Increased sorbitol pathway activity generates oxidative stress in tissue sites for diabetic complications

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling

Volumn 7, Issue 11-12, 2005, Pages 1543-1552

  Obrosova, Irina G ^a  

^a PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SORBITOL; SUPEROXIDE; TAURINE;

AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DETOXIFICATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC FOOT; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ALDEHYDE REDUCTASE; ANIMALS; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SORBITOL;

EID: 28844505052     PISSN: 15230864     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.1543     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Abiko T, Abiko A, Clermont AC, Shoelson B, Horio N, Takahashi J, Adamis AP, King GL, and Bursell SE. Characterization of retinal leukostasis and hemodynamics in insulin resistance and diabetes: role of oxidants and protein kinase-C activation. Diabetes 52: 829-837, 2003.
2. Agardh CD, Agardh E, Qian Y, and Hultberg B. Glutathione levels are reduced in diabetic rat retina but are not influenced by ischemia followed by recirculation. Metabolism 47: 269-272, 1998.
3. Agardh E, Hultberg B, and Agardh C. Effects of inhibition of glycation and oxidative stress on the development of cataract and retinal vessel abnormalities in diabetic rats. Curr Eye Res 21: 543-549, 2000.
4. Agthong S and Tomlinson DR. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase corrects biochemical and neurological deficits in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 973: 359-362, 2002.
5. Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Hoey BM, and Butler J. The antioxidant action of taurine, hypotaurine and their metabolic precursors. Biochem J 256: 251-255, 1988.
6. Bierhaus A, Schiekofer S, Schwaninger M, Andrassy M, Humpert PM, Chen J, Hong M, Luther T, Henle T, Kloting I, Morcos M, Hofmann M, Tritschler H, Weigle B, Kasper M, Smith M, Perry G, Schmidt AM, Stern DM, Haring HU, Schleicher E, and Nawroth PP. Diabetes-associated sustained activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. Diabetes 50: 2792-2808, 2001.
7. Blakytny R and Harding JJ. Bovine and human alpha-crystallins as molecular chaperones: prevention of the inactivation of glutathione reductase by fructation. Exp Eye Res 64: 1051-1058, 1997.
8. Bogatcheva NV, Dudek SM, Garcia JG, and Verin AD. Mitogen-activated protein kinases in endothelial pathophysiology. J Investig Med 51: 341-352, 2003.
9. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 414: 813-820, 2001.
10. Caldwell RB, Bartoli M, Behzadian MA, El-Remessy AE, Al-Shabrawey M, Platt DH, and Caldwell RW. Vascular endothelial growth factor and diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment perspectives. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 19: 442-455, 2003.
11. Callera GE, Touyz RM, Teixeira SA, Muscara MN, Carvalho MH, Fortes ZB, Nigro D, Schiffrin EL, and Tostes RC. ETA receptor blockade decreases vascular superoxide generation in DOCA-salt hypertension. Hypertension 42: 811-817, 2003.
12. Cameron NE, Cotter MA, Archibald V, Dines KC, and Maxfield EK. Anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant effects on nerve conduction velocity, endoneurial blood flow and oxygen tension in non-diabetic and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia 37: 449-459, 1994.
13. Cameron NE, Cotter MA, Basso M, and Hohman TC. Comparison of the effects of inhibitors of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase on neurovascular function, nerve conduction and tissue polyol pathway metabolites in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia 40: 271-281, 1997.
14. +-ATPase activity and glutathione content in diabetic rats. Diabetologia 42: 1120-1130, 1999.
15. Chabine R, Hanna J, Abou Khalil K, Cheav SL, Hatala R, Bouchi N, and Mounayar A. Taurine and myocardial nor-adrenaline. Arzneimittel forschung 44: 126-128, 1994.
16. Coppey LJ, Gellett JS, Davidson EP, Dunlap JA, Lund DD, Salvemini D, and Yorek MA. Effect of M40403 treatment of diabetic rats on endoneurial blood flow, motor nerve conduction velocity and vascular function of epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve. Br J Pharmacol 134: 21-29, 2001.
17. Coppey LJ, Gellett JS, Davidson EP, Dunlap JA, Lund DD, and Yorek MA. Effect of antioxidant treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats on endoneurial blood flow, motor nerve conduction velocity, and vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve. Diabetes 50: 1927-1937, 2001.
18. Cotter MA and Cameron NE. Effect of the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, on peripheral nerve perfusion and function in diabetic rats. Life Sci 73: 1813-1824, 2003.
19. Dekigai H, Murakami M, and Kita T. Mechanism of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric mucosal injury. Dig Dis Sci 40: 1332-1339, 1995.
20. Ellis EA, Guberski DL, Hutson B, and Grant MB. Time course of NADH oxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase and peroxynitrite in diabetic retinopathy in the BBZ/WOR rat. Nitric Oxide 6: 295-304, 2002.
21. El-Remessy AB, Abou-Mohamed G, Caldwell RW, and Caldwell RB. High glucose-induced tyrosine nitration in endothelial cells: role of eNOS uncoupling and aldose reductase activation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44: 3135-3143, 2003.
22. Erdem A, Gundogan NU, Usubutun A, Kilinc K, Erdem SR, Kara A, and Bozkurt A. The protective effect of taurine against gentamicin-induced acute tubular necrosis in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15: 1175-1182, 2000.
23. Fathallah L and Obrosova IG. Increased retinal lipid peroxidation in early diabetes is not associated with ascorbate depletion or changes in ascorbate redox state. Exp Eye Res 72: 719-723, 2001.
24. Geisen K, Utz R, Grotsch H, Lang HJ, and Nimmesgern H. Sorbitol-accumulating pyrimidine derivatives. Arzneimittelforschung 44: 1032-1043, 1994.
25. Giardino I, Fard AK, Hatchell DL, and Brownlee M. Aminoguanidine inhibits reactive oxygen species formation, lipid peroxidation, and oxidant-induced apoptosis. Diabetes 47: 1114-1120, 1998.
26. Greene DA, Arezzo JC, and Brown MB. Effect of aldose reductase inhibition on nerve conduction and morphometry in diabetic neuropathy. Zenarestat Study Group. Neurology 53: 580-591, 1999.
27. +-ATPase activity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 282: 560-566, 2002.
28. Ha HC, Hester LD, and Snyder SH. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 dependence of stress-induced transcription factors and associated gene expression in glia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 3270-3275, 2002.
29. Hamada Y, Araki N, Horiuchi S, and Hotta N. Role of polyol pathway in nonenzymatic glycation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11 (Suppl 5): 95-98, 1996.
30. Hamada Y, Nakamura J, Naruse K, Komori T, Kato K, Kasuya Y, Nagai R, Horiuchi S, and Hotta N. Epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, reduces the levels of Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine protein adducts and their precursors in erythrocytes from diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 23: 1539-1544, 2000.
31. Heesom AE, Millward A, and Demaine AG. Susceptibility to diabetic neuropathy in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with a polymorphism at the 5′ end of the aldose reductase gene. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64: 213-216, 1998.
32. Herdener M, Heigold S, Saran M, and Bauer G. Target cell-derived superoxide anions cause efficiency and selectivity of intercellular induction of apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 29: 1260-1271, 2000.
33. Hermann M, Camici G, Fratton A, Hurlimann D, Tanner FC, Hellermann JP, Fiedler M, Thiery J, Neidhart M, Gay RE, Gay S, Luscher TF, and Ruschitzka F. Differential effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on endothelial function in salt-induced hypertension. Circulation 108: 2308-2311, 2003,
34. Hodgkinson AD, Bartlett T, Oates PJ, Millward BA, and Demaine AG. The response of antioxidant genes to hyperglycemia is abnormal in patients with type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 52: 846-851, 2003.
35. Hoeldtke RD, Bryner KD, McNeill DR, Hobbs GR, Riggs JE, Warehime SS, Christie I, Ganser G, and Van Dyke K. Nitrosative stress, uric acid, and peripheral nerve function in early type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 51: 2817-2825, 2002.
36. Hotta N, Toyota T, Matsuoka K, Shigeta Y, Kikkawa R, Kaneko T, Takahashi A, Sugimura K, Koike Y, Ishii J, and Sakamoto N. SNK-860 Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group. Clinical efficacy of fidarestat, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a 52-week multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind parallel group study. Diabetes Care 24: 1776-1782, 2001.
37. Hounsom L, Corder R, Patel J, and Tomlinson DR. Oxidative stress participates in the breakdown of neuronal phenotype in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia 44: 424-428, 2001.
38. Inoguchi T, Li P, Umeda F, Yu HY, Kakimoto M, Imamura M, Aoki T, Etoh T, Hashimoto T, Naruse M, Sano H, Utsumi H, and Nawata H. High glucose level and free fatty acid stimulate reactive oxygen species production through protein kinase C-dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in cultured vascular cells. Diabetes 49: 1939-1945, 2000.
39. Ishii H, Tada H, and Isogai S. An aldose reductase inhibitor prevents glucose-induced increase in transforming growth factor-beta and protein kinase C activity in cultured mesangial cells. Diabetologia 41: 362-364, 1998.
40. Ito T, Nishimura C, Takahashi Y, Saito T, and Omori Y. The level of erythrocyte aldose reductase: a risk factor for diabetic neuropathy? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 36: 161-167, 1997.
41. Kador PF. The role of aldose reductase in the development of diabetic complications. Med Res Rev 8: 325-352, 1988.
42. Kamijo M, Basso M, Cherian PV, Hohman TC, and Sima AA. Galactosemia produces ARI-preventable nodal changes similar to those of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 25: 117-129, 1994.
43. Kato N, Yashima S, Suzuki T, Nakayama Y, and Jomori T. Long-term treatment with fidarestat suppresses the development of diabetic retinopathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Complications 17: 374-379, 2003.
44. Keogh RJ, Dunlop ME, and Larkins RG. Effect of inhibition of aldose reductase on glucose flux, diacylglycerol formation, protein kinase C, and phospholipase A2 activation. Metabolism 46: 41-47, 1997.
45. Kihara M, Schmelzer JD, Poduslo JF, Curran GL, Nickander KK, and Low PA. Aminoguanidine effects on nerve blood flow, vascular permeability, electrophysiology, and oxygen free radicals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 6107-6111, 1991.
46. Kilic F, Bhardwaj R, Caufeild J, and Trevithick JR. Modelling cortical cataractogenesis 22: is in vitro reduction of damage in model diabetic rat cataract by taurine due to its antioxidant activity? Exp Eye Res 69: 291-300, 1999.
47. Kishi Y, Schmelzer JD, Yao JK, Zollman PJ, Nickander KK, Tritschler HJ, and Low PA. Alpha-lipoic acid: effect on glucose uptake, sorbitol pathway, and energy metabolism in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 48: 2045-2051, 1999.
48. Kowluru RA, Engerman RL, and Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes or experimental galactosemia. VIII. Prevention by aminoguanidine. Curr Eye Res 21: 814-819, 2000.
49. Kubo E, Urakami T, Fatma N, Akagi Y, and Singh DP. Polyol pathway-dependent osmotic and oxidative stresses in aldose reductase-mediated apoptosis in human lens epithelial cells: role of AOP2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 314: 1050-1056, 2004.
50. Lal S, Szwergold BS, Taylor AH, Randall WC, Kappler F, and Brown TR. Production of fructose and fructose-3-phosphate in maturing rat lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36: 969-973, 1995.
51. Lee AYW and Chung SSM. Contribution of polyol pathway to oxidative stress in diabetic cataract. FASEB J 13: 23-30, 1999.
52. + in normal, galactose-fed and diabetic rat lens. Biochim Biophys Acta 841: 247-253, 1985.
53. Li F, Szabo C, Pacher P, Southan GJ, Abatan OI, Charniauskaya T, Stevens MJ, and Obrosova IG. Evaluation of orally active poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor in streptozotocin-diabetic rat model of early peripheral neuropathy. Diabetologia 47: 710-717, 2004,
54. Lim E, Park S, and Kim H. Effect of taurine supplementation on the lipid peroxide formation and the activities of glutathione-related enzymes in the liver and islet of type I and II diabetic model mice. Adv Exp Med Biol 442: 99-103, 1998.
55. Lindsay RM, Walker SA, McGuigan CC, Smith W, and Baird JD. Tissue ascorbic acid and polyol pathway metabolism in experimental diabetes. Diabetologia 41: 516-523, 1998.
56. Lou MF, Dickerson JE, Garadi R, and York BM Jr. Glutathione depletion in the lens of galactosemic and diabetic rats. Exp Eye Res 46: 517-530, 1988.
57. Lowitt S, Malone JI, Salem AF, Korthals J, and Benford S. Acetyl-L-carnitine corrects the altered peripheral nerve function of experimentai diabetes. Metabolism 44: 677-680, 1995.
58. Mabley JG, Liaudet L, Pacher P, Southan GJ, Groves JT, Salzman AL, and Szabo C. Part II: beneficial effects of the peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst FP15 in murine models of arthritis and colitis. Mol Med 8: 581-590, 2002.
59. Maitra I, Serbinova E, Tritschler H, and Packer L, α-Lipoic acid prevents buthionine-sulfoximine-induced cataract formation in newborn rats. Free Radic Biol Med 18: 823-829, 1995.
60. Malone JI, Benford SA, and Malone J Jr. Taurine prevents galactose-induced cataracts. J Diabetes Complications 7: 44-48, 1993.
61. Matsumoto S, Koshiishi I, Inoguchi T, Nawata H, and Utsumi H. Confirmation of superoxide generation via xanthine oxidase in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Free Radic Res 37: 767-772, 2003.
62. 2+ concentration, and neurotoxicity and increase antioxidant enzyme activities in hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 65: 1740-1751, 1995.
63. Minchenko AG, Stevens MJ, White L, Abatan OI, Komjati K, Pacher P, Szabo C, and Obrosova IG. Diabetes-induced overexpression of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptors in the rat renal cortex is mediated via poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. FASEB J 17: 1514-1516, 2003.
64. Myhre O and Fonnum F. The effect of aliphatic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons on production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in rat brain synaptosome fraction: the involvement of calcium, nitric oxide synthase, mitochondria, and phospholipase A. Biochem Pharmacol 62: 119-128, 2001.
65. Nagamatsu M, Nickander KK, Schmelzer JD, Raya A, Wittrock DA, Tritschler H, and Low PA. Lipoic acid improves nerve blood flow, reduces oxidative stress, and improves distal nerve conduction in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 18: 1160-1167, 1995.
66. Nagaraj RH, Prabhakaram M, Ortwerth BJ, and Monnier VM. Suppression of pentosidine formation in galactosemic rat lens by an inhibitor of aldose reductase. Diabetes 43: 580-586, 1994.
67. Nakamura J, Kato K, Hamada Y, Nakayama M, Chaya S, Nakashima E, Naruse K, Kasuya Y, Mizubayashi R, Miwa K, Yasuda Y, Kamiya H, Ienaga K, Sakakibara F, Koh N, and Hotta N. A protein kinase C-beta-selective inhibitor ameliorates neural dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes 48: 2090-2095, 1999.
68. Nakamura J, Kasuya Y, Hamada Y, Nakashima E, Naruse K, Yasuda Y, Kato K, and Hotta N. Glucose-induced hyperproliferation of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells through polyol pathway hyperactivity. Diabetologia 44: 480-487, 2001.
69. Niwa T. 3-Deoxyglucosone: metabolism, analysis, biological activity, and clinical implication. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 731: 23-36, 1999.
70. Oates PJ and Mylari BL. Aldose reductase inhibitors: therapeutic implications for diabetic complications. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 8: 2095-2119, 1999.
71. Obrosova I, Faller A, Burgan J, Ostrow E, and Williamson JR. Glycolytic pathway, redox state of NAD(P)-couples and energy metabolism in lens in galactose-fed rats: effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor. Curr Eye Res 16: 34-43, 1997.
72. Obrosova IG. How does glucose generate oxidative stress in peripheral nerve? Int Rev Neurobiol 50: 3-35, 2002.
73. Obrosova IG. Update on the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Curr Diab Rep 3: 439-445, 2003.
74. Obrosova IG and Fathallah L. Evaluation of an aldose reductase inhibitor on lens metabolism, ATPases and antioxidative defense in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: an intervention study. Diabetologia 43: 1048-1055, 2000.
75. Obrosova IG and Stevens MJ. Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on GSH and NAD(P)-redox status, lipid peroxidation, and energy metabolism in diabetic precataractous lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40: 680-688, 1999.
76. Obrosova IG, Cao X, Greene DA, and Stevens MJ. Diabetes-induced changes in lens antioxidant status, glucose utilization and energy metabolism: effect of DL-α-lipoic acid. Diabetologia 41: 1442-1450, 1998.
77. Obrosova IG, Fathallah L, and Lang HJ. Interaction between osmotic and oxidative stress in diabetic precataractous lens: studies with a sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor. Biochem Pharmacol 58: 1945-1954, 1999.
78. Obrosova IG, Fathallah L, Lang HJ, and Greene DA. Evaluation of a sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor on diabetic peripheral nerve metabolism: a prevention study. Diabetologia 42: 1187-1194, 1999.
79. Obrosova IG, Greene DA, and Lang HJ. Antioxidative defense in diabetic peripheral nerve: effect of DL-α-lipoic acid, aldose reductase inhibitor and sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor. In: Antioxidants in Diabetes Management, edited by Packer L, Roesen P, Tritschler H, King G, and Azzi A. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 2000, pp. 93-110.
80. Obrosova IG, Fathallah L, and Stevens MJ. Taurine counteracts oxidative stress and nerve growth factor deficit in early experimental diabetic neuropathy. Exp Neurol 172: 211-219, 2001.
81. Obrosova IG, Minchenko AG, Marinescu V, Fathallah L, Kennedy A, Stockert CM, Frank RN, and Stevens MJ. Antioxidants attenuate early up regulation of retinal vascular endothelial growth factor in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia 44: 1102-1110, 2001.
82. Obrosova IG, Stevens MJ, and Lang HJ. Diabetes-induced changes in retinal NAD-redox status: pharmacological modulation and implications for pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacology 62: 172-180, 2001.
83. Obrosova IG, Van Huysen C, Fathallah L, Cao XC, Greene DA, and Stevens MJ. An aldose reductase inhibitor reverses early diabetes-induced changes in peripheral nerve function, metabolism, and antioxidative defense. FASEB J 16: 123-125, 2002.
84. Obrosova IG, Fathallah L, Liu E, and Nourooz-Zadeh J. Early oxidative stress in the diabetic kidney: effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 34: 186-195, 2003.
85. Obrosova IG, Minchenko AG, Vasupuram R, White L, Abatan OI, Kumagai AK, Frank RN, and Stevens MJ. Aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat prevents retinal oxidative stress and vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetes 52: 864-871, 2003.
86. Obrosova IG, Li F, Abatan OI, Forsell MA, Komjati K, Pacher P, Szabo C, and Stevens MJ. Role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 53: 711-720, 2004.
87. Obrosova IG, Minchenko AG, Frank RN, Seigel GM, Zsengeller Z, Pacher P, Stevens MJ, and Szabo C. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors counteract diabetes- and hypoxia-induced retinal vascular endothelail growth factor (VEGF) overexpression. Int J Mol Med 14: 55-64, 2004.
88. Obrosova IG, Pacher P, Szabo C, Zsengeller Z, Hirooka H, Stevens MJ, and Yorek MA. Aldose reductase inhibition counteracts oxidative-nitrosative stress and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in tissue sites for diabetes complications. Diabetes 54: 234-242, 2005.
89. Ou P and Wolff SP. Aminoguanidine: a drug proposed for prophylaxis in diabetes inhibits catalase and generates hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 46: 1139-1144, 1993.
90. Pacher P, Liaudet L, Soriano FG, Mabley JG, Szabo E, and Szabo C. The role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in the development of myocardial and endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Diabetes 51: 514-521, 2002.
91. Pacher P, Obrosova IG, Mabley JG, and Szabo C. Role of nitrosative stress and peroxynitrite in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Emerging new therapeutical strategies. Curr Med Chem 12: 267-275, 2005.
92. Phillips SA, Mirrlees D, and Thornalley PJ. Modification of the glyoxalase system in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Effect of the aldose reductase inhibitor Statil. Biochem Pharmacol 46: 805-811, 1993.
93. Pop-Busui R, Sullivan KA, Van Huysen C, Bayer L, Cao X, Towns R, and Stevens MJ. Depletion of taurine in experimental diabetic neuropathy: implications for nerve metabolic, vascular, and functional deficits. Exp Neurol 168: 259-272, 2001.
94. Purves T, Middlemas A, Agthong S, Jude EB, Boulton AJ, Fernyhough P, and Tomlinson DR. A role for mitogen-activated protein kinases in the etiology of diabetic neuropathy. FASEB J 15: 2508-2514, 2001.
95. Reckelhoff JF, Hennington BS, Kanji V, Racusen LC, Schmidt AM, Yan SD, Morrow J, Roberts LJ 2nd, and Salahudeen AK. Chronic aminoguanidine attenuates renal dysfunction and injury in aging rats. Am J Hypertens 12: 492-498, 1999.
96. Rittner HL, Hafner V, Klimiuk PA, Szweda LI, Goronzy JJ, and Weyand CM. Aldose reductase functions as a detoxification system for lipid peroxidation products in vasculitis. J Clin Invest 103: 1007-1013, 1999.
97. Robison WG Jr, Jacot JL, Glover JP, Basso MD, and Hohman TC. Diabetic-like retinopathy: early and late intervention therapies in galactose-fed rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39: 1933-1941, 1998.
98. Robison WG Jr, Jacot JL, Katz ML, and Glover JP. Retinal vascular changes induced by the oxidative stress of alpha-tocopherol deficiency contrasted with diabetic microangiopathy. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 16: 109-120, 2000.
99. Saito H. Biochemical changes in lens, aqueous humor and vitreous body and effects of aldose reductase inhibitor (TAT) on rats with experimental diabetes. Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi 62: 339-350, 1995.
100. Shangari N, Bruce WR, Poon R, and O'Brien PJ. Toxicity of glyoxals-role of oxidative stress, metabolic detoxification and thiamine deficiency. Biochem Soc Trans 31: 1390-1393, 2003.
101. Siems WG, Grune T, and Esterbauer H. 4-Hydroxynonenal formation during ischemia and reperfusion of rat small intestine. Life Sci 57: 785-789, 1995.
102. Sone H, Kawakami Y, Okuda Y, Sekine Y, Honmura S, Matsuo K, Segawa T, Suzuki H, and Yamashita K. Ocular vascular endothelial growth factor levels in diabetic rats are elevated before observable retinal proliferative changes. Diabetologia 40: 726-730, 1997.
103. Song Z, Fu DT, Chan YS, Leung S, Chung SS, and Chung SK. Transgenic mice overexpressing aldose reductase in Schwann cells show more severe nerve conduction velocity deficit and oxidative stress under hyperglycemic stress. Mol Cell Neurosci 23: 638-647, 2003.
104. Srivastava S, Chandra A, Ansari NH, Srivastava SK, and Bhatnagar A. Identification of cardiac oxidoreductase(s) involved in the metabolism of the lipid peroxidation-derived aldehyde-4-hydroxynonenal. Biochem J 329: 469-475, 1998.
105. Srivastava S, Chandra A, Wang LF, Seifert WE Jr, DaGue BB, Ansari NH, Srivastava SK, and Bhatnagar A. Metabolism of the lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal, in isolated perfused rat heart. J Biol Chem 273: 10893-10900, 1998.
106. Stevens MJ, Hosaka Y, Masterson JA, Jones SM, Thomas TP, and Larkin DD. Downregulation of the human taurine transporter by glucose in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 277: E760-E771, 1999.
107. Stevens MJ, Obrosova IG, Cao X, Van Huysen C, and Greene DA. Effect of DL-α-lipoic acid on peripheral nerve conduction, blood flow, energy metabolism and oxidative stress in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 49: 1006-1016, 2000.
108. Suarez G, Rajaram R, Oronsky AL, and Gawinowicz MA. Nonenzymatic glycation of bovine serum albumin by fructose (fructation). Comparison with the Maillard reaction initiated by glucose. J Biol Chem 264: 3674-3679, 1989.
109. Tomlinson DR, Stevens EJ, and Diemel LT. Aldose reductase inhibitors and their potential for the treatment of diabetic complications. Trends Pharmacol Sci 15: 293-297, 1994.
110. Trachtman H, Futterweit S, Maesaka J, Ma C, Valderrama E, Fuchs A, Tarectecan AA, Rao PS, Sturman JA, Boles TH, and Baynes J. Taurine ameliorates chronic streptozocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Am J Physiol 269: F429-F438, 1995.
111. Urata Y, Yamamoto H, Goto S, Tsushima H, Akazawa S, Yamashita S, Nagataki S, and Kondo T. Long exposure to high glucose concentration impairs the responsive expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase by interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in mouse endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 271: 15146-15152, 1996.
112. Virag L, Szabo E, Gergely P, and Szabo C. Peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity: mechanism and opportunities for intervention. Toxicol Lett 140-141: 113-124, 2003.
113. Williamson JR, Chang K, Frangos M, Hasan KS, Ido Y, Kawamura T, Nyengaard JR, van den Enden M, Kilo C, and Tilton RG. Hyperglycemic pseudohypoxia and diabetic complications. Diabetes 42: 801-813, 1993.
114. Yagihashi S, Yamagishi SI, Wada R, Baba M, Hohman TC, Yabe-Nishimura C, and Kokai Y. Neuropathy in diabetic mice overexpressing human aldose reductase and effects of aldose reductase inhibitor. Brain 124: 2448-2458, 2001.
115. Yamagishi S, Uehara K, Otsuki S, and Yagihashi S. Differential influence of increased polyol pathway on protein kinase C expressions between endoneurial and epineurial tissues in diabetic mice. J Neurochem 87: 497-507, 2003.
116. Yan SF, Ramasamy R, Naka Y, and Schmidt AM. Glycation, inflammation, and RAGE: a scaffold for the macrovascular complications of diabetes and beyond. Circ Res 93: 1159-1169, 2003.
117. Yeh LA and Ashton MA. The increase in lipid peroxidation in diabetic rat lens can be reversed by oral sorbinil. Metabolism 39: 619-622, 1990.
118. Zhang J, Schmidt J, Ryschich E, Mueller-Schilling M, Schumacher H, and Allenberg JR. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is present in human abdominal aortic aneurysm and promotes oxidative vascular injury. J Vasc Surg 38: 360-367, 2003.
119. Zingarelli B, Szabo C, and Salzman AL. Blockade of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibits neutrophil recruitment, oxidant generation, and mucosal injury in murine colitis. Gastroenterology 116: 335-345, 1999.
120. Zingarelli B, Hake PW, O'Connor M, Denenberg A, Kong S, and Aronow BJ. Absence of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 alters nuclear factor-kappa B activation and gene expression of apoptosis regulators after reperfusion injury. Mol Med 9: 143-153, 2003.