysteine and metabolism of new analogs in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 258 171 177
54. I Iciek L Włodek 2001 Biosynthesis and biological properties of compounds containing highly reactive, reduced sulfane sulfur. Polish J Pharmacol 53 215 225
55. DR Jaffe CD Hassall K Brendel AJ Gandolfi 1983 In vivo and in vitro nephrotoxicity of the cysteine conjugate of hexachlorobutadiene. Toxicol Environ Health 11 857 856
56. EA James SP Gygi ML Adams RH Pierce N Fausto RH Aebersold SD Nelson SA Bruschi 2002 Mitochondrial aconitase modification, functional inhibition, and evidence for a supramolecular complex of the TCA cycle by the renal toxicant S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine. Biochemistry 28 6789 6797
57. LJ Jolivette MW Anders 2002 Structure-activity relationship for biotransformations of haloalkenes by rat liver microsomal glutathione transferase 1. Chem Res Toxicol 15 1036 1041
58. TW Jones C Qin VH Schaeffer JL Stevens 1988 Immunohistochemical localization of glutamine transaminase K, a rat kidney cysteine conjugate β-lyase, and the relationship to the segment specificity of cysteine conjugate nephrotoxicity. Mol Pharmacol 34 621 627
59. 14C-dichloroacetylene in rats. Xenobiotica 21 905 910
60. Y Kato Y Asano AJL Cooper 1996 Inactivation of brain and kidney aspartate aminotransferases by S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and S-(1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine. Dev Neurosci 18 505 514
61. M Koob W Dekant 1991 Bioactivation of xenobiotics by formation of toxic glutathione conjugates. Chem Biol Interact 77 107 136
62. LH Lash RM Nelson R Van Dyke MW Anders 1990a Purification and characterization of human kidney cytosolic conjugate β-lyase activity. Drug Metab Dispos 18 50 54
63. LH Lash AA Elfarra D Rakiewicz-Nemeth MW Anders 1990b Bioactivation of cytotoxic homocysteine S-conjugates. Arch Biochem Biophys 276 322 330
64. LH Lash PJ Sausen RJ Duescher AJ Cooley AA Elfarra 1994 Roles of cysteine conjugate β-lyase and S-oxidase in nephrotoxicity: studies with S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 269 374 383
65. LH Lash Y Xu AA Elfarra RJ Duescher JC Parker 1995 Glutathione-dependent metabolism of trichloroethylene in isolated liver and kidney cells of rats and its role in mitochondrial and cellular toxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 23 846 853
66. LH Lash A Shivnani J Mai P Chinnaiyan RJ Krause AA Elfarra 1997 Renal cellular transport, metabolism, and cytotoxicity of S-(6-purinyl)glutathione, a prodrug of 6-mercaptopurine, and analogues. Biochem Pharmacol 54 1341 1349
67. LH Lash DA Putt SE Hueni RJ Krause AA Elfarra 2003 Roles of necrosis, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultures of human renal proximal tubular cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305 1163 1172
68. EA Lock J Ishmael 1998 The nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-L-cysteine in the rat. Arch Toxicol 72 347 354
69. EA Lock Y Sani RB Moore MB Finkelstein MW Anders AA Seawright 1996 Bone marrow and renal injury associated with haloalkene cysteine conjugates in calves. Arch Toxicol 70 607 619
70. M MacFarlane JR Foster GG Gibson LJ King EA Lock 1989 Cysteine conjugate β-lyase of rat kidney cytosol: Characterization, immunocytochemical localization, and correlation with hexachlorobutadiene nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 98 185 197
71. P Malherbe D Alberati-Giani C Köhler AM Cesura 1995 Identification of a mitochondrial form of kynurenine aminotransferase/glutamine transaminase K from rat brain. FEBS Lett 367 141 144
72. R Marjot AA McLeod 1989 Chronic non-neurological toxicity from volatile substance abuse. Hum Toxicol 8 301 306
73. LL McKinney JC Picken Jr F Weakley AC Eldridge RE Campbell JC Cowan HE Biester 1959 Possible toxic factor of trichloroethylene-extracted soybean oil meal. J Am Chem Soc 1959 909 915
74. RG McCartney JE Rice SJ Sanderson V Bunik H Lindsay JG Lindsay 1998 Subunit interactions in the mammalian α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase components. J Biol Chem 237 24159 24164
75. LI McLellan CR Wolf JD Hayes 1989 Human microsomal glutathione S-transferase. Its involvement in the conjugation of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene with glutathione. Biochem J 258 87 93
76. 6 pyridoxal phosphate. Wiley, New York, pp 253-310
77. M Mosca C Croci M Mostardini J Breton J Malyszko N Avanzi S Toma L Benatti S Gatti 2003 Tissue expression and translational control of rat kynurenine aminotransferase/glutamine transaminase K mRNAs. Biochim Biophys Acta 1628 1 10
78. JA Nash LJ King EA Lock T Green 1984 The metabolism and disposition of hexachloro-1:3-butadiene in the rat and its relevance to nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 73 124 137
79. T Nguyen PJ Sherratt P Nioi CS Yang CB Pickett 2005 Nrf2 controls constitutive and inducible expression of ARE-driven genes through a dynamic pathway involving nucleocytoplasmic shuttling by Keap 1. J Biol Chem 280 32485 32492
80. J Odum T Green 1982 The metabolism and toxicity of tetrafluoroethylene in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 76 306 318
81. LCH Park GE Gibson V Bunik AJL Cooper 1999 Inhibition of select mitochondrial enzymes in PC12 cells exposed to S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L- cysteine. Biochem Pharmacol 58 1557 1565
82. W Pfaller G Gstraunthaler 1998 Nephrotoxicity testing in vitro - what we know and what we need to know. Environ Health Perspect 106 [Suppl 2] 559 569
83. Pinto JT, Lapsia S, Shah A, Santiago H, Kim G (2001) Antiproliferative effects of garlic-derived and other allium related compounds. In: Go VLW (ed) Nutrition and cancer prevention: new insights into the role of phytochemicals. Kluwer Academic, New York, pp 83-106 (Advances in experimental medicine and biology, vol 492)
84. Pinto JT, Krasnikov BF, Cooper AJL (2005) Antiproliferative effects of garlic and its potential chemopreventive activity. J Nutr (In Press)
85. A Pushkin G Carpenito N Abuladze D Newman V Tsuprun S Ryazantsev S Motemoturu P Sassani N Solovieva R Dukkipati I Kurtz 2004 Structural characterization, tissue distribution, and functional expression of murine aminoacylase III. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 286 C848 C856
86. J Ovadi PA Srere 2000 Macromolecular compartmentation and channeling. Int Rev Cytol 192 255 280
87. D Rhodes DA Gage AJL Cooper AD Hanson 1997 S-Methylmethionine conversion to dimethylsulfoniopropionate: evidence for an unusual transamination reaction. Plant Physiol 115 1541 1548
88. M Rooseboom NPE Vermeulen I Andreadou JNM Commandeur 2000 Evaluation of the kinetics of β-elimination reactions of selenocysteine Se-conjugates in human renal cytosol: possible implications for the use as kidney selective prodrugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294 762 769
89. M Rooseboom JNM Commandeur GC Floor AE Rettie NPE Vermeulen 2001a Selenoxidation by flavin-containing monooxygenases as a novel pathway for β-elimination of selenocysteine Se-conjugates. Chem Res Toxicol 14 127 134
90. M Rooseboom NPE Vermeulen N van Hemert JNM Commandeur 2001b Bioactivation of chemopreventive selenocysteine Se-conjugates and related amino acids by amino acid oxidases - novel route of metabolism of selenoamino acids. Chem Res Toxicol 14 996 1005
91. M Rooseboom NPE Vermeulen F Durgut JNM Commandeur 2002 Comparative study on the bioactivation mechanisms and toxicity of Te-phenyl-L-tellurocysteine, Se-phenyl-L-selenocysteine, and S-phenyl-L-cysteine. Chem Res Toxicol 15 1610 1618
92. J-Y Shim AM Richard 1997 Theoretical evaluation of two plausible routes for bioactivation of S-(1,1-difluoro-2,2-dihaloethyl)-L-cysteine conjugates. Chem Res Toxicol 10 103 110
93. Silbernagl S, Heuner A (1993) Renal transport and metabolism of mercapturic acids and their precursors, the S-conjugates of glutathione and cysteine. In: Anders MW, Dekant W, Henschler D, Oberleithner, Silbernagl S (eds) Renal disposition and nephrotoxicity of xenobiotics. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 135-154
94. JL Stevens 1985 Isolation and characterization of a rat liver enzyme with both cysteine conjugate β lyase and kynureninase activity. J Biol Chem 260 7945 7950
95. Stevens JL, Jones DP (1989) The mercapturic acid pathway: biosynthesis, intermediary metabolism, and physiological disposition. In: Dolphin D, Poulson R, Avramović O (eds) Glutathione: chemical, biochemical and medical aspects, part B. New York, Wiley, pp 45-84
96. JL Stevens JD Robbins RA Byrd 1986 A purified cysteine conjugate β-lyase from rat kidney cytosol. Requirement for an α-keto acid or an amino acid oxidase for activity and identity with soluble glutamine transaminase K. J Biol Chem 261 15529 15537
97. S Stockman 1916 Cases of poisoning in cattle by feeding on soy bean after extraction of the oil. J Comp Pathol 29 95 107
98. GL Stoner MA Episenberg 1975 Purification and properties of 7,8-diaminoperlargonic acid aminotransferase, an enzyme in the biotin biosynthetic pathway. J Biol Chem 250 4029 4036
99. AJ Sweatt MA Garcia-Espinosa R Wallin SM Hutson 2004 Branched-chain amino acids and neurotransmitter metabolism: expression of cytosolic branched-chain aminotransferase (BCATc) in the cerebellum and hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 477 360 370
100. M Tateishi S Suzuki H Shimizu 1978 Cysteine conjugate β-lyase in rat liver. A novel enzyme catalyzing formation of thiol-containing metabolites of drugs. J Biol Chem 253 8854 8859
101. PH Teesdale-Spittle HJ Adcock LH Patterson LD Buckberry 1996 Rationalisation of the C-S lyase activity of aspartate aminotransferase. Biochem Soc Trans 24 141S
102. H Tomisawa N Ichimoto S Ichihara H Fukazawa M Tateishi 1988 Involvement of cystathionase in the formation of alkane-thiols from corresponding cysteine conjugates. Xenobiotica 18 1029 1037
103. JI Toohey 1989 Sulphane sulfur in biological systems: a possible regulatory role. Biochem J 264 625 632 (Erratum in: Biochem J 267: 843, 1990)
104. JI Toohey 2001 Possible involvement of sulfane sulfur in homocysteine-induced atherosclerosis. Med Hypotheses 56 259 261
105. DM Townsend M Deng L Zhang MG Lapus MH Hanigan 2003 Metabolism of cisplatin to a nephrotoxin in proximal tubule cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 1 10
106. H Ueno JJ Likos DE Metzler 1982 Chemistry of inactivation of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase by serine O-sulfate. Biochemistry 21 4387 4393
107. V Uttamsingh RB Baggs DM Krenitsky MW Anders 2000 Immunohistochemical localization of the acylases that catalyze deacylation of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and haloalkene-derived mercapturates. Drug Metab Dispos 28 625 632
108. S Vamvakas U Köster 1993 The nephrotoxin dichlorovinylcysteine induces expression of the protooncogenes c-fos and c-myc in LLC-PK1 cells - a comparative investigation with growth factors and 12 O- tetradecanoylphorbolacetate. Cell Biol Toxicol 9 1 13
109. S Vamvakas D Bittner U Köster 1993 Enhanced expression of the protooncogenes c-myc and c-fos in normal and malignant growth. Toxicol Lett 67 161 172
110. CG Van Horn R Wallin H Fujii SM Hutson 2004 Evidence for a direct protein-protein interaction between the leucine catabolic enzymes. FASEB J 1 A848 (Abstract)
111. W Völkel W Dekant 1998 Chlorothioketene, the ultimate reactive intermediate formed by cysteine conjugate β-lyase-mediated cleavage of the trichloroethene metabolite S-(1,2,-dichlorvinyl)-L-cysteine, forms cytosine adducts in organic solvents, but not in aqueous solution. Chem Res Toxicol 11 1082 1088
112. A Wallin RG Gerdes R Morgenstern TW Jones K Ormstad 1988 Features of microsomal and cytosolic glutathione conjugation of hexachlorobutadiene in rat liver. Chem Biol Interact 68 1 11
113. CR Wolf PN Berry JA Nash EA Lock 1984 Role of microsomal and cytosolic glutathione S-transferases in the conjugation of hexachloro-1:3-butadiene and its possible relevance to toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 228 202 208
114. C Wu J Schaum 2000 Exposure assessment of trichloroethylene. Environ Health Perspect 108 [Suppl 2] 359 363
115. 2 terminal kinase 1 activation. Cancer Res 63 6825 7837
116. A Yamauchi GJ Stijntjes JNM Commandeur NPE Vermeulen 1993 Purification of glutamine transaminase K/cysteine conjugate β-lyase from rat renal cytosol based on hydrophobic interaction HPLC and gel permeation FPLC. Protein Expr Purif 4 552 562
117. L Zhang MH Hanigan 2003 Role of cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase in the metabolism of cisplatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306 988 994