Production studies and catalytic properties of phytases (myo-inositolhexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases): An overview

Enzyme and Microbial Technology

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 3-14

  Vats, Purva ^a   Banerjee, Uttam C ^b  

^a INSTITUTE OF MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY   (India)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH NIPER   (India)

Author keywords

myo Inositolhexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase; Phytase; Phytate degradation; Phytic acid; Solid state fermentation; Submerged fermentation

Indexed keywords

CATALYSIS; HYDROLYSIS; METABOLISM; MICROORGANISMS; PHOSPHATES; PLANTS (BOTANY);

BIOAVAILABILITY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS;

ENZYMES;

ACID PHOSPHATASE; INOSITOL; PHOSPHATE; PHYTASE; PHYTIC ACID;

ANIMAL FOOD; ASPERGILLUS; BIOAVAILABILITY; BIOSYNTHESIS; CATALYSIS; CHEMICAL REACTION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ENERGY METABOLISM; ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; FERMENTATION; HYDROLYSIS; LIVESTOCK; METABOLIC REGULATION; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NONHUMAN; PH; POLLUTION CONTROL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOLID STATE FERMENTATION;

ANIMALIA; ASPERGILLUS; ASPERGILLUS SP.; FUNGI;

EID: 2942571354     PISSN: 01410229     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.03.010     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Greiner R., Carlson N.-G., Alminger M.L. Stereospecificity of myo-inositol hexa phosphate dephosphorylation by phytate degrading enzyme by Escherichia coli. J. Biotech. 84:2000;53-62
2. Maenz D.D., Classen H.L. Phytase activity in the small intestinal brush-border membrane of the chicken. Poult. Sci. 77:1998;557-563
3. Boling S.D., Douglas M.W., Johnson M.L., Wang X., Parsons C.M., Koelkebeck K.W., et al. The effects of dietary available phosphorus levels and phytase performance of young and older laying hens. Poult. Sci. 79:2000;224-230
4. Reddy N.R., Sathe S.K., Salunkhe D.K. Phytases in legumes and cereals. Adv. Food Res. 82:1982;1-92
5. Mallin MA. Impacts of industrial animal production on rivers and estuaries. Am Sci 2000;(January-Febuary)88:26-37.
6. 2O due to intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf. Nature. 408:2000;346-349
7. Yano F., Nakajima T., Matsuda M. Reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus from livestock waste: a major priority for intensive animal production. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 12:1999;651-656
8. Mitchell D.B., Vogel K., Weimann B.J., Pasamontes L., van Loon A.P.G.M. The phytase subfamily of histidine acid phosphatase: isolation of genes for two novel phytases from fungi Aspergillus terreus and Myceliophthora thermophila. Microbiology. 143:1997;245-252
9. Greiner R., Konietzny U. Construction of a bioreactor to produce special breakdown products of phytate. J. Biotech. 48:1996;153-159
10. Suzuki U., Yoshimura K., Takaishi M. Ueber ein enzym "Phytase" das "Anhydro-oxy-methylen diphosphorsaure" spaltet. Tokyo Imper. Univ. Coll. Agric. Bull. 7:1907;503-512
11. Abelson P.H. A potential phosphate crisis. Science. 283:1999;2015
12. Wodzinski R.J., Ullah A.H.J. Phytase. Adv. Appl. Micro. 42:1996;263-301
13. Lassen S.F., Breinholt J., Ostergaard P.R., Brugger R., Bischoff A., Wyss M., et al. Expression, gene cloning and characterization of five novel phytases from four basidomycete fungi: Peniophora lycii, Agrocybe pediades, Ceriporia sp., and Trametes pubescens. Appl. Environ. Micro. 67:2001;4701-4707
14. Mullaney E.J., Ullah A.H. The term phytase comprises several different classes of enzymes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 312(1):2003;179-184
15. Ullah A.H.J., Cummins B.J., Dischinger H.C. Cyclohexanedione modification of arginine at the active site of Aspergillus ficuum phytase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178:1991;45-53
16. Van Etten R.L., Davidson R., Stevis P.E., MacArthur H., Moore D.L. Covalent structure, disulfide bonding and identification of reactive surface and active site residues of human prostatic acid phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1991;2313-2319
17. Ullah A.H.J. Production, rapid purification and catalytic characterization of extracellular phytase from Aspergillus ficuum. Prep. Biochem. 18:1988;443-458
18. Ullah A.H.J., Dischinger H.C. Aspergillus ficuum phytase: complete primary structure elucidation by chemical sequencing. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun. 192:1993a;747-753
19. Ullah A.H.J., Gibson D.M. Extracellular phytase (E.C.3.1.3.8) from Aspergillus ficuum NRRL 3135: purification and characterization. Prep. Biochem. 17:1987;63-91
20. Ullah A.H.J., Mullaney E.J. Disulfide bonds are necessary for structure and activity in Aspergillus ficuum phytase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 227:1996;311-317
21. Kostrewa D., Grueninger-Leitch F., D'Arcy A., Broger C., Mitchell D., vanLoon A.P.G.M. Crystal structure of phytase from Aspergillus ficuum at 2.5 Å resolution. Nat. Struct. Biol. 4:1997;185-190
22. Ehrlich K.C., Montalbano B.G., Mullaney E.J., Dischinger H.C., Ullah A.H.J. Identification and cloning of a second phytase gene (phyB) from Aspergillus niger(ficuum). Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun. 195:1993;53-57
23. Pasamontes L., Haiker M., Wyss M., Tessier M., van Loon A.P.G.M. Gene cloning, purification and characterization of a heat stable phytase from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl. Environ. Micro. 63:1997;1696-1700
24. Han Y.W., Lei X.G. Role of glycosylation in functional expression of an Aspergillus nigerphytase (phyA) in Pichia pastoris. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 364:1999;83-90
25. Wyss M., Brugger R., Kronenberger A., Remy R., Fimbel R., Oesterhelt O., et al. Biochemical characterization of fungal phytases (myo- inositolhexakisphosphate-phosphohydrolases): catalytic properties. Appl. Environ. Micro. 65:1999;367-373
26. Grueninger-Leitch F., D'Arcy A., D'Arcy B., Chene C. Deglycosylation of proteins for crystallization using recombinant fusion protein glycosidases. Protein Sci. 5:1996;2617-2622
27. Ullah A.H.J., Phillippy B.Q. Substrate selectivity in Aspergillus ficuum phytase and acid phosphatases using myo-inositol phosphates. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 42:1994;423-425
28. Kostrewa D., Wyss M., D'Arcy A., van Loon A.P.G.M. Crystal structure of Aspergillus niger pH 2.5 optimum acid phosphatase at 2.4 Å resolution. J. Mol. Biol. 288:1999;965-974
29. Wyss M., Pasamontes L., Friedlein A., Remy R., Tessier M., Kronenberger A., et al. Biophysical characterization of fungal phytases (myo- inositolhexakisphosphate-phosphohydrolases): molecular size, glycosylation pattern and engineering of proteolytic resistance. Appl. Environ. Micro. 65:1999a;359-366
30. Wyss M., Pasamontes L., Remy R., Kohler J., Kusznir E., Gadient M., et al. Comparison of the thermostability properties of three acid phosphatases from molds: Aspergillus fumigatus phytase. A. niger phytase and A. niger pH 2.5 acid phosphatase. Appl. Environ. Micro. 64:1998;4446-4451
31. Elliot S., Chang C., Schweingruber M.E., Schaller J., Ricklli E.E., Carbon J. Isolation and characterization of the structural gene for secreted acid phopshatase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J. Biol. Chem. 261:1986;2936-2941
32. Yang J., Schweingruber M.E. The structural gene encoding for thiamine repressible acid phosphatase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Curr. Genet. 18:1990;269-272
33. Greiner R., Konietzny U., Jany K.D. Purification and characterization of two phytases from Escherichia coli. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 303:1993;107-113
34. Rodriguez E., Han Y., Lei X.G. Cloning, sequencing and expression of an Escherichia coli phosphates/phytase gene (appA2) isolated from pig colon. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 257:1999;117-123
35. 304 of Escherichia coli acid phosphatase is involved in leaving group protonation. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1993;20778-70784
36. Maugenest S., Martinez I., Lescure A.M. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a maize seedling phytase. Biochem. J. 322:1997;511-517
37. Maugenest S., Martinez I., Godin B., Perez P., Lescure A.M. Structure of two maize phytase genes and their spatio-temporal expression during seedling development. Plant Mol. Biol. 39:1999;503-514
38. Mullaney E.J., Ullah A.H.J. Identification of histidine acid phosphatase (phyA)-like gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 251:1998;252-255
39. Powar V.K., Jagannathan V. Purification and properties of phytate specific phosphatase from Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 151:1982;1102-1108
40. Kim Y.O., Kim H.K., Bae K.S., Yu J.H., Oh T.K. Purification and properties of thermostable phytase from Bacillus sp. DS11. Enzyme Microb. Tech. 22:1998a;2-7
41. Kim Y.O., Lee J.K., Kim H.K., Yu J.H., Oh T.K. Cloning of the thermostable phytase gene (phy) from Bacillus sp. DS11 and its over-expression in Escherichia coli. FEMS Micro. Lett. 162:1998b;185-191
42. Kerovuo J., Lauraeus M., Nurminen P., Kalkkinen N., Apajalahti J. Isolation, characterization, molecular gene cloning and sequencing of a novel phytase from Bacillus subtilis. Appl. Environ. Micro. 64:1998;2079-2085
43. Greiner R., Haller E., Konietzny U., Jany K.D. Purification and characterization of a phytase from Klebsiella terrigena. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 341:1997;201-206
44. Segueilha L., Lambrechts C., Boze H., Moulin G., Galzy P. Purification and properties of phytase from Schwanniomyces castellii. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 74:1992;7-11
45. Sano L., Fukuhara H., Nakamura Y. Phytase of the yeast Arxula adeninivorans. Biotech. Lett. 21:1999;33-38
46. Morgan AJ, Hessing M, Sleijster-Selis HE. Phytase from germinated soybeans. International patent application no. WO/98/20139; 1998.
47. Hegeman CE, Grabau EA. A novel phytase with sequence similarity to purple acid phosphatases is expressed in cotyledons of germinating soybean seedlings. Plant Physiol 2001;126:1598-1608.
48. Stockmann C., Losen M., Dahlems U., Knocke C., Gellissen G., Buchs J. Effect of oxygen supply on passaging, stabilising and screening of recombinant Hansenula polymorpha production strains in test tube cultures. FEMS Yeast Res. 2:2003;195-205
49. Ebune A., Al-Asheh S., Duvnjak Z. Production of phytase during solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus ficuum NRRL 3135 in canola meal. Biores. Technol. 53:1995;7-12
50. Han Y.W., Gallagher D.J., Wilfred D.J. Phytase production by Aspergillus ficuum on semisolid substrate. J. Ind. Micro. 2:1987;195-200
51. Howson S.J., Davis R.P. Production of phytate-hydrolyzing enzyme by some fungi. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 5:1983;377-382
52. Nair V.C., Duvnjak Z. Reduction of phytic acid content in canola meal by Aspergillus ficuum in solid-state fermentation process. Appl. Micro. Biotech. 34:1990;183-188
53. Krishna C., Nokes S.E. Predicting vegetative inoculum performance to maximize phytase production in solid-state fermentation using response surface methodology. J. Ind. Micro. Biotech. 26:2001;161-170
54. Bogar B., Szakacs G., Linden J.C., Pandey A., Tengerdy R.P. Optimization of phytase production by solid substrate fermentation. J. Ind. Micro. Biotech. 30:2003;183-189
55. Sabu A., Sarita S., Pandey A., Bogar B., Szakacs G., Soccol C.R. Solid-state fermentation for production of phytase by Rhizopus oligosporus. Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 102-103:2002;251-260
56. Kleist S., Miksch G., Hitzmann B., Arndt M., Friehs K., Flaschel E. Optimization of the extracellular production of a bacterial phytase with Escherichia coli by using different fed-batch fermentation strategies. Appl. Micro. Biotech. 61:2003;456-462
57. Kim Y.O., Lee J.K., Oh B.C., Oh T.K. High-level expression of a recombinant thermostable phytase in Bacillus subtilis. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 63:1999a;2205-2207
58. Mayer A.F., Hellmuth K., Schlieker H., Lopez-Ulibarri R., Oertel S., Dahlems U., et al. An expression system matures: a highly efficient and cost-effective process for phytase production by recombinant strains of Hansenula polymorpha. Biotech. Bioeng. 63:1999;373-381
59. Kim D.-S., Godber J.S., Kim H.-R. Culture conditions for a new phytase producing fungus. Biotech. Lett. 21:1999b;1077-1081
60. Papagianni M., Nokes S.E., Filer K. Production of phytase by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid state fermentation. Proc. Biochem. 35:2000;397-402
61. Lan G.Q., Abdullah N., Jalaludin S., Ho Y.W. Culture conditions influencing phytase production of Mitsuokella jalaludinii, a new bacterial species from the rumen of cattle. J. Appl. Micro. 93(4):2002a;668-674
62. Lan G.Q., Abdullah N., Jalaludin S., Ho Y.W. Optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources for phytase production by Mitsuokella jalaludinii, a new rumen bacterial species. Lett. Appl. Micro. 35(2):2002;157-161
63. Martin J.A., Murphy R.A., Power R.F. Cloning and expression of fungal phytases in genetically modified strains of Aspergillus awamori. J. Ind. Micro. Biotech. 30:2003;568-576
64. Han Y.W., Gallagher D.J. Phosphatase production by Aspergillus ficuum. J. Ind. Micro. 1:1987;295-301
65. Gibson D.M. Production of extracellular phytase from Aspergillus ficuumon starch media. Biotech. Lett. 9:1987;305-310
66. Vats P., Banerjee U.C. Studies on the production of phytase by a newly isolated strain of Aspergillus nigervan teigham obtained from rotten wood logs. Proc. Biochem. 38:2002;211-217
67. Chelius M.K., Wodzinski R.J. Strain improvement of Aspergillus niger for phytase production. Appl. Micro. Biotech. 41:1994;79-83
68. Gargova S., Roshkova Z., Vancheva G. Screening of fungi for phytase production. Biotech. Lett. 11:1997;221-224
69. Fredrikson M., Andlid T., Haikara A., Sandberg A.S. Phytate degradation by microorganisms in synthetic media and pea flour. J. Appl. Micro. 93:2002;197-204
70. Al-asheh S., Duvnjak Z. Effect of glucose concentration on the biomass and phytase production and reduction of phytic acid content in canola meal by Aspergillus carbonarius during solid-state fermentation process. Biotech. Prog. 10:1994;353-359
71. Mandviwala T.N., Khire J.M. Production of high activity thermostable phytase from thermotolerant phytase from thermotolerant Aspergillus niger in solid state fermentation. J. Ind. Micro. Biotech. 24:2000;237-243
72. Lambrechts C., Boze H., Segueilha L., Moulin G., Galzy P. Influence of culture conditions on the biosynthesis of Schwanniomyces castelliiphytase. Biotech. Lett. 15:1993;399-404
73. Rodriguez E., Wood Z.A., Karplus P.A., Lei X.G. Site-directed mutagenesis improves catalytic efficiency and thermostability of Escherichia coli pH 2.5 acid phosphatase/phytase expressed in Pichia pastoris. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 382(1):2000;105-112
74. Tomschy A., Tessier M., Wyss M., Brugger R., Broger C., Schnoebelen L., et al. Optimization of the catalytic properties of Aspergillus fumigatus phytase based on the three-dimensional structure. Protein Sci. 9:2000a;1304-1311
75. Tomschy A., Wyss M., Kostrewa D., Vogel K., Tessier M., Hofer S., et al. Active site residue 297 of Aspergillus niger phytase critically affects the catalytic properties. FEBS Lett. 472:2000b;169-172
76. Mullaney E.J., Daly C.B., Kim T., Porres J.M., Lei X.G., Sethumadhavan K., et al. Site-directed mutagenesis of Aspergillus niger NRRL 3135 phytase at residue 300 to enhance catalysis at pH 4.0. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 297:2002;1016-1020
77. Brinch-Pedersen H., Sorensen L.D., Holm P.B. Engineering crop plants: getting a handle on phosphate. Trends Plant. Sci. 7:2002;118-125
78. Pen J., Verwoerd T.C., Hoekema A. Phytase containing transgenic seeds as a novel feed additive for improved phosphorus utilization. Biotechnology. 11:1993;811-814
79. Verwoerd T.C., vanParidon P.A., van Ooyen A.J.J., van Lent J.W.M., Hoekema A., Pen J. Stable accumulation of Aspergillus nigerphytase in transgenic tobacco leaves. Plant Physiol. 109:1995;1199-1205
80. Li J., Hegeman C.E., Hanlon R.W., Lacy G.H., Denbow D.M., Grabau E.A. Secretion of active recombinant phytase from soybean cell-suspension cultures. Plant Physiol. 114:1997;1-9
81. Gutknecht K. Green genes: alfalfa bio-farming is about to take root. Wisconsin Agric 1997;8:8-10.
82. Yip W., Wang L., Cheng C., Wu W., Lung S., Lim B.L. The introduction of a phytase gene from Bacillus subtilis improved the growth performance of transgenic tobacco. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 310(4):2003;1148-1154
83. Ullah A.H., Sethumadhavan K., Mullaney E.J., Ziegelhoffer T., Austin-Phillips S. Fungal phyA gene expressed in potato leaves produces active and stable phytase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 306(2):2003;603-609
84. Golovan S., Hayes M.A., Phillips J.P., Forsberg C.W. Transgenic mice expressing bacterial phytase as a model for phosphorus pollution control. Nat. Struct. Biol. 19:2001a;429-433
85. Golovan S., Meidinger R.G., Ajakaiye A., Cottrill M., Wiederkehr M.Z., Barney D.J., et al. Pigs expressing salivary phytase produce low phosphorus manure. Nat. Biotech. 19:2001b;741-745
86. Ullah A.H.J., Cummins B.J. Purification, N-terminal amino acid sequence and characterisation of pH 2.5 optimum acid phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.2) from Aspergillus ficuum. Prep. Biochem. 17:1987;397-422
87. Casey A., Walsh G. Purification and characterization of extracellular phytase from Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142. Bioresour. Technol. 86(2):2003;183-188
88. Kerovuo J., Lappalainen I., Reinikainen T. The metal dependence of Bacillus subtilisphytase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 268:2000;365-369
89. Golovan S., Wang G.R., Zhang J., Forsberg C.W. Characterization and overproduction of the Escherichia coli appA encoded bifunctional enzyme that exhibits both phytase and acid phosphatase activities. Can. J. Micro. 46:2000;59-71
90. Stahl C.H., Wilson D.B., Lei X.G. Comparison of extracellular Escherichia coli AppA phytases expressed in Streptomyces lividans and Pichia pastoris. Biotech. Lett. 25(10):2003;827-831
91. Tambe S.M., Kaklij G.S., Kelkar S.M., Parekh L.J. Two distinct molecular forms of phytase from Klebsiella aerogenes: evidence for unusually small active enzyme peptide. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 77:1994;23-27
92. Cho J.S., Lee C.W., Kang S.H., Lee J.C., Bok J.D., Moon Y.S., et al. Purification and characterization of a phytase from Pseudomonas syringae MOK1. Curr. Micro. 47(4):2003;290-294
93. Kim H.W., Kim Y.O., Lee J.H., Kim K.K., Kim Y.J. Isolation and characterization of a phytase with improved properties from Citrobacter braakii. Biotech. Lett. 25:2003;1231-1234
94. Burbano C., Muzquiz M., Osagic A., Ayet G., Cuadrado C. Determination of phytate and lower inositol phosphates in spanish legumes by HPLC methodology. Food Chem. 52:1995;321-325
95. Konietzny U., Greiner R., Jany K.D. Purification and characterization of phytase from spelt. J. Food Biochem. 18:1995;165-183
96. Brugger R, Simoes Nunes C, Hug D, Vogel K, Guggenbuhl P, Mascarello F, et al. Characteristics of fungal phytases from Aspergillus fumigatus and Sartorya fumigata. Appl Microbiol Biotech 2004;63:383-389.
97. Hara A.S., Ebina S., Kondo A., Funaguma T. A new type of phytase from pollen of Typha latifolia L. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49:1985;3539-3544
98. Feuillade M., Dorizo J.M. Enzymatic release of phosphate in sediments of various origins. Water Res. 26:1992;1195-1201
99. Ullah A.H., Sethumadhavan K. PhyA gene product of Aspergillus ficuum and Peniophora lycii produces dissimilar phytases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 303(2):2003;463-468
100. Sandberg A.S., Ahderinne R. HPLC method for the determination of inositol tri, tetra, penta and hexakisphosphate in foods and intestinal contents. J. Food Sci. 51:1986;547-550
101. Mayr G.W. A novel metal-dye detection system permits picomolar-range h.p.l.c. analysis of inositol polyphosphates from non-radioactively labeled cell or tissue specimens. Biochem. J. 254:1988;585-591
102. Phillippy B.Q., Bland J.M. Gradient ion chromatography of inositol phosphates. Anal. Biochem. 175:1988;162-166
103. Lehrfeld J. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of phytic acid on pH stable, macroporous polymer column. Cereal Chem. 66:1989;510-515
104. Indyk H.E., Woollard D.C. Determination of free myo-inositol in milk and infant formula by high performance liquid chromatography. Analyst. 119:1994;1429-1436
105. Skoglund E, Carlsson N-G, Sandberg A-S, Analysis of inositol mono- and diphosphate isomers using high-performance ion chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. J Agri Food Chem 1997;45:4668-73.
106. Quan C.S., Fan S.D., Ohta Y. Immobilization of Candida krusei cells producing phytase in alginate gel beads: an application of the preparation of myo-inositol phosphates. Appl. Micro. Biotech. 62(1):2003;41-47
107. Gautam P., Sabu A., Pandey A., Szakacs G., Soccol C.R. Microbial production of extra-cellular phytase using polystyrene as inert solid support. Bioresour. Tech. 83(3):2002;229-233
108. Ullah A.H.J., Phillippy B.Q. Immobilization of Aspergillus ficuum phytase: product characterization of the bioreactor. Prep. Biochem. 18:1988;483-489
109. Dischinger H.C., Ullah A.H.J. Immobilization of Aspergillus ficuum phytase by carbohydrate moieties onto cross-linked agarose. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 672:1992;583-587
110. Liu B.L., Jong C.H., Tzeng Y.M. Effect of immobilization on pH and thermal stability of Aspergillus ficuumphytase. Enzyme Micro. Tech. 25:1999;517-521
111. Tomschy A., Brugger R., Lehmann M., Svendsen A., Vogel K., Kostrewa D., et al. Engineering of phytase for improved activity at low pH. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:2002;1907-1913
112. Lehmann M., Kostrewa D., Wyss M., Brugger R., D'Arcy A., Pasamontes L., et al. From DNA sequence to improved functionality: using protein sequence comparisons to rapidly design a thermostable consensus phytase. Protein Eng. 13:2000;49-57
113. Lehmann M., Loch C., Middendorf A., Studer D., Lassen S.F., Pasamontes L., et al. The consensus concept for thermostability engineering of proteins: further proof of concept. Protein Eng. 15(5):2002;403-411
114. Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation Ltd. (Government of Tamil Nadu), 19-A, Rukmani Lakshmipathy Salai, Egmore, Chennai 600008, India (http://www.tidco.com).
115. Shimizu M. Purification and characterization of phytase from Bacillus subtilis (natto) N-77. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 56:1992;1266-1269
116. Yoon S.J., Choi Y.J., Min K., Cho K.K., Kim J.W., Lee S.C., et al. Isolation and identification of phytase producing bacterium, Enterobacter sp. 4 and enzymatic properties of phytase enzyme. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 18:1996;449-454
117. Greiner R, Jany KD. Characterization of a phytase from Escherichia coli. Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 1999;372:664-5.
118. Yanke L.J., Bae H.D., Selinger L.B., Cheng K.J. Phytase activity of anaerobic ruminal bacteria. Microbiol. 144:1998;1565-1573
119. Cheng KJ, Selinger LB, Yanke LJ, Bae HD, Zhou L, Forsberg CW, Phytases of rumen microorganisms, particularly of Selenomonas ruminantium and uses thereof in feed additives and in transgenic plants. US patent 5, 985, 605; 1999.
120. Richardson A.E., Hadobas P.A. Soil isolates of Pseudomonassp. that utilize inositol phosphates. Can. J. Micro. 43:1997;509-516
121. Nakamura Y., Fukuhara H., Sano L. Secreted phytase activities of yeasts. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 64:2000;841-844
122. Rodriguez E., Mullaney E., Lei X.G. Expression of Aspergillus fumigatusphytase gene in Pichia pastoris and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 268:2000;373-378
123. Phillipy B.Q., Mullaney E.J. Expression of an Aspergillus nigerphytase (phyA) in Escherichia coli. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45:1997;3337-3342
124. Tye A.J., Siu F.K.Y., Leung T.Y.C., Lim B.L. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of two novel phytases from B.subtilis168 and B. licheniformis. Appl. Microb. Biotech. 59:2002;190-197
125. Han Y.W., Wilson D.B., Lei X.G. Expression of an Aspergillus niger phytase gene (phyA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl. Environ. Micro. 65:1999;1915-1918
126. Berka R.M., Rey M.W., Brown K.M., Byun T., Klotz A.V. Molecular characterization and expression of a phytase gene from the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. Appl. Environ. Micro. 64:1998;4423-4427
127. Laboure A.M., Gagnon J., Lescure A.M. Purification and characterization of phytase (myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase) accumulated in maize (Zea mays) seedlings during germination. Biochem. J. 295:1993;413-419
128. Gibson D.M., Ullah A.H.J. Purification and characterization of phytase from cotyledons of germinating soybean seeds. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 260:1988;503-513
129. De Angelis M., Gallo G., Corbo M.R., McSweeney P.L., Faccia M., Giovine M., et al. Phytase activity in sourdough lactic acid bacteria: purification and characterization of a phytase from Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis CB1. Int. J. Food Micro. 87(3):2003;259-270
130. Andriotis V.M., Ross J.D. Isolation and characterisation of phytase from dormant Corylus avellana seeds. Phytochemistry. 64(3):2003;689-699
131. Greiner R. Purification and characterization of three phytases from germinated lupine seeds (Lupinus albus var. amiga). J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:2002;6858-6864
132. Greiner R., Alminger M.L. Purification and characterization of phytate-degrading enzyme from geminated oat (Avena sativa). J. Sci. Food. Agric. 79:1999;1453-1460
133. Ullah A.H.J., Sethumadhavan K., Mullaney E.J., Ziegelhoffer T., Austin-Phillips S. Characterization of recombinant fungal phytase (phyA) expressed in tobacco leaves. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 264:1999;201-206
134. Shimizu M. Purification and characterization of phytase and acid phosphatase produced by Aspergillus oryzae K1. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 57:1993;1364-1365
135. Nagashima T., Tange T., Anazawa H. Dephosphorylation of phytate by using the Aspergillus nigerphytase with a high affinity for phytate. Appl. Environ. Micro. 65:1999;4682-4684