A role for cannabinoid CB1 receptors in mood and anxiety disorders

Behavioural Pharmacology

Volumn 16, Issue 5-6, 2005, Pages 315-331

  Witkin, Jeff M ^a   Tzavara, E T ^b   Nomikos, G G ^a  

^a ELI LILLY AND COMPANY   (United States)

^b INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Cannabinoids; CB1 receptors; Depression; Rimonabant

Indexed keywords

1 (2,4 DICHLOROPHENYL) 5 (4 IODOPHENYL) 4 METHYL N (1 PIPERIDYL) 1H PYRAZOLE 3 CARBOXAMIDE; 2,3 DIHYDRO 5 METHYL 3 (MORPHOLINOMETHYL) 6 (1 NAPHTHOYL)PYRROLO[1,2,3 DE][1,4]BENZOXAZINE; 4 (1,1 DIMETHYLHEPTYL) 1',2',3',4',5',6' HEXAHYDRO 2,3' DIHYDROXY 6' (3 HYDROXYPROPYL)BIPHENYL; 4 CHLORO N [[3 (4 CHLOROPHENYL) 4 PHENYL 2 PYRAZOLIN 1 YL](METHYLAMINO)METHYLENE]BENZENESULFONAMIDE; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BRAIN MONOAMINE; BUSPIRONE; CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTOR; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONIST; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CANNABIS; CYCLOHEXYLCARBAMIC ACID 3' CARBAMOYLBIPHENYL 3 YL ESTER; DESIPRAMINE; DRONABINOL; FLUOXETINE; IMIPRAMINE; LITHIUM; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; N (4 HYDROXYPHENYL)ARACHIDONAMIDE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; RIMONABANT; ROLIPRAM; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRANYLCYPROMINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VENLAFAXINE; ENDOCANNABINOID; PIPERIDINE DERIVATIVE; PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVE; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANXIETY DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN LEVEL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERANCE; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; MOOD DISORDER; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PANIC; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; AFFECT; ANIMAL; ANIMAL MODEL; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; PHYSIOLOGY;

AFFECT; ANIMALS; ANXIETY DISORDERS; ENDOCANNABINOIDS; HUMANS; MODELS, ANIMAL; PIPERIDINES; PYRAZOLES; RECEPTOR, CANNABINOID, CB1; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL;

EID: 26044473986     PISSN: 09558810     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200509000-00005     Document Type: Review

References (183)

1. Adriani W, Laviola G (2004). Windows of vulnerability to psychopathology and therapeutic strategy in the adolescent rodent model. Behav Pharmacol 15:341-352.
2. Adrien J (2002). Neurobiological bases for the relationship between sleep and depression. Sleep Med Rev 6:341-351.
3. Akinnshola BE, Chakrabarti A, Onaivi ES (1999). In-vitro and in-vivo action of cannabinoids. Neurochem Res 24:1233-1240.
4. Arevalo C, de Miguel R, Hernandez-Tristan R (2001). Cannabinoid effects on anxiety-related behaviours and hypothalamic neurotransmitters. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 70:123-131.
5. Arguello PA, Jentsch JD (2004). Cannabinoid CB1 receptor-mediated impairment of visuospatial attention in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 177:141-150.
6. Azad SC, Monory K, Marsicano G, Cravatt BF, Lutz B, Zieglgaensberger W, et al. (2004). Circuitry for associative plasticity in the amygdala involves endocannabinoid signaling. J Neurosci 24:9953-9961.
7. Barna I, Zelena D, Arszovszki AC, Ledent C (2004). The role of endogenous cannabinoids in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation: in vivo and in vitro studies in CB1 receptor knockout mice. Life Sci 75:2959-2970.
8. Barrero FJ, Ampuero I, Morales B, Vives F, de Dios Luna Del Castillo J, Hoenicka J, et al. (2005). Depression in Parkinson's disease is related to a genetic polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1). Pharmacogenomics J 5:135-141.
9. Beltramo M, Stella N, Calignano A, Lin SY, Makriyannis A, Piomelli D (1997). Functional role of high-affinity anandamide transport, as revealed by selective inhibition. Science 277:1094-1097.
10. Beltramo M, de Fonseca FR, Navarro M, Calignano A, Gorriti MA, Grammatikopoulos G, et al. (2000). Reversal of dopamine D(2) receptor responses by an anandamide transport inhibitor. J Neurosci 20:3401-3407.
11. Benito C, Nunez E, Tolon RM, Carrier EJ, Rabano A, Hillard CJ, et al. (2003). Cannabinoid CB2 receptors and fatty acid amide hydrolase are selectively overexpressed in neuritic plaque-associated glia in Alzheimer's disease brains. J Neurosci 23:11136-11141.
12. Berrendero F, Maldonado R (2002). Involvement of the opioid system in the anxiolytic-like effects induced by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 163:111-117.
13. Breivogel CS, Childers SR (1998). The functional neuroanatomy of brain cannabinoid receptors. Neurobiol Dis 5:417-431.
14. Breivogel CS, Griffin G, Di Marzo V, Martin BR (2001). Evidence for a new G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor in mouse brain. Mol Pharmacol 60:155-163.
15. Brotchie JM (2003). CB1 cannabinoid receptor signaling in Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 3:54-61.
16. Bymaster FP, Zhang W, Carter PA, Shaw J, Chernet E, Phebus L, et al. (2002). Fluoxetine, but not other selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, increases norepinephrine and dopamine extracellular levels in prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 160:353-361.
17. Caberlotto L, Hurd YL (2001). Neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y2 Receptor mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex of psychiatric subjects. relationship of Y2 subtype to suicidal behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:91-97.
18. Cadas H, di Tomaso E, Piomelli D (1997). Occurrence and biosynthesis of endogenous cannabinoid precursor. N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, in rat brain. J Neurosci 17:1226-1242.
19. Chaperon F, Thiebot MH (1999). Behavioral effects of cannabinoid agents in animals. Crit Rev Neurobiol 13:243-281.
20. Charney DS, Nestler EJ (2004). Neurobiology of Mental Illness. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Chamey DS, Reynolds CF 3rd, Lewis L, Lebowitz BD, Sunderland T, Alexopoulas GS, et al. (2003). Depression and bipolar support alliance concensus statement of the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in late life. Arch. Gen. Pychiatr 60:664-672.
22. Chevaleyre V, Castillo PE (2004). Endocannabinoid-mediated metaplasticity in the hippocampus. Neuron 43:871-881.
23. Chhatwal JP, Davis M, Maguschak KA, Ressler KJ (2005). Enhancing cannabinoid neurotransmission augments the extinction of conditioned fear. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:516-524.
24. Crawley JN, Corwin RL, Robinson JK, Felder CC, Devane WA, Axelrod J (1993). Anandamide, an endogenous ligand of the cannabinoid receptor, induces hypomotility and hypothermia in vivo in rodents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 46:967-972.
25. Croxford JL (2003). Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in CNS disease. CNS Drugs 17:179-202.
26. Cryan JF, Markou A, Lucki I (2002). Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: Recent developments and future needs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:238-245.
27. Daumann J, Hensen G, Thimm B, Rezk M, Till B, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E (2004). Self-reported psychopathological symptoms in recreational ecstasy (MDMA) users are mainly associated with regular cannabis use: further evidence from a combined cross-sectional/longitudinal investigation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 173:398-404.
28. Degroot A, Nomikos GG (2004). Genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of CB1 receptors modulates anxiety in the shock-probe burying test. Eur J Neurosci 20:1059-1064.
29. De Petrocellis L, Bisogno T, Davis JB, Pertwee RG, Di Marzo V (2000). Overlap between the ligand recognition properties of the anandamide transporter and the VR1 vanilloid receptor: inhibitors of anandamide uptake with negligible capsaicin-like activity. FEBS Lett 483:52-56.
30. De Petrocellis L, Bisogno T, Maccarrone M, Davis JB, Finazzi-Agro A, Di Marzo V (2001). The activity of anandamide at vanilloid VR1 receptors requires facilitated transport across the cell membrane and is limited by intracellular metabolism. J Biol Chem 276:12856-12863.
31. Di Marzo V, Fontana A, Cadas H, Schinelli S, Cimino G, Schwartz JC, et al. (1994). Formation and inactivation of endogenous cannabinoid anandamide in central neurons. Nature 372:686-691.
32. Di Marzo V, Bisogno T, De Petrocellis L (2001). Endocannabinoids Part II: Pathological CNS conditions involving the endocannabinoid system and their possible treatment with endocannabinoid-based drugs. Exp Opin Ther Targets 5:349-362.
33. D'Souza DC, Perry E, MacDougall L, Ammerman Y, Cooper T, Wu Y-T, et al. (2004). The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1558-1572.
34. D'Souza DC, Abi-Saab WM, Madonick S, Forselius-Bielen K, Doersch A, Braley G, et al. (2005). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects in schizophrenia: Implications for cognition, psychosis, and addiction. Biol Psychiatry 57:594-608.
35. Dubovsky SL, Buzan R (1999). Mood disorders. In: Hales RE, Yudofsky SC, Talbott JA (editors): Text Book of Psychiatry. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatry Press; pp. 479-565.
36. Duman RS (2004.) The neurochemistry of depressive disorders: preclinical studies. In: Charney DS, Nestler EJ (editors): Neurobiology of Mental Illness. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; pp. 421-439.
37. El Banoua F, Caraballo I, Flores JA, Galan-Rodriguez B, Fernandez-Espejo E (2004). Effects on turning of microinjections into basal ganglia of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors agonists and the cannabinoid CB1 antagonist SR141716A in a rat Parkinson's model. Neurobiol Dis 16:377-385.
38. Eldreth DA, Matochik JA, Cadet JL, Bolla KI (2004). Abnormal brain activity in prefrontal brain regions in abstinent marijuana users. Neuroimage 23: 914-920.
39. Fegley D, Kathuria S, Mercier R, Li C, Goutopoulos A, Makriyannis A, et al. (2004). Anandamide transport is independent of fatty-acid amide hydrolase activity and is blocked by the hydrolysis-resistant inhibitor AM1172. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 101:8756-8761.
40. Felder CC, Glass MC (1998). Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous agonists. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38:179-200.
41. Felder CC, Joyce KE, Briley EM, Glass M, Mackie KP, Fahey KJ, et al. (1998). LY320135, a novel cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, unmasks coupling of the CB1 receptor to stimulation of cAMP accumulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284:291-297.
42. Fernandez JR, Allison DB (2004). Rimonabant Sanofi-Synthelabo. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 5:430-435.
43. Fernandez-Espejo E, Caraballo I, Rodriguez DFF, El Banoua F, Ferrer B, Flores JA, et al. (2005). Cannabinoid CB1 antagonists possess antiparkinsonian efficacy only in rats with very severe nigral lesion in experimental parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis 18:591-601.
44. Fowler CJ, Tiger G, Ligresti A, Lopez-Rodriguez ML, Di Marzo V (2004). Selective inhibition of anandamide cellular uptake versus enzymatic hydrolysis - a difficult issue to handle. Eur J Pharmacol 492:1-11.
45. Gaetani S, Cuomo V, Piomelli D (2003). Anandamide hydrolysis: a new target for anti-anxiety drugs? Trends Mol Med 9:474-478.
46. Galante M, Diana MA (2004). Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibit GABA release at interneuron-Purkinje cell synapses through endocannabinoid production. J Neurosci 24:4865-4874.
47. Galynker II, Cai J, Ongseng F, Finestone H, Dutta E, Serseni D (1998). Hypofrontality and negative symptoms in major depressive disorder. J Nucl Med 39:608-612.
48. 123I-labeled AM251: a radioiodinated ligand which binds in vivo to mouse brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 307:331-338.
49. Gatley SJ, Lan R, Volkow ND, Pappas N, King P, Wong CT, et al. (1998). Imaging the brain marijuana receptor: development of a radioligand that binds to cannabinoid CB1 receptors in vivo. J Neurochem 70:417-423.
50. Genn RF, Tucci S, Marco EM, Viveros MP, File SE (2004). Unconditioned and conditioned anxiogenic effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP 55,940 in the social interaction test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77:567-573.
51. Georgescu D, Sears RM, Hommel JD, Barrot M, Bolanos CA, Marsh DJ, et al. (2005). The hypothalamic neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone acts in the nucleus accumbens to modulate feeding behavior and forced-swim performance. J Neurosci 25:2933-2940.
52. Geuze E, Vermetten E, Bremner JD (2005). MR-based in vivo hippocampal volumetrics: 2. Findings in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 10:160-184.
53. Giros B, Li DL, Phebus LA, Crozatier C, Nomikos GG, Tzavara ET (2004.) Tissue specific endocannabinoid dysregulation in a mouse model of hyperdopaminergia: possible therapeutic implications for the VR1 receptor. Program No. 273.10. 2004. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience.
54. Giuffrida A, Leweke FM, Gerth CW, Schreiber D, Koethe D, Faulhaber J, et al. (2004). Cerebrospinal anandamide levels are elevated in acute schizophrenia and are inversely correlated with psychotic symptoms. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:2108-2114.
55. Giuliani D, Ferrari F, Ottani A (2000). The cannabinoid agonist HU 210 modifies rat behavioural responses to novelty and stress. Pharmacol Res 41: 47-53.
56. Goddard AW, Coplan JD, Shekhar A, Gorman JM, Charney DS (2004). Principles of pharmacotherapy for the anxiety disorders. In: Charney DS, Nestler EJ (editors): Neurobiology of Mental Illness. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; pp. 661-679.
57. Goldschmidt L, Richardson GA, Cornelius MD, Day NL (2004). Prenatal marijuana and alcohol exposure and academic achievement at age 10. Neurotoxicol Teratol 26:521-532.
58. Griebel G, Stemmelin J, Scatton B (2005). Effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant in models of emotional reactivity in rodents. Biol Psychiatry 57:261-267.
59. Gruber SA, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2005). Neuroimaging of marijuana smokers during inhibitory processing: a pilot investigation. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 23:107-118.
60. Grundy RI (2002). The therapeutic potential of the cannabinoids in neuroprotection. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 11:1365-1374.
61. Guimaraes FS, Chiaretti TM, Graeff FG, Zuardi AW (1990). Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 100:558-559.
62. Guimaraes FS, de Aguiar JC, Mechoulam R, Breuer A (1994). Anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol derivatives in the elevated plus-maze. Gen Pharmacol 25: 161-164.
63. Hajos N, Ledent C, Freund TF (2001). Novel cannabinoid-sensitive receptor mediates inhibition of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Neuroscience 106:1-4.
64. Haller J, Bakos N, Szirmay M, Ledent C, Freund TF (2002). The effects of genetic and pharmacological blockade of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor on anxiety. Eur J Neurosci 16:1395-1398.
65. Haller J, Varga B, Ledent C, Freund TF (2004a). CB1 cannabinoid receptors mediate anxiolytic effects: convergent genetic and pharmacological evidence with CB1-specific agents. Behav Pharmacol 15:299-304.
66. Haller J, Varga B, Ledent C, Barna I, Freund TF (2004b). Context-dependent effects of CB1 cannabinoid gene disruption on anxiety-like and social behaviour in mice. Eur J Neurosci 19:1906-1912.
67. Haney M (2002). Effects of smoked marijuana in healthy and HIV+ marijuana smokers. J Clin Pnarmacol 42(suppl):34S-40S.
68. Henderson M, Glozier N, Elliot KH (2005). Long term sickness absence. BMJ 350:802-803.
69. Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, de Costa BR, et al. (2002). Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1932-1936.
70. Hermann H, Marsicano G, Lutz B (2002). Coexpression of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 with dopamine and serotonin receptors in distinct neuronal subpopulations of the adult mouse forebrain. Neuroscience 109:451-460.
71. Hill MN, Gorzalka BB (2004). Enhancement of anxiety-like responsiveness to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist HU-210 following chronic stress. Eur J Pharmacol 499:291-295.
72. Hill MN, Patel S, Carrier EJ, Rademacher DJ, Ormerod BK, Hillard CJ, et al. (2005). Downregulation of endocannabinoid signaling in the hippocampus following chronic unpredictable stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:508-515.
73. Hollander E, Simeon D, Gorman JM (1999.) Anxiety disorders. In: Hales RE, Yudofsky SC, Talbott JA (editors): Text Book of Psychiatry. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatry Press; pp. 567-633.
74. Holter SM, Kallnik M, Wurst W, Marsicano G, Lutz B, Wotjak CT (2005). Cannabinoid CB1 receptor is dispensable for memory extinction in an appetitively-motivated learning task. Eur J Pharmacol 510:69-74.
75. Huang SM, Bisogno T, Trevisani M, Al-Hayani A, De Petrocellis L, Fezza F, et al. (2002). An endogenous capsaicin-like substance with high potency at recombinant and native vanilloid VR1 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:8400-8405.
76. Hungund BL, Vinod KY, Kassir SA, Basavarajappa BS, Yalamanchili R, Cooper TB, et al. (2004). Upregulation of CB1 receptors and agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPαS binding in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide victims. Mol Psychiatry 9:184-190.
77. Hurley MJ, Mash DC, Jenner P (2003). Expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptor mRNA in basal ganglia of normal and parkinsonian human brain. J Neural Transm 110:1279-1288.
78. Isbell H, Gorodetzky CW, Jasinski DR, Claussen U, Von Spulak F, Korte F (1967). Effects of (-)Δ,9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol in man. Psychopharmacologia 11:184-188.
79. Iversen L (2005.) The monoamine hypothesis of depression. In: Licinio J, Wong ML (editors): Biology of Depression. Winheim, Wiley-VCH; pp. 71-86.
80. Jentsch JD, Verrico CD, Le D, Roth RH (1998). Repeated exposure to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol reduces prefrontal cortical dopamine metabolism in the rat. Neurosci Lett 246:169-172.
81. Jin K, Xie L, Kim SH, Parmentier-Batteur S, Sun Y, Mao XO, et al. (2004). Defective adult neurogenesis in CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice. Mol Pharmacol 66:204-208.
82. Kalant H (2004). Adverse effects of cannabis on health: an update of the literature since 1996. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28:849-863.
83. Kathuria S, Gaetani S, Fegley D, Valino F, Duranti A, Tontini A, et al. (2003). Modulation of anxiety through blockade of anandamide hydrolysis. Nature Med 9:76-81.
84. Katona I, Sperlagh B, Sik A, Kafalvi A, Vizi ES, Mackie K, et al. (1999). Presynaptically located CB1 cannabinoid receptors regulate GABA release from axon terminals of specific hippocampal interneurons. J Neurosci 19:4544-4558.
85. Kouri EM, Pope HG Jr (2000). Abstinence symptoms during withdrawal from chronic marijuana use. Exper Clin Psychopharmacol 8:483-492.
86. Kreitzer AC, Regehr WG (2001). Cerebellar depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition is mediated by endogenous cannabinoids. J Neurosci 21:RC174.
87. Kunos G, Batkai S (2001). Novel physiologic functions of endocannabinoids as revealed through the use of mutant mice. Neurochem Res 26:1015-1021.
88. Lastres-Becker I, De Miguel R, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ (2003). The endocannabinoid system and Huntington's disease. Curr Drug Targets: CNS Neurol Disorders 2:335-347.
89. Ledent C, Valverde O, Cossu G, Petitet F, Aubert JF, Beslot F, et al. (1999). Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice. Science 283:401-404.
90. Le Foll B, Goldberg SR (2005). Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists as promising new medications for drug dependence. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 312:875-883.
91. Leroy S, Griffon N, Bourdel MC, Olie JP, Poirier MF, Krebs MO (2001). Schizophrenia and the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1): association study using a single-base polymorphism in coding exon 1. Am J Med Genet 105:749-752.
92. Li SX, Perry KW, Wong DT (2002). Influence of fluoxetine on the ability of bupropion to modulate extracellular dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations in three mesocorticolimbic areas of rats. Neuropharmacology 42:181-190.
93. Lu XR, Ong WY, Mackie K (1999). A light and electron microscopic study of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in monkey basal forebrain. J Neurocytol 28:1045-1051.
94. Lukas SE, Mendelson JH, Benedikt R (1995). Electroencephalographic correlates of marijuana-induced euphoria. Drug Alcohol Depend 37: 131-140.
95. Lundqvist T, Jonsson S, Warkentin S (2001). Frontal lobe dysfunction in long-term cannabis users. Neurotoxicol Teratol 23:437-443.
96. Lupica CR, Riegel AC, Hoffman AF (2004). Marijuana and cannabinoid regulation of brain reward circuits. Br J Pharmacol 143:227-234.
97. Maccarrone M, Gubellini P, Bari M, Picconi B, Battista N, Centonze D, et al. (2003). Levodopa treatment reverses endocannabinoid system abnormalities in experimental parkinsonism. J Neurochem 85:1018-1025.
98. Mailleux P, Parmentier M, Vanderhaeghen JJ (1992). Distribution of cannabinoid receptor messenger RNA in the human brain: an in situ hybridization histochemistry with oligonucleotides. Neurosci Lett 143:200-204.
99. Manji HK, Zarate CA (2002). Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying mood stabilization in bipolar disorder: implications for the development of improved therapeutics. Mol Psychiat 7(suppl 1):S1-S7.
100. Marco EM, Perez-Alvarez L, Borcel E, Rubio M, Guaza C, Ambrosio E, et al. (2004). Involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in behavioural effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP 55,940 in male rats. Behav Pharmacol 15:21-27.
101. Marin S, Marco E, Biscaia M, Fernandez B, Rubio M, Guaza C, et al. (2003). Involvement of the α-opioid receptor in the anxiogenic-like effect of CP 55,940 in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 74:649-656.
102. Marsicano G, Wotjak CT, Azad SC, Bisogno T, Rammes G, Cascio MG, et al. (2002). The endogenous cannabinoid system controls extinction of aversive memories. Nature 418:530-534.
103. Martin M, Ledent C, Parmentier M, Maldonado R, Valverde O (2002). Involvement of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in emotional behaviour. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 159:379-387.
104. Masserano JM, Karoum F, Wyatt RJ (1999). SR 141716A, a CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, potentiates the locomotor stimulant effects of amphetamine and apomorphine. Behav Pharmacol 10:429-432.
105. Mathew RJ, Wilson WH (1993). Acute changes in cerebral blood flow after smoking marijuana. Life Sci 52:757-767.
106. Mato S, Pazos A, Valdizan EM (2002). Cannabinoid receptor antagonism and inverse agonism in response to SR141716A on cAMP production in human and rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 443:43-46.
107. Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC, Bonner TI (1990). Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature 346:561-564.
108. McDonald J, Schleifer L, Richards JB, de Wit H (2003). Effects of THC on behavioral measures of impulsivity in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:1356-1365.
109. McPartland JM, Russo EB (2001). Cannabis and cannabis extracts: greater than the sum of their parts? J Cannabis Ther 1:103-132.
110. Melis M, Perra S, Muntoni AL, Pillolla G, Lutz B, Marsicano G, et al. (2004). Prefrontal cortex stimulation induces 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol-mediated suppression of excitation in dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 24:10707-10715.
111. Millan MJ (2003). The neurobiology and control of anxious states. Prog Neurobiol 70:83-244.
112. Milton NGN (2002). Anandamide and noladin ether prevent neurotoxicity of the human amyloid-β peptide. Neurosci Lett 332:127-130.
113. Monory K, Tzavara ET, Lexime J, Ledent C, Parmentier M, Borsodi A, et al. (2002). Novel, not adenylyl cyclase-coupled cannabinoid binding site in cerebellum of mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 292:231-235.
114. Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M (1993). Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 365:61-65.
115. Musty RE, Kaback L (1995). Relationships between motivation and depression in chronic marijuana users. Life Sci 56:2151-2158.
116. Navarro M, Hernandez E, Munoz RM, Del Arco I, Villanua MA, Carrera MR, et al. (1997). Acute administration of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716A induces anxiety-like responses in the rat. Neuroreport 8: 491-496.
117. Navarro M, Gomez R, Bilbao A, Gorriti MA, Martin-Calderon JL, del Arco I, et al. (2000). The neuropharmacology of endogenous cannabinoid transmission: potential therapeutic applications. Curr Topics Pharmacol 5:19-29.
118. Naver B, Stub C, Moller M, Fenger K, Hansen AK, Hasholt L, et al. (2003). Molecular and behavioral analysis of the r6/1 Huntington's disease transgenic mouse. Neuroscience 122:1049-1057.
119. Ohno-Shosaku T, Tsubokawa H, Mizushima I, Yoneda N, Zimmer A, Kano M (2002). Presynaptic cannabinoid sensitivity is a major determinant of depolarization-induced retrograde suppression at hippocampal synapses. J Neurosci 22:3864-3872.
120. O'Leary DS, Block RI, Koeppel JA, Flaum M, Schultz SK, Andreasen NC, et al. (2002). Effects of smoking marijuana on brain perfusion and cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology 26:802-816.
121. O'Neill MF, Moore NA (2003). Animal models of depression: Are there any? Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 18:239-254.
122. Ong WY, Mackie K (1999). A light and electron microscopic study of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in primate brain. Neuroscience 92:1177-1191.
123. Patel S, Roelke CT, Rademacher DJ, Cullinan WE, Hillard CJ (2004). Endocannabinoid signaling negatively modulates stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Endocrinology 45:5431-5438.
124. Patel S, Cravatt BF, Hillard CJ (2005). Synergistic interactions between cannabinoids and environmental stress in the activation of the central amygdala. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:497-507.
125. Payne JL, Quiroz JA, Gould TD, Zarate CA Jr, Manji HK (2004.) The cellular neurobiology of bipolar disorder. In: Charney DS, Nestler EJ (editors): Neurobiology of Mental Illness. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; pp. 397-420.
126. Pazos MR, Nunez E, Benito C, Tolon RM, Romero J (2004). Role of the endocannabinoid system in Alzheimer's disease: new perspectives. Life Sci 75:1907-1915.
127. Piomelli D (2004). The endogenous cannabinoid system and the treatment of marijuana dependence. Neuropharmacology 47(suppl 1):359-367.
128. Piomelli D, Giuffrida A, Calignano A, de Fonseca FR (2000). The endocannabiniod system as a target for therapeutic drugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:218-224.
129. Plummer CW, Finke PE, Mills SG, Wang J, Tong X, Doss GA, et al. (2005). Synthesis and activity of 4,5-diarylimidazoles as human CB1 receptor inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15:1441-1446.
130. Poncelet M, Barnouin MC, Breliere JC, Le Fur G, Soubrie P (1999). Blockade of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors by 141716 selectively antagonizes drug-induced reinstatement of exploratory behaviour in gerbils. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 144:144-150.
131. Porter AC, Felder CC (2001). The endocannabinoid nervous system. Unique opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Pharmacol Ther 90: 45-60.
132. Ramirez BG, Blazquez C, Del Pulgar TG, Guzman M, De Ceballos ML (2005). Prevention of Alzheimer's disease pathology by cannabinoids: neuroprotection mediated by blockade of microglial activation. J Neurosci 25: 1904-1913.
133. 1 receptor knock-out mice. Eur J Pharmacol 379:R1-R2.
134. Rinaldi-Carmona M, Barth F, Heaulme M, Shire D, Calandra B, Congy C, et al. (1994). SR141716A, a potent and selective antagonist of the brain cannabinoid receptor. FEBS Lett 350:240-244.
135. Robinson L, Riedel G (2004). Cannabinoid function in spatial learning: An update. Curr Neuropharm 2:125-143.
136. Rodgers RJ, Haller J, Halasz J, Mikics E (2003). One-trial sensitization' to the anxiolytic-like effects of cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716A in the mouse elevated plus-maze. Eur J Neurosci 17:1279-1286.
137. Rodriguez JJ, Mackie K, Pickel VM (2001). Ultrastructural localization of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in α-opioid receptor patches of the rat caudate putamen nucleus. J Neurosci 21:823-833.
138. Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Rubio P, Menzaghi F, Merlo-Pich E, Rivier J, Koob GF, et al. (1996). Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist [D-Phe12,Nle21,38,C alpha MeLeu37]CRF attenuates the acute actions of the highly potent cannabinoid receptor agonist HU-210 on defensive-withdrawal behavior in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 276:56-64.
139. Romero J, Garcia-Palomero E, Castro JG, Garcia-Gil L, Ramos JA, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ (1997). Effect of chronic exposure to delta9- tetrahydrocannabinol on cannabinoid receptor binding and mRNA levels in several rat brain regions. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 46:100-108.
140. Rubino T, Vigano D, Zagato E, Salla M, Parolaro D (2000). In vivo characterization of the specific cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716A: behavioral and cellular responses after acute and chronic treatments. Synapse 35:8-14.
141. Russo E (2003). Future of cannabis and cannabinoids in therapeutics. J Cannabis Ther 3:163-174.
142. Santucci V, Storme JJ, Soubrie P, Le Fur G (1996). Arousal-enhancing properties of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716A in rats as assessed by electroencephalographic spectral and sleep-waking cycle analysis. Life Sci 58PL103-110.
143. Sanudo-Pena MC (2003). A novel neuromodulator in basal ganglia. Adv Behav Biol 54:661-673.
144. Scatton B, Sanger DJ (2000). Pharmacological and molecular targets in the search for novel antipsychotics. Behav Pharmacol 11:243-254.
145. Schmidt LG, Samochowiec J, Finckh U, Fiszer-Piosik E, Horodnicki J, Wendel B, et al. (2002). Association of a CB1 cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) polymorphism with severe alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 65:221-224.
146. Shearman LP, Rosko KM, Fleischer R, Wang J, Xu S, Tong XS, et al. (2003). Antidepressant-like and anorectic effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor inverse agonist AM251 in mice. Behav Pharmacol 14:573-582.
147. Shiflett MW, Rankin AZ, Tomaszycki ML, De Voogt TJ (2004). Cannabinoid inhibition improves memory in food-storing birds, but with a cost. Proc Biol Sci 271:2043-2048.
148. Shire O, Carillon C, Kaghad M, Calandra B, Rinaldi-Carmona M, et al. (1995). An amino-terminal variant of the central cannabinoid receptor resulting from alternative splicing. J Biol Chem 270:3726-3731.
149. Siegfried Z, Kanyas K, Latzer Y, Kami O, Bloch M, Lerer B, et al. (2004). Association study of cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) alleles and anorexia nervosa: differences between restricting and binging/purging subtypes. Am J Med Genet 1258:126-130.
150. Sieradzan KA, Fox SH, Hill M, Dick JPR, Crossman AR, Brotchie JM (2001). Cannabinoids reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: A pilot study. Neurology 57:2108-2111.
151. Skolnick P, Legutko B, Li X, Bymaster FP (2001). Current perspectives on the development of non-biogenic amine-based antidepressants. Pharmacol Res 43:411-443.
152. Steffens M, Engler C, Zentner J, Feuerstein TJ (2004). Cannabinoid CB1 receptor-mediated modulation of evoked dopamine release and of adenylyl cyclase activity in the human neocortex. Br J Pharmacol 141:1193-1203.
153. Stella N, Piomelli D (2001). Receptor-dependent formation of endogenous cannabinoids in cortical neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 425:189-196.
154. Stella N, Schweitzer P, Piomelli D (1997). A second endogenous cannabinoid that modulates long-term potentiation. Nature 388:773-778.
155. Stoit AR, Lange JH, Hartog AP, Ronken E, Tipker K, Stuivenberg HH, et al. (2002). Design, synthesis and biological activity of rigid cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists. Chem Pharm Bull 50:1109-1113.
156. Svenningsson P, Tzavara ET, Witkin JM, Fienberg AA, Nomikos GG, Greengard P (2002). Involvement of striatal and extrastriatal DARPP-32 in biochemical and behavioral effects of fluoxetine (Prozac). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:3182-3187.
157. Takahashi RN, Pamplona FA, Fernandes MS (2005). The cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A facilitates memory acquisition and consolidation in the mouse elevated T-maze. Neurosci Lett 380:270-275.
158. Tanda G, Carboni E, Frau R, Di Chiara G (1994). Increase of extracellular dopamine in the prefrontal cortex: a trait of drugs with antidepressant potential? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 115:285-288.
159. Tataranni PA, Gautier JF, Chen K, Decker A, Bandy D, Salbe AD, et al. (1999). Neuroanatomical correlates of hunger and satiation in humans using positron emission tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:4569-4574.
160. Tasker J (2004). Endogenous cannabinoids take the edge off neuroendocrine responses to stress. Endocrinology 145:5429-5430.
161. Tournier M, Sorbara F, Gindre C, Swendsen JD, Verdoux H (2003). Cannabis use and anxiety in daily life: a naturalistic investigation in a non-clinical population. Psychiatry Res 118:1-8.
162. Tsou K, Brown S, Sanudo-Pena MC, Mackie K, Walker JM (1998). Immunohistochemical distribution of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 83:393-411.
163. Tsou K, Mackie K, Sanudo-Pena MC, Walker JM (1999). Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are localized primarily on cholecystokinin-containing GABAergic interneurons in the rat hippocampal formation. Neuroscience 93:969-975.
164. Tzavara ET, Davis RJ, Perry KW, Li X, Salhoff C, Bymaster FP, et al. (2003a). The CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A selectively increases monoaminergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex: implications for therapeutic actions. Br J Pharmacol 138:544-553.
165. Tzavara ET, Wade M, Nomikos GG (2003b). Biphasic effects of cannabinoids on acetylcholine release in the hippocampus: site and mechanism of action. J Neurosci 23:9374-9384.
166. Ujike H, Morita Y (2004). New perspectives in the studies on endocannabinoid and cannabis: Cannabinoid receptors and schizophrenia. J Pharmacol Sci 96:376-381.
167. Ujike H, Takaki M, Nakata K, Tanaka Y, Takeda T, Kodama M, et al. (2002). CNR1, central cannabinoid receptor gene, associated with susceptibility to hebephrenic schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 7:515-518.
168. Uriguen L, Perez-Rial S, Ledent C, Palomo T1 Manzanares J (2004). Impaired action of anxiolytic drugs in mice deficient in cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Neuropharmacology 46:966-973.
169. van der Stelt M, Di Marzo V (2003). The endocannabinoid system in the basal ganglia and in the mesolimbic reward system: implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 480:133-150.
170. Van Gaal LF, Rissanen AM, Scheen AJ, Ziegler O, Rössner S (2005). Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients: 1 -year experience from the RIO-Europe study. Lancet 365:1389-1397.
171. Varvel SA, Lichtman AH (2002). Evaluation of CB1 receptor knockout mice in the Morris water maze. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301:915-924.
172. Verrico CD, Jentsch JD, Roth RH, Taylor JR (2004). Repeated, intermittent delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol administration to rats impairs acquisition and performance of a test of visuospatial divided attention. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:522-529.
173. Vinod KY, Arango V, Xie S, Kassir SA, Mann JJ, Cooper T, et al. (2005). Elevated levels of endocannabinoids and CB1 receptor-mediated G-protein signaling in the prefrontal cortex of alcoholic suicide victims. Biol Psychiatry 57: 480-486.
174. Wachtel SR, El Sohly MA, Ross SA, Ambre J, De Wit H (2002). Comparison of the subjective effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 161:331-339.
175. Wang X, Dow-Edwards D, Anderson V, Minkoff H, Hurd YL (2004). In utero marijuana exposure associated with abnormal amygdala dopamine D2 gene expression in the human fetus. Biol Psychiatry 56:909-915.
176. Westlake TM, Howlett AC, Bonner TI, Matsuda LA, Herkenham M (1994). Cannabinoid receptor binding and messenger RNA expression in human brain: an in vitro receptor autoradiography and in situ hybridization histochemistry study of normal aged and Alzheimer's brains. Neuroscience 63:637-652.
177. Wilson RI, Nicoll RA (2002). Endocannabinoid signaling in the brain. Science 296:678-682.
178. Wolff MC, Leander JD (2003). SR141716A, a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, improves memory in a delayed radial maze task. Eur J Pharmacol 477:213-217.
179. Yamamoto T, Anggadiredja K, Hiranita T (2004). New perspectives in the studies on endocannabinoid and cannabis: A role for the endocannabinoid- arachidonic acid pathway in drug reward and long-lasting relapse to drug taking. J Pharmacol Sci 96:382-388.
180. Zavitsanou K, Garrick T, Huang XF (2004). Selective antagonist [3H]SR141716A binding to cannabinoid CB1 receptors is increased in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharm Biol Psychiatry 28:355-360.
181. Zimmer A, Zimmer AM, Hohmann AG, Herkenham M, Bonner TI (1999). Increased mortality, hypoactivity, and hypoalgesia in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:5780-5785.
182. Zuardi AW, Karniol IG (1983). Effects on variable-interval performance in rats of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, separately and in combination. Braz J Med Biol Res 16:141-146.
183. Zygmunt PM, Petersson J, Andersson DA, Chuang H, Sorgard M, Di Marzo V, et al. (1999). Vanilloid receptors on sensory nerves mediate the vasodilator action of anandamide. Nature 400:452-457.