메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 299-308

Mechanisms of action for treatments in multiple sclerosis does a heterogeneous disease demand a multi-targeted therapeutic approach?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; BETA1A INTERFERON; GLATIRAMER; GSK 683699; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; MITOXANTRONE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NATALIZUMAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 26444578414     PISSN: 11738804     EISSN: 11738804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200519050-00003     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (39)

References (106)
  • 1
    • 0342906187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination
    • Lucchinetti C, Brück W, Parisi J, et al. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol 2000; 47 (6): 707-17
    • (2000) Ann Neurol , vol.47 , Issue.6 , pp. 707-717
    • Lucchinetti, C.1    Brück, W.2    Parisi, J.3
  • 2
    • 0029913882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: Results of an international survey
    • Lublin FD, Reingold SC. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. Neurology 1996; 46: 907-11
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 907-911
    • Lublin, F.D.1    Reingold, S.C.2
  • 3
    • 0037154192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the MS Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines
    • Goodin DS, Frohman EM, Garmany GP, et al. Disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the MS Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Neurology 2002; 58 (2): 169-78
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , Issue.2 , pp. 169-178
    • Goodin, D.S.1    Frohman, E.M.2    Garmany, G.P.3
  • 4
    • 0344987883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulation in multiple sclerosis: From immunosuppression to neuroprotection
    • Neuhaus O, Archelos JJ, Hartung H-P. Immunomodulation in multiple sclerosis: from immunosuppression to neuroprotection. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003; 24 (3): 131-8
    • (2003) Trends Pharmacol Sci , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 131-138
    • Neuhaus, O.1    Archelos, J.J.2    Hartung, H.-P.3
  • 5
    • 0035954361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRISMS-4: Long-term efficacy of interferon-β-1a in relapsing MS
    • University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group
    • PRISMS Study Group. PRISMS-4: long-term efficacy of interferon-β-1a in relapsing MS. University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Neurology 2001; 56 (12): 1628-36
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , Issue.12 , pp. 1628-1636
  • 6
    • 0035091667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging-measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Comi G, Filippi M, Wolinsky JS. European/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging-measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001; 49 (3): 290-7
    • (2001) Ann Neurol , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 290-297
    • Comi, G.1    Filippi, M.2    Wolinsky, J.S.3
  • 7
    • 0037153729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: A placebo controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial
    • Hartung H-P, Gonsette R, Konig N, et al. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 2018-25
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 2018-2025
    • Hartung, H.-P.1    Gonsette, R.2    Konig, N.3
  • 8
    • 0037413467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Miller DH, Khan OA, Sheremata WA, et al. A controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (1): 15-23
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-23
    • Miller, D.H.1    Khan, O.A.2    Sheremata, W.A.3
  • 9
    • 0033552391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulsed monoclonal antibody treatment and autoimmune thyroid disease in multiple sclerosis
    • Coles AJ, Wing M, Smith S, et al. Pulsed monoclonal antibody treatment and autoimmune thyroid disease in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1999; 354 (9191): 1691-5
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , Issue.9191 , pp. 1691-1695
    • Coles, A.J.1    Wing, M.2    Smith, S.3
  • 10
    • 0034646216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cladribine and progressive MS: Clinical and MRI outcomes of a multicenter controlled trial
    • Rice GPA, Filippi M, Comi G. Cladribine and progressive MS: clinical and MRI outcomes of a multicenter controlled trial. Neurology 2000; 54: 1145-55
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 1145-1155
    • Rice, G.P.A.1    Filippi, M.2    Comi, G.3
  • 11
    • 3142588813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New immunosuppressants with potential implication in multiple sclerosis
    • Gonsette RE. New immunosuppressants with potential implication in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2004; 223: 87-93
    • (2004) J Neurol Sci , vol.223 , pp. 87-93
    • Gonsette, R.E.1
  • 12
    • 3142556057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rationale for the use of mitoxantrone in multiple sclerosis
    • Edan G, Morrissey S, Le Page E. Rationale for the use of mitoxantrone in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2004; 223: 35-9
    • (2004) J Neurol Sci , vol.223 , pp. 35-39
    • Edan, G.1    Morrissey, S.2    Le Page, E.3
  • 13
    • 0037167538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac adverse effects associated with mitoxantrone (Novantrone) therapy in patients with MS
    • Ghalie RG, Edan G, Laurent M, et al. Cardiac adverse effects associated with mitoxantrone (Novantrone) therapy in patients with MS. Neurology 2002; 59: 909-13
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 909-913
    • Ghalie, R.G.1    Edan, G.2    Laurent, M.3
  • 14
    • 3342901590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VLA-4 integrin concentrates at the peripheral supramolecular activation complex of the immune synapse and drives T helper 1 responses
    • U S A
    • Mittelbrunn M, Molina A, Escribese MM, et al. VLA-4 integrin concentrates at the peripheral supramolecular activation complex of the immune synapse and drives T helper 1 responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101 (30): 11058-63
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.101 , Issue.30 , pp. 11058-11063
    • Mittelbrunn, M.1    Molina, A.2    Escribese, M.M.3
  • 15
    • 10944231932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of action of mitoxantrone
    • Fox EJ. Mechanism of action of mitoxantrone. Neurology 2004; 63 (12 Suppl. 6): S15-18
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , Issue.12 SUPPL. 6
    • Fox, E.J.1
  • 16
    • 11244349904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitoxantrone induces cell death in peripheral blood leucocytes of multiple sclerosis patients
    • Chan A, Weilbach FX, Toyka KV, et al. Mitoxantrone induces cell death in peripheral blood leucocytes of multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 139: 152-8
    • (2005) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.139 , pp. 152-158
    • Chan, A.1    Weilbach, F.X.2    Toyka, K.V.3
  • 17
    • 0025370870 scopus 로고
    • T-cell recognition of an immunodominant myelin basic protein epitope in multiple sclerosis
    • Ota K, Matsui M, Milford EL, et al. T-cell recognition of an immunodominant myelin basic protein epitope in multiple sclerosis. Nature 1990; 346: 183-7
    • (1990) Nature , vol.346 , pp. 183-187
    • Ota, K.1    Matsui, M.2    Milford, E.L.3
  • 18
    • 0025188659 scopus 로고
    • Myelin basic protein-specific T lymphocyte lines from MS patients and healthy individuals
    • Pette M, Fujita K, Kitze B, et al. Myelin basic protein-specific T lymphocyte lines from MS patients and healthy individuals. Neurology 1990; 40: 1770-6
    • (1990) Neurology , vol.40 , pp. 1770-1776
    • Pette, M.1    Fujita, K.2    Kitze, B.3
  • 19
    • 5644273987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What do we know about the mechanism of action of disease-modifying treatments in MS?
    • Hartung H-P, Bar-Or A. What do we know about the mechanism of action of disease-modifying treatments in MS? J Neurol 2004; 251 Suppl. 5: V12-29
    • (2004) J Neurol , vol.251 , Issue.5 SUPPL.
    • Hartung, H.-P.1    Bar-Or, A.2
  • 20
    • 0008376732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Mechanisms of action
    • Yong VW, Chabot S, Stuve O, et al. Interferon beta in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: mechanisms of action. Neurology 1998; 51: 682-9
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.51 , pp. 682-689
    • Yong, V.W.1    Chabot, S.2    Stuve, O.3
  • 21
    • 2542497114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interleukin (IL)-2 family cytokines: Survival and proliferation signaling pathways in T lymphocytes
    • Benczik M, Gaffen SL. The interleukin (IL)-2 family cytokines: survival and proliferation signaling pathways in T lymphocytes. Immunol Invest 2004; 33 (2): 109-42
    • (2004) Immunol Invest , vol.33 , Issue.2 , pp. 109-142
    • Benczik, M.1    Gaffen, S.L.2
  • 22
    • 0037167526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential mechanisms of action of interferon-beta and glatiramer acetate in MS
    • Yong VW. Differential mechanisms of action of interferon-beta and glatiramer acetate in MS. Neurology 2002; 59: 802-8
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 802-808
    • Yong, V.W.1
  • 23
    • 0034773768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors modifying the migration of lymphocytes across the blood-brain barrier
    • Brown KA. Factors modifying the migration of lymphocytes across the blood-brain barrier. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1 (12): 2043-62
    • (2001) Int Immunopharmacol , vol.1 , Issue.12 , pp. 2043-2062
    • Brown, K.A.1
  • 24
    • 0037967469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal variations of adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases in the course of MS
    • Correale J, Bassani Molinas Mde L. Temporal variations of adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases in the course of MS. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 140 (1-2): 198-209
    • (2003) J Neuroimmunol , vol.140 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 198-209
    • Correale, J.1    Bassani Molinas, M.D.L.2
  • 25
    • 21244477130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axon reactive B cells clonally expanded in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Zhang Y, Da R-R, Guo W, et al. Axon reactive B cells clonally expanded in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Immunol 2005; 25 (3): 254-64
    • (2005) J Clin Immunol , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 254-264
    • Zhang, Y.1    Da, R.-R.2    Guo, W.3
  • 26
    • 23444434940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoreactive CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis: A new target for therapy?
    • Friese MA, Fugger L. Autoreactive CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis: a new target for therapy? Brain 2005; 128: 1747-63
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , pp. 1747-1763
    • Friese, M.A.1    Fugger, L.2
  • 27
    • 10344250945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: Distinction from multiple sclerosis
    • Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004; 364: 2106-12
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 2106-2112
    • Lennon, V.A.1    Wingerchuk, D.M.2    Kryzer, T.J.3
  • 28
    • 0345601517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon β-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis
    • PRISMS Study Group. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon β-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998; 352 (9139): 1498-504
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , Issue.9139 , pp. 1498-1504
  • 29
    • 0042930859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic effects of IFN-beta in multiple sclerosis patients
    • Weinstock-Guttman B, Badgett D, Patrick K, et al. Genomic effects of IFN-beta in multiple sclerosis patients. J Immunol 2003; 171 (5): 2694-702
    • (2003) J Immunol , vol.171 , Issue.5 , pp. 2694-2702
    • Weinstock-Guttman, B.1    Badgett, D.2    Patrick, K.3
  • 30
    • 0028983447 scopus 로고
    • Interferon-β downregulates interferon-gamma-induced class II MHC molecule expression and morphological changes in primary cultures of human brain microvessel endothelial cells
    • Huynh HK, Oger J, Dorovini-Zis K. Interferon-β downregulates interferon-gamma-induced class II MHC molecule expression and morphological changes in primary cultures of human brain microvessel endothelial cells. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 60: 63-73
    • (1995) J Neuroimmunol , vol.60 , pp. 63-73
    • Huynh, H.K.1    Oger, J.2    Dorovini-Zis, K.3
  • 31
    • 0029670139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoregulatory effects of interferon-β and interacting cytokines on human vascular endothelial cells: Implications for multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases
    • Miller A, Lanir N, Shapiro S, et al. Immunoregulatory effects of interferon-β and interacting cytokines on human vascular endothelial cells: implications for multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 64: 151-61
    • (1996) J Neuroimmunol , vol.64 , pp. 151-161
    • Miller, A.1    Lanir, N.2    Shapiro, S.3
  • 32
    • 0028983445 scopus 로고
    • Interferon-β downregulates expression of VLA-4 antigen and antagonizes interferon-gamma-induced expression of HLA-DQ on human peripheral blood monocytes
    • Soilu-Hänninen M, Salmi A, Salonen R. Interferon-β downregulates expression of VLA-4 antigen and antagonizes interferon-gamma- induced expression of HLA-DQ on human peripheral blood monocytes. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 60: 99-106
    • (1995) J Neuroimmunol , vol.60 , pp. 99-106
    • Soilu-Hänninen, M.1    Salmi, A.2    Salonen, R.3
  • 33
    • 4444355857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-beta enhances monocyte and dendritic cell expression of B7-H1 (PD-L1), a strong inhibitor of autologous T-cell activation: Relevance for the immune modulatory effect in multiple sclerosis
    • Schreiner B, Mitsdoerffer M, Kieseier BC, et al. Interferon-beta enhances monocyte and dendritic cell expression of B7-H1 (PD-L1), a strong inhibitor of autologous T-cell activation: relevance for the immune modulatory effect in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 155: 172-82
    • (2004) J Neuroimmunol , vol.155 , pp. 172-182
    • Schreiner, B.1    Mitsdoerffer, M.2    Kieseier, B.C.3
  • 34
    • 0034747004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IFN-beta 1a modulates the expression of CTLA-4 and CD28 splice variants in human mononuclear cells: Induction of soluble isoforms
    • Giorelli M, Livrea P, Defazio G, et al. IFN-beta 1a modulates the expression of CTLA-4 and CD28 splice variants in human mononuclear cells: induction of soluble isoforms. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21 (10): 809-12
    • (2001) J Interferon Cytokine Res , vol.21 , Issue.10 , pp. 809-812
    • Giorelli, M.1    Livrea, P.2    Defazio, G.3
  • 35
    • 0035212758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulatory effects of interferon beta-1a in multiple sclerosis
    • Liu Z, Pelfrey CM, Cotleur A, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of interferon beta-1a in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 2001; 112: 153-62
    • (2001) J Immunol , vol.112 , pp. 153-162
    • Liu, Z.1    Pelfrey, C.M.2    Cotleur, A.3
  • 36
    • 0030973198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased CD80+ B cells in active multiple sclerosis and reversal by interferon β-1b therapy
    • Genc K, Dona DL, Reder AT. Increased CD80+ B cells in active multiple sclerosis and reversal by interferon β-1b therapy. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 2664-71
    • (1997) J Clin Invest , vol.99 , pp. 2664-2671
    • Genc, K.1    Dona, D.L.2    Reder, A.T.3
  • 37
    • 1442348871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of interferon-beta on microglial functions as inflammatory and antigen presenting cells in the central nervous system
    • Kawanokuchi J, Mizuno T, Kato H, et al. Effects of interferon-beta on microglial functions as inflammatory and antigen presenting cells in the central nervous system. Neuropharmacology 2004; 46 (5): 734-42
    • (2004) Neuropharmacology , vol.46 , Issue.5 , pp. 734-742
    • Kawanokuchi, J.1    Mizuno, T.2    Kato, H.3
  • 38
    • 0142226959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 'immunological-synapse' at its APC side in relapsing and secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: Modulation by interferon-β
    • Shapiro S, Galboiz Y, Lahat N, et al. The 'immunological-synapse' at its APC side in relapsing and secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: modulation by interferon-β. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 144: 116-24
    • (2003) J Neuroimmunol , vol.144 , pp. 116-124
    • Shapiro, S.1    Galboiz, Y.2    Lahat, N.3
  • 39
    • 0034748842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-β therapy downregulates the anti-apoptosis protein FLIP in T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Sharief MK, Semra YK, Seidi OA, et al. Interferon-β therapy downregulates the anti-apoptosis protein FLIP in T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 120: 199-207
    • (2001) J Neuroimmunol , vol.120 , pp. 199-207
    • Sharief, M.K.1    Semra, Y.K.2    Seidi, O.A.3
  • 40
    • 2442650632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal levels of interferon-gamma receptors in active multiple sclerosis are normalized by IFN-β therapy: Implications for control of apoptosis
    • Ahn J, Feng X, Patel N, et al. Abnormal levels of interferon-gamma receptors in active multiple sclerosis are normalized by IFN-β therapy: implications for control of apoptosis. Frontiers in Bioscience 2004; 9: 1547-55
    • (2004) Frontiers in Bioscience , vol.9 , pp. 1547-1555
    • Ahn, J.1    Feng, X.2    Patel, N.3
  • 41
    • 3242876641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biologic role of interferon beta in multiple sclerosis
    • Billiau A, Kieseier BC, Hartung H-P. Biologic role of interferon beta in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2004; 251 Suppl. 2: II/10-14
    • (2004) J Neurol , vol.251 , Issue.2 SUPPL.
    • Billiau, A.1    Kieseier, B.C.2    Hartung, H.-P.3
  • 42
    • 4444298256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of differentiation and functional properties of monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells by interferon beta in multiple sclerosis
    • Zang YC, Skinner SM, Robinson RR, et al. Regulation of differentiation and functional properties of monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells by interferon beta in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2004; 10 (5): 499-506
    • (2004) Mult Scler , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 499-506
    • Zang, Y.C.1    Skinner, S.M.2    Robinson, R.R.3
  • 43
    • 2642521060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IFN-beta 1a and IFN-beta 1b have different patterns of influence on cytokines
    • Sega S, Wraber B, Mesec A, et al. IFN-beta 1a and IFN-beta 1b have different patterns of influence on cytokines. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2004; 106 (3): 255-8
    • (2004) Clin Neurol Neurosurg , vol.106 , Issue.3 , pp. 255-258
    • Sega, S.1    Wraber, B.2    Mesec, A.3
  • 44
    • 0242412154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of IFN-beta exposure during human dendritic cell maturation and naive Th cell stimulation has contrasting effects on Th1 subset generation: A role for IFN-beta-mediated regulation of IL-12 family cytokines
    • Nagai T, Devergne O, Mueller TF, et al. Timing of IFN-beta exposure during human dendritic cell maturation and naive Th cell stimulation has contrasting effects on Th1 subset generation: a role for IFN-beta-mediated regulation of IL-12 family cytokines. J Immunol 2003; 171 (10): 5233-43
    • (2003) J Immunol , vol.171 , Issue.10 , pp. 5233-5243
    • Nagai, T.1    Devergne, O.2    Mueller, T.F.3
  • 45
    • 0036890125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-β differentially regulates expression of the IL-12 family members p35, p40, p19, and EB 13 in activated human dendritic cells
    • Maguire van Seventer J, Nagai T, Van Seventer GA. Interferon-β differentially regulates expression of the IL-12 family members p35, p40, p19, and EB 13 in activated human dendritic cells. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 133: 60-71
    • (2002) J Neuroimmunol , vol.133 , pp. 60-71
    • Maguire Van Seventer, J.1    Nagai, T.2    Van Seventer, G.A.3
  • 46
    • 0035803880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate and IFN-β act on dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis
    • Hussien Y, Sanna A, Söderström M, et al. Glatiramer acetate and IFN-β act on dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 121: 102-10
    • (2001) J Neuroimmunol , vol.121 , pp. 102-110
    • Hussien, Y.1    Sanna, A.2    Söderström, M.3
  • 47
    • 0037434789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain
    • Cua DJ, Sherlock J, Chen Y, et al. Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain. Nature 2003; 421 (6924): 744-8
    • (2003) Nature , vol.421 , Issue.6924 , pp. 744-748
    • Cua, D.J.1    Sherlock, J.2    Chen, Y.3
  • 48
    • 0037385216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel IL-12 family members shed light on the orchestration of Th1 responses
    • Brombacher F, Kastelein RA, Alber G. Novel IL-12 family members shed light on the orchestration of Th1 responses. Trends Immunol 2003; 24 (4): 207-12
    • (2003) Trends Immunol , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 207-212
    • Brombacher, F.1    Kastelein, R.A.2    Alber, G.3
  • 49
    • 1242263952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibiting cytokines of the in-terleukin-12 family: Recent advances and novel challenges
    • Vandenbroeck K, Alloza I, Gadina M, et al. Inhibiting cytokines of the in-terleukin-12 family: recent advances and novel challenges. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004; 56 (2): 145-60
    • (2004) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.56 , Issue.2 , pp. 145-160
    • Vandenbroeck, K.1    Alloza, I.2    Gadina, M.3
  • 50
    • 0027366326 scopus 로고
    • IFN-beta decreases T cell activation and IFN-gamma production in multiple sclerosis
    • Noronha A, Toscas A, Jensen MA. IFN-beta decreases T cell activation and IFN-gamma production in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 1993; 46: 145-54
    • (1993) J Neuroimmunol , vol.46 , pp. 145-154
    • Noronha, A.1    Toscas, A.2    Jensen, M.A.3
  • 51
    • 0034632164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RANTES production and expression is reduced in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with interfer-on-β-1b
    • Iarlori C, Reale M, Lugaresi A, et al. RANTES production and expression is reduced in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with interfer-on-β-1b. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 107 (1): 100-7
    • (2000) J Neuroimmunol , vol.107 , Issue.1 , pp. 100-107
    • Iarlori, C.1    Reale, M.2    Lugaresi, A.3
  • 52
    • 0035212393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of chemokine receptor CCR5 and production of RANTES and MIP-1α by interferon-β
    • Zang YCQ, Halder JB, Samanta AK, et al. Regulation of chemokine receptor CCR5 and production of RANTES and MIP-1α by interferon-β. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 112 (1-2): 174-80
    • (2001) J Neuroimmunol , vol.112 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 174-180
    • Zang, Y.C.Q.1    Halder, J.B.2    Samanta, A.K.3
  • 53
    • 4444294103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased CXCL8 (IL-8) expression in multiple sclerosis
    • Lund BT, Ashikian N, Ta HQ, et al. Increased CXCL8 (IL-8) expression in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 155 (1-2): 161-71
    • (2004) J Neuroimmunol , vol.155 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 161-171
    • Lund, B.T.1    Ashikian, N.2    Ta, H.Q.3
  • 54
    • 0037413240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha4 integrins as therapeutic targets in autoimmune disease
    • Von Andrian UH, Engelhardt B. Alpha4 integrins as therapeutic targets in autoimmune disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (1): 68-72
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , Issue.1 , pp. 68-72
    • Von Andrian, U.H.1    Engelhardt, B.2
  • 55
    • 0034333256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VLA-4/CD49d downregulated on primed T lymphocytes during interferon-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis
    • Muraro PA, Leist T, Biekekova B, et al. VLA-4/CD49d downregulated on primed T lymphocytes during interferon-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 111 (192): 186-94
    • (2000) J Neuroimmunol , vol.111 , Issue.192 , pp. 186-194
    • Muraro, P.A.1    Leist, T.2    Biekekova, B.3
  • 56
    • 11144357349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased integrin gene expression in patients with MS responding to interferon-β treatment
    • Muraro PA, Liberati L, Bonanni L, et al. Decreased integrin gene expression in patients with MS responding to interferon-β treatment. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 150: 123-31
    • (2004) J Neuroimmunol , vol.150 , pp. 123-131
    • Muraro, P.A.1    Liberati, L.2    Bonanni, L.3
  • 57
    • 9744268908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokines and adhesion molecules in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon-beta 1b
    • Jensen J, Krakauer M, Sellebjerg F. Cytokines and adhesion molecules in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon-beta 1b. Cytokine 2005; 29 (1): 24-30
    • (2005) Cytokine , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 24-30
    • Jensen, J.1    Krakauer, M.2    Sellebjerg, F.3
  • 58
    • 14844297366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inteferon-β-1a induces increases in vascular cell adhesion molecule: Implications for its mode of action in multiple sclerosis
    • Graber J, Zhan M, Ford D, et al. Inteferon-β-1a induces increases in vascular cell adhesion molecule: implications for its mode of action in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 161: 169-76
    • (2005) J Neuroimmunol , vol.161 , pp. 169-176
    • Graber, J.1    Zhan, M.2    Ford, D.3
  • 59
    • 0032716573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of serum sICAM-1and MMP-9 induced by rIFNbeta-1b treatment in relapsing-remitting MS
    • Trojano M, Avolio C, Liuzzi GM, et al. Changes of serum sICAM-1and MMP-9 induced by rIFNbeta-1b treatment in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology 1999; 53: 1402-8
    • (1999) Neurology , vol.53 , pp. 1402-1408
    • Trojano, M.1    Avolio, C.2    Liuzzi, G.M.3
  • 60
    • 0030610524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increases in soluble VCAM-1 correlate with a decrease in MRI lesions in multiple sclerosis treated with interferon β-1b
    • Calabresi PA, Tranquill LR, Dambrosia JM, et al. Increases in soluble VCAM-1 correlate with a decrease in MRI lesions in multiple sclerosis treated with interferon β-1b. Ann Neurol 1997; 41: 669-74
    • (1997) Ann Neurol , vol.41 , pp. 669-674
    • Calabresi, P.A.1    Tranquill, L.R.2    Dambrosia, J.M.3
  • 61
    • 0030726157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VLA-4 expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes is downregulated after treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon beta
    • Calabresi PA, Pelfrey CM, Tranquill LR, et al. VLA-4 expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes is downregulated after treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon beta. Neurology 1997; 49: 1111-6
    • (1997) Neurology , vol.49 , pp. 1111-1116
    • Calabresi, P.A.1    Pelfrey, C.M.2    Tranquill, L.R.3
  • 62
    • 16544395134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-β1b leads to a short-term increase of soluble but long-term stabilisation of cell surface bound adhesion molecules in multiple sclerosis
    • Kraus J, Bauer R, Chatzimanolis N, et al. Interferon-β1b leads to a short-term increase of soluble but long-term stabilisation of cell surface bound adhesion molecules in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2004; 251: 464-72
    • (2004) J Neurol , vol.251 , pp. 464-472
    • Kraus, J.1    Bauer, R.2    Chatzimanolis, N.3
  • 63
    • 0035795039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T lymphocytes conditioned with interferon beta induce membrane and soluble VCAM on human brain endothelial cells
    • Calabresi PA, Prat A, Biernacki K, et al. T lymphocytes conditioned with interferon beta induce membrane and soluble VCAM on human brain endothelial cells. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 115 (1-2): 161-7
    • (2001) J Neuroimmunol , vol.115 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 161-167
    • Calabresi, P.A.1    Prat, A.2    Biernacki, K.3
  • 64
    • 0031859970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of IFN-beta lb (Betaferon) on cytokine mRNA profiles in blood mononuclear cells and plasma levels of soluble VCAM-1 in multiple sclerosis
    • Matusevicius D, Kivisakk P, Navikas VV, et al. Influence of IFN-beta lb (Betaferon) on cytokine mRNA profiles in blood mononuclear cells and plasma levels of soluble VCAM-1 in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 1998; 5 (3): 265-75
    • (1998) Eur J Neurol , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 265-275
    • Matusevicius, D.1    Kivisakk, P.2    Navikas, V.V.3
  • 65
    • 0030498666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta-1b decreases the migration of T lymphocytes in vitro: Effects on matrix metalloproteinase-9
    • Stuve O, Dooley NP, Uhm JH, et al. Interferon beta-1b decreases the migration of T lymphocytes in vitro: effects on matrix metalloproteinase-9. Ann Neurol 1996; 40: 853-63
    • (1996) Ann Neurol , vol.40 , pp. 853-863
    • Stuve, O.1    Dooley, N.P.2    Uhm, J.H.3
  • 66
    • 0030483220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta-1b inhibits gelatinase secretion and in vitro migration of human T cells: A possible mechanism for treatment efficacy in multiple sclerosis
    • Leppert D, Waubant E, Burk MR, et al. Interferon beta-1b inhibits gelatinase secretion and in vitro migration of human T cells: a possible mechanism for treatment efficacy in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1996; 40: 846-52
    • (1996) Ann Neurol , vol.40 , pp. 846-852
    • Leppert, D.1    Waubant, E.2    Burk, M.R.3
  • 67
    • 0034256059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: Pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines and metalloproteinases are affected differentially by treatment with IFN-beta
    • Ozenci V, Kouwenhoven M, Teleshova N, et al. Multiple sclerosis: pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines and metalloproteinases are affected differentially by treatment with IFN-beta. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 108 (1-2): 236-43
    • (2000) J Neuroimmunol , vol.108 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 236-243
    • Ozenci, V.1    Kouwenhoven, M.2    Teleshova, N.3
  • 68
    • 0034790897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors as markers of disease subtype and response to interferon-β therapy in relapsing and secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis patients
    • Galboiz Y, Shapiro S, Lahat N, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors as markers of disease subtype and response to interferon-β therapy in relapsing and secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 2001; 50: 443-51
    • (2001) Ann Neurol , vol.50 , pp. 443-451
    • Galboiz, Y.1    Shapiro, S.2    Lahat, N.3
  • 69
    • 3843101531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-beta stabilizes barrier characteristics of brain endothelial cells in vitro
    • Kraus J, Ling AK, Hamm S, et al. Interferon-beta stabilizes barrier characteristics of brain endothelial cells in vitro. Ann Neurol 2004; 56 (2): 192-205
    • (2004) Ann Neurol , vol.56 , Issue.2 , pp. 192-205
    • Kraus, J.1    Ling, A.K.2    Hamm, S.3
  • 70
    • 0036892044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of astrocyte inducible nitric oxide synthase and cytokine expression by interferon beta is associated with induction and inhibition of interferon gamma-activated sequence binding activity
    • Hua LL, Kim MO, Brosnan CF, et al. Modulation of astrocyte inducible nitric oxide synthase and cytokine expression by interferon beta is associated with induction and inhibition of interferon gamma-activated sequence binding activity. J Neurochem 2002; 83 (5): 1120-8
    • (2002) J Neurochem , vol.83 , Issue.5 , pp. 1120-1128
    • Hua, L.L.1    Kim, M.O.2    Brosnan, C.F.3
  • 71
    • 0032144126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta-1b inhibits reactive oxygen species production in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Lucas M, Sanchez-Solino O, Solano F, et al. Interferon beta-1b inhibits reactive oxygen species production in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Int 1998; 33: 101-2
    • (1998) Neurochem Int , vol.33 , pp. 101-102
    • Lucas, M.1    Sanchez-Solino, O.2    Solano, F.3
  • 72
    • 0037210372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation by interferon beta-1a of reactive oxygen metabolites production by lymphocytes and monocytes and serum sulfhydryls in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients
    • Lucas M, Rodriguez MC, Gata JM, et al. Regulation by interferon beta-1a of reactive oxygen metabolites production by lymphocytes and monocytes and serum sulfhydryls in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients. Neurochem Int 2003; 42 (1): 67-71
    • (2003) Neurochem Int , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-71
    • Lucas, M.1    Rodriguez, M.C.2    Gata, J.M.3
  • 73
    • 0035989161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-viral properties of interferon beta treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Hong J, Tejada-Simon MV, Rivera VM, et al. Anti-viral properties of interferon beta treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2002; 8: 237-42
    • (2002) Mult Scler , vol.8 , pp. 237-242
    • Hong, J.1    Tejada-Simon, M.V.2    Rivera, V.M.3
  • 74
    • 4644303317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-interferon treatment reduces human herpesvirus-6 viral load in multiple sclerosis relapses but not in remission
    • Alvarez-Lafuente R, De Las Heras V, Bartolome M, et al. Beta-interferon treatment reduces human herpesvirus-6 viral load in multiple sclerosis relapses but not in remission. Eur J Neurol 2004; 52 (2): 87-91
    • (2004) Eur J Neurol , vol.52 , Issue.2 , pp. 87-91
    • Alvarez-Lafuente, R.1    De Las Heras, V.2    Bartolome, M.3
  • 75
    • 0030756916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-β is a potent promoter of nerve growth factor production by astrocytes
    • Boutros T, Croze E, Yong VW. Interferon-β is a potent promoter of nerve growth factor production by astrocytes. J Neurochem 1997; 69: 939-46
    • (1997) J Neurochem , vol.69 , pp. 939-946
    • Boutros, T.1    Croze, E.2    Yong, V.W.3
  • 76
    • 0029064161 scopus 로고
    • Alpha/beta interferon is a neuronal growth factor
    • Plioplys AV, Massimini N. Alpha/beta interferon is a neuronal growth factor. Neuroimmunomodulation 1995; 2 (1): 31-5
    • (1995) Neuroimmunomodulation , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-35
    • Plioplys, A.V.1    Massimini, N.2
  • 77
    • 0035957307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis
    • Neuhaus O, Farina C, Wekerle H, et al. Mechanisms of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2001; 56: 702-8
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , pp. 702-708
    • Neuhaus, O.1    Farina, C.2    Wekerle, H.3
  • 78
    • 0034642206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of immunomodulation by glatiramer acetate
    • Gran B, Tranquill LR, Chen M, et al. Mechanisms of immunomodulation by glatiramer acetate. Neurology 2000; 5556: 1704-14
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.5556 , pp. 1704-1714
    • Gran, B.1    Tranquill, L.R.2    Chen, M.3
  • 79
    • 0034936777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Sela M, Teitelbaum D. Glatiramer acetate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2001; 2 (7): 1149-65
    • (2001) Expert Opin Pharmacother , vol.2 , Issue.7 , pp. 1149-1165
    • Sela, M.1    Teitelbaum, D.2
  • 80
    • 0032427976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of multiple sclerosis with copolymer-1 (Copaxone): Implicating mechanisms of Th1 to Th2/Th3 immunedeviation
    • Miller A, Shapiro S, Gershtein R, et al. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with copolymer-1 (Copaxone): implicating mechanisms of Th1 to Th2/Th3 immunedeviation. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 92 (1-2): 113-21
    • (1998) J Neuroimmunol , vol.92 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 113-121
    • Miller, A.1    Shapiro, S.2    Gershtein, R.3
  • 81
    • 0034691165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: Comparison of copolymer-1-reactive T cell lines from treated and untreated subjects reveals cytokine shift from T helper 1 to T helper 2 cells
    • Neuhaus O, Farina C, Yassouridis A, et al. Multiple sclerosis: comparison of copolymer-1-reactive T cell lines from treated and untreated subjects reveals cytokine shift from T helper 1 to T helper 2 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2000; 97 (13): 7452-7
    • (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.97 , Issue.13 , pp. 7452-7457
    • Neuhaus, O.1    Farina, C.2    Yassouridis, A.3
  • 82
    • 0034041863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) induces degenerate, Th2-polarized immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Duda PW, Schmied MC, Cook SL, et al. Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) induces degenerate, Th2-polarized immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 967-76
    • (2000) J Clin Invest , vol.105 , pp. 967-976
    • Duda, P.W.1    Schmied, M.C.2    Cook, S.L.3
  • 83
    • 20844446781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bystander modulation of chemokine receptor expression on peripheral blood T lymphocytes mediated by glatiramer therapy
    • Allie R, Hu L, Mullen KM, et al. Bystander modulation of chemokine receptor expression on peripheral blood T lymphocytes mediated by glatiramer therapy. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 889-94
    • (2005) Arch Neurol , vol.62 , pp. 889-894
    • Allie, R.1    Hu, L.2    Mullen, K.M.3
  • 84
    • 17044431775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte migration across the human BBB is specifically regulated by interferon-β and copolymer-1
    • Prat A, Biernacki K, Antel JP. Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte migration across the human BBB is specifically regulated by interferon-β and copolymer-1. J Autoimmun 2005; 24: 119-24
    • (2005) J Autoimmun , vol.24 , pp. 119-124
    • Prat, A.1    Biernacki, K.2    Antel, J.P.3
  • 85
    • 0343006716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate (copolymer-1)-specific, human T cell lines: Cytokine profile and suppression of T cell lines reactive against myelin basic protein
    • Dabbert D, Rosner S, Kramer M, et al. Glatiramer acetate (copolymer-1)-specific, human T cell lines: cytokine profile and suppression of T cell lines reactive against myelin basic protein. Neurosci Lett 2000; 289 (3): 205-8
    • (2000) Neurosci Lett , vol.289 , Issue.3 , pp. 205-208
    • Dabbert, D.1    Rosner, S.2    Kramer, M.3
  • 86
    • 0025826690 scopus 로고
    • Failure of copolymer I to inhibit the human T-cell response to myelin basic protein
    • Burns J, Littlefield K. Failure of copolymer I to inhibit the human T-cell response to myelin basic protein. Neurology 1991; 41 (8): 1317-9
    • (1991) Neurology , vol.41 , Issue.8 , pp. 1317-1319
    • Burns, J.1    Littlefield, K.2
  • 87
    • 0345763039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection and glatiramer acetate: The possible role in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Ziemssen T. Neuroprotection and glatiramer acetate: the possible role in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004; 541: 111-34
    • (2004) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.541 , pp. 111-134
    • Ziemssen, T.1
  • 88
    • 0036845819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate-specific T-helper 1- and 2-type cell lines produce BDNF: Implications for multiple sclerosis therapy. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
    • Ziemssen T, Kumpfel T, Klinkert WE, et al. Glatiramer acetate-specific T-helper 1- and 2-type cell lines produce BDNF: implications for multiple sclerosis therapy. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Brain 2002; 125 (Pt 11): 2381-91
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , Issue.11 PART , pp. 2381-2391
    • Ziemssen, T.1    Kumpfel, T.2    Klinkert, W.E.3
  • 89
    • 0012177770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: Immunological effects of mitoxantrone in vitro reveal antigen-presenting cells as major targets
    • Neuhaus O. Multiple sclerosis: immunological effects of mitoxantrone in vitro reveal antigen-presenting cells as major targets [abstract]. Eur J Neurol 2002; 9 Suppl. 2: 130
    • (2002) Eur J Neurol , vol.9 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 130
    • Neuhaus, O.1
  • 90
    • 0022450390 scopus 로고
    • Selective immunomodulation by the antineo-plastic agent mitoxantrone: I. Suppression of B lymphocyte function
    • Fidler JM, DeJoy SQ, Gibbons JJ. Selective immunomodulation by the antineo-plastic agent mitoxantrone: I. Suppression of B lymphocyte function. J Immunol 1986; 137 (2): 727-32
    • (1986) J Immunol , vol.137 , Issue.2 , pp. 727-732
    • Fidler, J.M.1    DeJoy, S.Q.2    Gibbons, J.J.3
  • 91
    • 0037232745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of mitoxantrone on multiple sclerosis patients' lymphocyte subpopulations and production of immunoglobulin, TNF-alpha and IL-10
    • Gbadamosi J, Buhmann C, Tessmer W, et al. Effects of mitoxantrone on multiple sclerosis patients' lymphocyte subpopulations and production of immunoglobulin, TNF-alpha and IL-10. Eur Neurol 2003; 49: 137-41
    • (2003) Eur Neurol , vol.49 , pp. 137-141
    • Gbadamosi, J.1    Buhmann, C.2    Tessmer, W.3
  • 92
    • 22844438117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and natalizumab: Unforseen consequences
    • Epub 2005 Jun 9
    • Berger JR, Koralnik IJ. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and natalizumab: unforseen consequences. N Eng J Med. Epub 2005 Jun 9
    • N Eng J Med
    • Berger, J.R.1    Koralnik, I.J.2
  • 93
    • 22844439662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis
    • Epub 2005 Jun 9
    • Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Tyler KL. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. N Eng J Med. Epub 2005 Jun 9
    • N Eng J Med
    • Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B.K.1    Tyler, K.L.2
  • 94
    • 22844445230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab
    • Epub 2005 Jun 9
    • Langer-Gould A, Atlas SW, Bollen AW, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab. N Eng J Med. Epub 2005 Jun 9
    • N Eng J Med
    • Langer-Gould, A.1    Atlas, S.W.2    Bollen, A.W.3
  • 95
    • 22844445587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn's disease
    • Epub 2005 Jun 9
    • Van Assche G, van Ranst M, Sciot R, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn's disease. N Eng J Med. Epub 2005 Jun 9
    • N Eng J Med
    • Van Assche, G.1    Van Ranst, M.2    Sciot, R.3
  • 96
    • 26444561866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of action (MOA) of natalizumab in inflammatory conditions [presentation nr 764; poster board nr 144]. 2004 Oct 16-21; Texas [online]
    • Goldblum R, Messersmith E, Freedman S, et al. Mechanism of action (MOA) of natalizumab in inflammatory conditions [presentation nr 764; poster board nr 144]. American College of Rheumatology 68th Annual Scientific Meeting; 2004 Oct 16-21; Texas [online]. Available from URL: http://www.abstracts online.com [Accessed 2005 Aug 19]
    • (2004) American College of Rheumatology 68th Annual Scientific Meeting
    • Goldblum, R.1    Messersmith, E.2    Freedman, S.3
  • 97
    • 0033546663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of anti-α4 integrin antibody on brain lesion activity in MS
    • Tubridy N, Behan PO, Capildeo R, et al. The effect of anti-α4 integrin antibody on brain lesion activity in MS. Neurology 1999; 53: 466-72
    • (1999) Neurology , vol.53 , pp. 466-472
    • Tubridy, N.1    Behan, P.O.2    Capildeo, R.3
  • 98
    • 0037145037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrins: Bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines
    • Hynes RO. Integrins: bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines. Cell 2002; 110 (6): 673-87
    • (2002) Cell , vol.110 , Issue.6 , pp. 673-687
    • Hynes, R.O.1
  • 99
    • 0028175008 scopus 로고
    • Expression of the integrin alpha 4 beta 1 on melanoma cells can inhibit the invasive stage of metastasis formation
    • Qian F, Vaux DL, Weissman IL. Expression of the integrin alpha 4 beta 1 on melanoma cells can inhibit the invasive stage of metastasis formation. Cell 1994, 77335
    • (1994) Cell , pp. 77335
    • Qian, F.1    Vaux, D.L.2    Weissman, I.L.3
  • 100
    • 0035866360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anoikis and metastatic potential of cloudman S91 melanoma cells
    • Zhu Z, Sanchez-Sweatman O, Huang X, et al. Anoikis and metastatic potential of cloudman S91 melanoma cells. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 1707-16
    • (2001) Cancer Res , vol.61 , pp. 1707-1716
    • Zhu, Z.1    Sanchez-Sweatman, O.2    Huang, X.3
  • 102
    • 0030177999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAMPATH-IH in multiple sclerosis
    • Moreau T, Coles A, Wing M, et al. CAMPATH-IH in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 1996; 1: 357-65
    • (1996) Mult Scler , vol.1 , pp. 357-365
    • Moreau, T.1    Coles, A.2    Wing, M.3
  • 103
    • 0033546980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative MRI in patients with secondary progressive MS treated with monoclonal antibody campath 1H
    • Paolillo A, Coles AJ, Molyneux PD, et al. Quantitative MRI in patients with secondary progressive MS treated with monoclonal antibody campath 1H. Neurology 1999; 53: 751-7
    • (1999) Neurology , vol.53 , pp. 751-757
    • Paolillo, A.1    Coles, A.J.2    Molyneux, P.D.3
  • 104
    • 0029869119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient increase in symptoms associated with cytokine release in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Moreau T, Coles A, Wing M, et al. Transient increase in symptoms associated with cytokine release in patients with multiple sclerosis. Brain 1996; 119: 225-37
    • (1996) Brain , vol.119 , pp. 225-237
    • Moreau, T.1    Coles, A.2    Wing, M.3
  • 105
    • 0038077547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient central nervous system remyelination requires T cells
    • Bieber AJ, Kerr S, Rodriguez M. Efficient central nervous system remyelination requires T cells. Ann Neurol 2003; 53 (5): 680-4
    • (2003) Ann Neurol , vol.53 , Issue.5 , pp. 680-684
    • Bieber, A.J.1    Kerr, S.2    Rodriguez, M.3
  • 106
    • 0642345898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Azonal degeneration and progressive neurologic disability in multiple sclerosis
    • Bjartmar C, Trapp BD. Azonal degeneration and progressive neurologic disability in multiple sclerosis. Neurotox Res 2003; 5 (1-2): 157-64
    • (2003) Neurotox Res , vol.5 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 157-164
    • Bjartmar, C.1    Trapp, B.D.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.