Current developments in viral DNA vaccines: Shall they solve the unsolved?

Reviews in Medical Virology

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 303-325

  Rajcani J ^a   Mosko T ^a   Rezuchova I ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY   (Slovakia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

B7 ANTIGEN; CD34 ANTIGEN; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD40 ANTIGEN; CD40 LIGAND; CD8 ANTIGEN; CD86 ANTIGEN; CYTOKINE; CYTOKINE RECEPTOR; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 4; DNA VACCINE; EPITOPE; GAMMA INTERFERON; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; HERPES SIMPLEX VACCINE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS VACCINE; INFLUENZA VACCINE; INTERLEUKIN 12; LIVE VACCINE; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 2; MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88; NAKED DNA; PLASMID VECTOR; RABIES VACCINE; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 3; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 9; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIRUS DNA VACCINE; VIRUS VACCINE; WART VIRUS VACCINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; CELL STIMULATION; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; DENDRITIC CELL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HERPES; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOMODULATION; MEMORY CELL; MOLECULAR MIMICRY; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; RNA VIRUS; RNA VIRUS INFECTION; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL; VACCINATION; VIRUS INFECTION; WART VIRUS;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; HEPATITIS B VACCINES; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS VACCINES; HUMANS; PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE; PLASMIDS; RNA VIRUSES; VACCINATION; VACCINES, DNA; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 25144470060     PISSN: 10529276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.467     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Rajčáni J. Molecular mechanisms of virus spread and virion components as tools of virulence. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2003; 50: 407-431.
2. Wolff JA, Malone RW, Williams P, et al. Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science 1990; 247: 1465-1468.
3. Andree C, Swain WF, Page CP, et al. In vivo transfer and expression of a human epidermal growth factor gene accelerates wound repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 12188-12192.
4. Furth PA, Hennighausen L, Baker C, et al. The variability in activity of the universally expressed human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene 1 enhancer/promoter in transgenic mice. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19: 6205-6208.
5. Lin H, Parmacek MS, Morle G, et al. Expression of recombinant genes in myocardium in vivo after direct injection of DNA. Circulation 1990; 82: 2217-2221.
6. Manthorpe M, Cornefert-Jensen F, Hartikka J, et al. Gene therapy by intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA: studies on firefly luciferase gene expression in mice. Hum Gene Ther 1993; 4: 419-431.
7. Hartikka J, Sawdey M, Cornefert-Jensen F, et al. An improved plasmid DNA expression vector for direct injection into skeletal muscle. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7: 1205-1217.
8. Hilleman MR. DNA vectors. Precedents and safety. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 772: 1-14.
9. Barry MA, Johnston SA. Biological features of genetic immunization. Vaccine 1997; 15: 788-791.
10. Sasaki S, Inamura K, Okuda K. Genes that induce immunity-DNA vaccines. Microbiol Immunol 1999; 43: 191-200.
11. Nabel EG, Plautz G, Nabel GJ. Transduction of a foreign histocompatibility gene into the arterial wall induces vasculitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 5157-5161.
12. Pisetsky DS. Anti-DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1992; 18: 437-454.
13. Davis HL, Michel ML, Whalen RG. Use of plasmid DNA for direct gene transfer and immunization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 772: 21-29.
14. Hasan UA, Abai AM, Harper DR, et al. Nucleic acid immunization: concepts and techniques associated with third generation vaccines. J Immunol Methods 1999; 229: 1-22.
15. Kurth R. Risk potential of the chromosomal insertion of foreign DNA. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 772: 140-151.
16. Gorman C, Padmanabhan R, Howard BH. High efficiency DNA-mediated transformation of primate cells. Science 1983; 221: 551-553.
17. Nichols WW, Ledwith BJ, Manam SV, Troilo PJ. Potential DNA vaccine integration into host cell genome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 772: 30-39.
18. Griffiths E. Assuring the safety and efficacy of DNA vaccines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 772: 164-169.
19. Girardi AJ, Sweet BH, Slotnick VB, Hilleman MR. Development of tumors in hamsters inoculated in the neonatal period with vacuolating virus, SV-40. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1962; 109: 649-660.
20. Coffin JM. Molecular mechanisms of nucleic acid integration. J Med Virol 1990; 31: 43-49.
21. Temin HM. Overview of biological effects of addition of DNA molecules to cells. J Med Virol 1990; 31: 13-17.
22. Manoj S, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littlel-van den Hurk S. Approaches to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2004; 41: 1-39.
23. Wattiaux R, Laurent N, Wattiaux-De Coninck S, Jadot M. Endosomes, lysosomes: their implication in gene transfer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2000; 41: 201-208.
24. Dupuis M, Denis-Mize K, Woo C, et al. Distribution of DNA vaccines determines their immunogenicity after intramuscular injection in mice. J Immunol 2000; 165: 2850-2858.
25. Gebhard JR, Zhu J, Cao X, et al. DNA immunization utilizing a herpes simplex virus type 2 myogenic DNA vaccine protects mice from mortality and prevents genital herpes. Vaccine 2000; 18: 1837-1846.
26. Lu Z, Yuan L, Zhou X, et al. CD40-independent pathways of T cell help for priming of CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 2000; 191: 541-550.
27. Koch N, van Driel IR, Gleeson PA. Hijacking a chaperone: manipulation of the MHC class II presentation pathway. Immunol Today 2000; 21: 546-550.
28. Kumaraguru U, Rouse RJ, Nair SK, et al. Involvement of an ATP-dependent peptide chaperone in cross-presentation after DNA immunization. J Immunol 2000; 165: 750-759.
29. Hartl FU, Hayer-Hartl M. Molecular chaperones in the cytosol: from nascent chain to folded protein. Science 2002; 295: 1852-1858.
30. Hauser H, Chen SY. Augmentation of DNA vaccine potency through secretory heat shock protein-mediated antigen targeting. Methods 2003; 31: 225-231.
31. Doe B, Selby M, Barnett S, et al. Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by intramuscular immunization with plasmid DNA is facilitated by bone marrow-derived cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 8578-8583.
32. Iwasaki A, Torres CA, Ohashi PS, et al. The dominant role of bone marrow-derived cells in CTL induction following plasmid DNA immunization at different sites. J Immunol 1997; 159: 11-14.
33. Tang DC, De Vit M, Johnston SA. Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response. Nature 1992; 356: 152-154.
34. Golding B, Scott DE. Vaccine strategies: targeting helper T cell responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 754: 126-137.
35. Torres CA, Iwasaki A, Barber BH, Robinson HL. Differential dependence on target site tissue for gene gun and intramuscular DNA immunizations. J Immunol 1997; 158: 4529-4532.
36. Feltquate DM, Heaney S, Webster RG, Robinson HL. Different T helper cell types and antibody isotypes generated by saline and gene gun DNA immunization. J Immunol 1997; 158: 2278-2284.
37. Steinman RM, Pope M. Exploiting dendritic cells to improve vaccine efficacy. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 1519-1526.
38. Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. The instructive role of dendritic cells on T cell responses: lineages, plasticity and kinetics. Curr Opin Immunol 2001; 13: 291-298.
39. Eo SK, Lee S, Kumaraguru U, Rouse BT. Immunopotentiation of DNA vaccine against herpes simplex virus via co-delivery of plasmid DNA expressing CCR7 ligands. Vaccine 2001; 19: 4685-4693.
40. Robinson HL. Nucleic acid vaccines: an overview. Vaccine 1997; 15: 785-787.
41. Flo J, Beatriz Perez A, Tisminetzky S, Baralle F. Superiority of intramuscular route and full length glycoprotein D for DNA vaccination against herpes simplex 2. Enhancement of protection by the co-delivery of the GM-CSF gene. Vaccine 2000; 18: 3242-3253.
42. Flo J. Co-immunization with plasmids coding the full length and a soluble form of glycoprotein D of HSV-2 induces protective cellular and humoral immune response in mice. Vaccine 2003; 21: 1239-1245.
43. Srivastava IK, Liu MA. Gene vaccines. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 550-559.
44. Ulmer JB, Donnelly JJ, Parker SE, et al. Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. Science 1993; 259: 1745-1749.
45. Giese M. DNA-antiviral vaccine: new developments and approaches-a review. Virus Genes 1998; 17: 219-232.
46. Ross TM, Xu Y, Green TD, et al. Enhanced avidity maturation of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus envelope: DNA vaccination with gp120-C3d fusion proteins. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17: 829-835.
47. Thalhamer J, Leitner W, Hammerl P, Brtko J. Designing immune responses with genetic immunization and immunostimulatory DNA sequences. Endocr Regul 2001; 35: 143-166.
48. Dalpke A, Zimmermann S, Heeg K. CpG-oligonucleotides in vaccination: signaling and mechanisms of action. Immunobiology 2001; 204: 667-676.
49. Krieg AM, Yi AK, Matson S, et al. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation. Nature 1995; 374: 546-549.
50. Fraser IP, Koziel H, Ezekowitz RA. The serum mannose-binding protein and the macrophage mannose receptor are pattern recognition molecules that link innate and adaptive immunity. Semin Immunol 1998; 10: 363-372.
51. Pugin J, Heumann ID, Tomasz A, et al. CD14 is a pattern recognition receptor. Immunity 1994; 1: 509-516.
52. Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, et al. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 2000; 408: 740-745.
53. Sun S, Zhang X, Tough DF, Sprent J. Type 1 interferon-mediated stimulation of T cells by CpG DNA. J Exp Med 1998; 188: 2335-2342.
54. Krieg AM. Direct immunologic activities of CpG DNA and implications for gene therapy. J Gene Med 1999; 1: 56-63.
55. Sweet MJ, Stacey KJ, Kakuda DK, et al. IFN-gamma primes macrophage responses to bacterial DNA. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998; 18: 263-271.
56. Hilton DJ. Negative regulators of cytokine signal transduction. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999; 55: 1568-1577.
57. Cowdery JS, Boerth NJ, Norian LA, et al. Differential regulation of the IL-12 p40 promoter and of p40 secretion by CpG DNA and lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 1999; 162: 6770-6775.
58. Heeg K, Zimmermann S. CpG DNA as a Th1 trigger. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2000; 121: 87-97.
59. Morel PA, Falkner D, Plowey J, et al. DNA immunisation: altering the cellular localisation of expressed protein and the immunisation route allows manipulation of the immune response. Vaccine 2004; 22: 447-456.
60. Chow YH, Huang WL, Chi WK, et al. Improvement of hepatitis B virus DNA vaccines by plasmids coexpressing hepatitis B surface antigen and interleukin-2. J Virol 1997; 71: 169-178.
61. Chow YH, Chiang BL, Lee YL, et al. Development of Th1 and Th2 populations and the nature of immune responses to hepatitis B virus DNA vaccines can be modulated by codelivery of various cytokine genes. J Immunol 1998; 160: 1320-1329.
62. Sin JI, Kim JJ, Arnold RL, et al. IL-12 gene as a DNA vaccine adjuvant in a herpes mouse model: IL-12 enhances Th1-type CD4+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against herpes simplex virus-2 challenge. J Immunol 1999; 162: 2912-2921.
63. Kim JJ, Ayyavoo V, Bagarazzi ML, et al. In vivo engineering of a cellular immune response by coadministration of IL-12 expression vector with a DNA immunogen. J Immunol 1997; 158: 816-826.
64. Prayaga SK, Ford MJ, Haynes JR. Manipulation of HIV-1 gp120-specific immune responses elicited via gene gun-based DNA immunization. Vaccine 1997; 15: 1349-1352.
65. Rouse BT, Nair S, Rouse RJ, et al. DNA vaccines and immunity to herpes simplex virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998; 226: 69-78.
66. Stanberry LR. Genital and perinatal herpes simplex virus infections: prophylactic vaccines. In Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Vaccines, Prevention and Control, Stanberry LR, Bernstein DI (eds). Academic Press: San Diego, 2000; 187-216.
67. Bourne N, Milligan GN, Schleiss MR, et al. DNA immunization confers protective immunity on mice challenged intravaginally with herpes simplex virus type 2. Vaccine 1996; 14: 1230-1234.
68. McClements WL, Armstrong ME, Keys RD, Liu MA. The prophylactic effect of immunization with DNA encoding herpes simplex virus glycoproteins on HSV-induced disease in guinea pigs. Vaccine 1997; 15: 857-860.
69. Lee HH, Cha SC, Jang DJ, et al. Immunization with combined HSV-2 glycoproteins B2: D2 gene DNAs: protection against lethal intravaginal challenges in mice. Virus Genes 2002; 25: 179-188.
70. Nass PH, Elkins KL, Weir JP. Protective immunity against herpes simplex virus generated by DNA vaccination compared to natural infection. Vaccine 2001; 19: 1538-1546.
71. Higgins TJ, Herold KM, Arnold RL, et al. Plasmid DNA-expressed secreted and nonsecreted forms of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D2 induce different types of immune responses. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 1311-1320.
72. Strasser JE, Arnold RL, Pachuk C, et al. Herpes simplex virus DNA vaccine efficacy: effect of glycoprotein D plasmid constructs. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 1304-1310.
73. Sin J, Kim JJ, Pachuk C, et al. DNA vaccines encoding interleukin-8 and RANTES enhance antigen-specific Th1-type CD4(+) T-cell-mediated protective immunity against herpes simplex virus type 2 in vivo. J Virol 2000; 74: 11173-11180.
74. Lee S, Gierynska M, Eo SK, et al. Influence of DNA encoding cytokines on systemic and mucosal immunity following genetic vaccination against herpes simplex virus. Microbes Infect 2003; 5: 571-578.
75. Rogers JV, Bigley NJ, Chiou HC, Hull BE. Targeted delivery of DNA encoding herpes simplex virus type-1 glycoprotein D enhances the cellular response to primary viral challenge. Arch Dermatol Res 2000; 292: 542-549.
76. Rogers JV, Hull BE, Fink PS, et al. Murine response to DNA encoding herpes simplex virus type-1 glycoprotein D targeted to the liver. Vaccine 2000; 18: 1522-1530.
77. Frye TD, Chiou HC, Hull BE, Bigley NJ. The efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D in decreasing ocular disease severity following corneal HSV-1 challenge. Arch Virol 2002; 147: 1747-1759.
78. Gallichan WS, Woolstencroft RN, Guarasci T, et al. Intranasal immunization with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as an adjuvant dramatically increases IgA and protection against herpes simplex virus-2 in the genital tract. J Immunol 2001; 166: 3451-3457.
79. Wang B, Boyer J, Srikantan V, et al. Induction of humoral and cellular immune responses to the human imunodeficiency type 1 virus in nonhuman primates by in vivo DNA inoculation. Virology 1995; 211: 102-112.
80. Fuller DH, Corb MM, Barnett S, et al. Enhancement of immunodeficiency virus-specific immune responses in DNA-immunized rhesus macaques. Vaccine 1997; 15: 924-926.
81. Boyer JD, Wang B, Ugen KE, et al. In vivo protective anti-HIV immune responses in non-human primates through DNA immunization. J Med Primatol 1996; 25: 242-250.
82. Verschoor EJ, Mooij P, Oostermeijer H, et al. Comparison of immunity generated by nucleic acid-, MF59-, and ISCOM-formulated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccines in Rhesus macaques: evidence for viral clearance. J Virol 1999; 73: 3292-3300.
83. Barnett SW, Rajasekar S, Legg H, et al. Vaccination with HIV-1 gp120 DNA induces immune responses that are boosted by a recombinant gp120 protein subunit. Vaccine 1997; 15: 869-873.
84. Fuller DH, Simpson L, Cole KS, et al. Gene gun-based nucleic acid immunization alone or in combination with recombinant vaccinia vectors suppresses virus burden in rhesus macaques challenged with a heterologous SIV. Immunol Cell Biol 1997; 75: 389-396.
85. Robinson HL, Montefiori DC, Johnson RP, et al. Neutralizing antibody-independent containment of immunodeficiency virus challenges by DNA priming and recombinant poxvirus booster immunizations. Nat Med 1999; 5: 526-534.
86. Smith JM, Amara RR, McClure HM, et al. Multiprotein HIV type 1 clade B DNA/MVA vaccine: construction, safety, and immunogenicity in Macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20: 654-665.
87. Barouch DH, McKay PF, Sumida SM, et al. Plasmid chemokines and colony-stimulating factors enhance the immunogenicity of DNA priming-viral vector boosting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccines. J Virol 2003; 77: 8729-8735.
88. Nayak BP, Sailaja G, Jabbar AM. Enhancement of gp120-specific immune responses by genetic vacci-nation with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope gene fused to the gene coding for soluble CTLA4. J Virol 2003; 77: 10850-10861.
89. Muthumani K, Zhang D, Dayes NS, et al. Novel engineered HIV-1 East African Clade-A gp160 plasmid construct induces strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. Virology 2003; 314: 134-146.
90. Hinkula J, Svanholm C, Schwartz S, et al. Recognition of prominent viral epitopes induced by immunization with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 regulatory genes. J Virol 1997; 71: 5528-5539.
91. Putkonen P, Quesada-Rolander M, Leandersson AC, et al. Immune responses but no protection against SHIV by gene-gun delivery of HIV-1 DNA followed by recombinant subunit protein boosts. Virology 1998; 250: 293-301.
92. Calarota S, Bratt G, Nordlund S, et al. Cellular cytotoxic response induced by DNA vaccination in HIV-1 infected patients. Lancet 1998; 351: 1320-1325.
93. Van Harmelen JH, Shephard E, Thomas R, et al. Construction and characterisation of a candidate HIV-1 subtype C DNA vaccine for South Africa. Vaccine 2003; 21: 4380-4389.
94. Rollman E, Hinkula J, Arteaga J, et al. Multi-subtype gp160 DNA immunization induces broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies. Gene Ther 2004; 11: 1146-1154.
95. Wilson CC, McKinney D, Anders M, et al. Development of a DNA vaccine designed to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to multiple conserved epitopes in HIV-1. J Immunol 2003; 15: 5611-5623.
96. de Arruda LB, Chikhlikar PR, August JT, Marques ET. DNA vaccine encoding human immunodeficiency virus-1 Gag, targeted to the major histocompatibility complex II compartment by lysosomal-associated membrane protein, elicits enhanced long-term memory response. Immunology 2004; 112: 126-133.
97. Marques ET Jr, Chikhlikar P, de Arruda LB, et al. HIV-1 p55Gag encoded in the lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 as a DNA plasmid vaccine chimera is highly expressed, traffics to the major histocompatibility class II compartment, and elicits enhanced immune responses. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 37926-37936.
98. Ellenberger D, Li B, Smith J, et al. Optimization of a multi-gene HIV-1 recombinant subtype CRF02_AG DNA vaccine for expression of multiple immunogenic forms. Virology 2004; 319: 118-130.
99. Bagley KC, Shata MT, Onyabe DY, et al. Immunogenicity of DNA vaccines that direct the coincident expression of the 120 kDa glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus and the catalytic domain of cholera toxin. Vaccine 2003; 21: 3335-3341.
100. Gilbert PB, Chiu YL, Allen M, et al. Long-term safety analysis of preventive HIV-1 vaccines evaluated in AIDS vaccine evaluation group NIAID-sponsored Phase I and II clinical trials. Vaccine 2003; 21: 2933-2947.
101. Mathiesen BJ. HIV vaccines: milestones and insights. In Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Vaccines, Prevention and Control, Stanberry LR, Bernstein DI (eds). Academic Press: San Diego, 2000; 421-457.
102. Vandepaliere P. Therapeutic vaccines for control of human papillomavirus chronic infections. In Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Vaccines, Prevention and Control, Stanberry LR, Bernstein DI (eds). Academic Press: San Diego, 2000; 273-294.
103. Tobery TW, Smith JF, Kuklin N, et al. Effect of vaccine delivery system on the induction of HPV16L1-specific humoral and cell-mediated responses in immunized rhesus macaques. Vaccine 2003; 21: 1539-1547.
104. Zheng J, Si L, Song J, et al. Enhanced immune response to DNA-based HPV16L1 vaccination by costimulatory molecule B7-2. Antiviral Res 2003; 59: 61-65.
105. Kim SJ, Lee C, Lee SY, et al. Enhanced immunogenicity of human papillomavirus 16 L1 genetic vaccines fused to an ER-targeting secretory signal peptide and RANTES. Gene Ther 2003; 10: 1268-1273.
106. Rollman E, Arnheim L, Collier B, et al. HPV-16 L1 genes with inactivated negative RNA elements induce potent immune responses. Virology 2004; 322: 182-189.
107. Liu WJ, Zhan KN, Gao FG, et al. Polynucleotide viral vaccines: codon optimisation and ubiquitin conjugation enhances prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. Vaccine 2001; 20: 862-869.
108. Michel N, Osen W, Gissmann L, et al. Enhanced immunogenicity of HPV 16 E7 fusion proteins in DNA vaccination. Virology 2002; 294: 47-59.
109. Han R, Peng X, Reed CA, et al. Gene gun-mediated intracutaneous vaccination with papillomavirus E7 gene delays cancer development of papillomavirus-induced skin papillomas on rabbits. Cancer Detect Prev 2002; 26: 458-467.
110. Leachman SA, Shylankevich M, Slade MD, et al. Ubiquitin-fused and/or multiple early genes from cottontail rabbit papillomavirus as DNA vaccines. J Virol 2002; 76: 7616-7624.
111. De Marco F, Hallez S, Brulet JM, et al. DNA vaccines against HPV-16 E7-expressing tumour cells. Anticancer Res 2003; 23: 1449-1459.
112. Wlazlo AP, Deng H, Giles-Davis W, Ertl HC. DNA vaccines against the human papillomavirus type 16 E6 or E7 oncoproteins. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11: 457-464.
113. Hu J, Cladel NM, Wang Z, et al. GM-CSF enhances protective immunity to cottontail rabbit papillomavirus E8 genetic vaccination in rabbits. Vaccine 2004; 22: 1124-1130.
114. Vandepaliere P. Therapeutic vaccines for chronic hepatitis B infection. In Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Vaccines, Prevention and Control, Stanberry LR, Bernstein DI (eds). Academic Press: San Diego, 2000; 309-338.
115. Davis HL, Brazolot Millan CL, Mancini M, et al. DNA-based immunization against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in normal and HBsAg-transgenic mice. Vaccine 1997; 15: 849-852.
116. Piao YF, Tang TY, Niu JQ, Wang F. Construction of eukaryotic expression plasmids of hepatitis B surface antigen and helper T lymphocyte epitope. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2004; 3: 219-222.
117. Loirat D, Mancini-Bourgine M, Abastado JP, Michel ML. HBsAg/HLA-A2 transgenic mice: a model for T cell tolerance to hepatitis B surface antigen in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Int Immunol 2003; 15: 1125-1136.
118. Geissler M, Weth R, Grimm CF, et al. Induction of anti-hepatitis B virus immune responses through DNA immunization. Methods Mol Med 2004; 96: 43-54.
119. Miche ML. DNA-mediated immunization: prospects for hepatitis B vaccination. Res Virol 1995; 146: 261-265.
120. Lau GK, Lok AS, Liang RH, et al. Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen after bone marrow transplantation: role of adoptive immunity transfer. Hepatology 1997; 25: 1497-1501.
121. Geissler M, Tokushige K, Chante CC, et al. Cellular and humoral immune response to hepatitis B virus structural proteins in mice after DNA-based immunization. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 1307-1320.
122. Thermet A, Robaczewska M, Rollier C, et al. Identification of antigenic regions of duck hepatitis B virus core protein with antibodies elicited by DNA immunization and chronic infection. J Virol 2004; 78: 1945-1953.
123. Du DW, Jia ZS, Li GY, Zhou YY. HBV DNA vaccine with adjuvant cytokines induced specific immune responses against HBV infection. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 108-111.
124. Kwissa M, Kroger A, Hauser H, et al. Cytokine-facilitated priming of CD8+ T cell responses by DNA vaccination. J Mol Med 2003; 81: 91-101.
125. He XS, Chen HS, Chu K, et al. Costimulatory protein B7-1 enhances the cytotoxic T cell response and antibody response to hepatitis B surface antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 7274-7278.
126. Kim SJ, Suh D, Park SE, et al. Enhanced immunogenicity of DNA fusion vaccine encoding secreted hepatitis B surface antigen and chemokine RANTES. Virology 2003; 314: 84-91.
127. Corny RM, Curiel DT, Strong TV, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding carcinoembryonic antigen and hepatitis B surface antigen in colorectal carcinoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 2782-2787.
128. Bleck TP, Rupprecht ChE. Rhabdoviruses. In Clinical Virology, Richman DD, Whitley RJ, Hayden FG (eds). ASM Press: Washington, 2002; 857-873.
129. Perrin P, Jacob Y, Desmezieres E, Tordo N. DNA-based immunisation against rabies and rabies-related viruses: towards multivalent vaccines. Dev Biol (Basel) 2000; 104: 151-157.
130. Yelverton E, Norton S, Obijeski JF, Goeddel DV. Rabies virus glycoprotein analogs: biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Science 1983; 219: 614-620.
131. Prehaud C, Takehara K, Flamand A, Bishop DH. Immunogenic and protective properties of rabies virus glycoprotein expressed by baculovirus vectors. Virology 1989; 173: 390-399.
132. Wunner WH, Dietzschold B, Smith CL, et al. Antigenic variants of CVS rabies virus with altered glycosylation sites. Virology 1985; 140: 1-12.
133. Kieny MP, Lathe R, Drillien R, et al. Expression of rabies virus glycoprotein from a recombinant vaccinia virus. Nature 1984; 312: 163-166.
134. Fodor I, Kucsera L, Fodor N, et al. Gene immunization of mice with plasmid DNA expressing rabies virus glycoprotein. Acta Vet Hung 2000; 48: 229-236.
135. Perrin P, Jacob Y, Tordo N. DNA-based immunization against Lyssaviruses. Intervirology 2000; 43: 302-311.
136. Diogo MM, Ribeiro SC, Qeiroz JA, et al. Production, purification and analysis of an experimental DNA vaccine against rabies. J Gene Med 2001; 3: 577-584.
137. Biswas S, Reddy GS, Srinivasan VA, Rangarajan PN. Preexposure efficacy of a novel combination DNA and inactivated rabies virus vaccine. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12: 1917-1922.
138. Kilbourne ED. Inactivated influenza virus vaccines. In Vaccines, Plotkin SA, Mortimer EAJ (eds). WB Saunders: Philadelphia, 1994; 565-582.
139. Johansson BE, Matthews JT, Kilbourne ED. Supplementation of conventional influenza A vaccine with purified viral neuraminidase results in a balanced and broadened immune response. Vaccine 1998; 16: 1009-1015.
140. Ulmer JB, Fu TM, Deck RR, et al. Protective CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against influenza virus induced by vaccination with nucleoprotein DNA. J Virol 1998; 72: 5648-5653.
141. Jeon SH, Arnon R. Immunization with influenza virus hemagglutinin globular region containing the receptor-binding pocket. Viral Immunol 2002; 15: 165-176.