Retroviral inheritance in man;Notre patrimoine rétroviral

Journal de la Societe de Biologie

Volumn 198, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 399-412

  Mallet, François ^a   Prudhomme, Sarah ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLASSIFICATION; ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENETICS; HUMAN; PLACENTA; RETROVIRUS; REVIEW; VIROLOGY;

ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES; HUMANS; PLACENTA; RETROVIRIDAE; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

EID: 24944506381     PISSN: 12950661     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2004198040399     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Andersson G.,'Svensson A. C, Setterblad N. & Rask L., Retroelements in the human MHC class II region. Trends Genet., 1998, 14 (3), 109-114.
2. Antony J. M., van Marie G., Opti W., Butterfield D. A., Mallet F., Yong V. W., Wallace J. L., Deacon R. M., Warren K. & Power C, Human endogenous retrovirus glycoprotein-mediated induction of redox reactants causes oligodendrocyte death and demyelination. Nature Neuroscience, 2004, 7(10), 1088-1095.
3. Armbruester V., Sauter M., Krautkraemer E., Meese E., Klei-man A., Best B., Roemer K. & Mueller-Lantzsch N., A novel gene from the human endogenous retrovirus K expressed in transformed cells. Clin. Cancer Res., 2002, 8, 1800-1807.
4. Belshaw R., Pereira V., Katzourakis A., Talbot G., Paces J., Burt A. & Tristem M., Long-term reinfection of the human genome by endogenous retroviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, 101, 4894-4899.
5. Benirschke K., Remarkable placenta. Clin. Anat., 1998, 11, 194-205.
6. Benit L., Dcssen P. & Heidmann T., Identification, phylogeny, and evolution of retroviral elements based on their envelope genes. J. Virol., 2001, 75, 11709-11719.
7. Best S., Le Tissier P., Towers G. & Stoye J. P., Positional cloning of the mouse retrovirus restriction gene Fvl. Nature, 1996, 382, 826-829.
8. Best S., Le Tissier P. R. & Stoye J. P., Endogenous retroviruses and the evolution of resistance to retroviral infection. Trends Microbiol., 1997, 5, 313-318.
9. Bi S., Gavrilova O., Gong D. W., Mason M. M. & Reitman M., Identification of a placental enhancer for the human leptin gene. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 30583-30588.
10. Bieche I., Laurent A., Laurendeau I., Duret L., Giovangrandi Y., Frendo J. L., Olivi M., Fausser J. L., Evain-Brion D. & Vidaud M., Placenta-specific INSL4 expression is mediated by a human endogenous retrovirus element. Biol. Reprod., 2003, 68, 1422-1429.
11. Blaise S., Parseval N. N., Benit L. & Heidmann T., Genomewide screening for fusogenic human endogenous retrovirus envelopes identifies syncytin 2, a gene conserved in primate evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100, 13013-13018.
12. Blanco P., Shlumukova M., Sargent C. A., Jobling M. A., Affara N. & Hurles M. E., Divergent outcomes of intrachromosomal recombination on the human Y chromosome: male infertility and recurrent polymorphism. J. Med. Genet., 2000, 37, 752-758.
13. Blond J. L., Beseme F., Duret L., Bouton O., Bedin F., Perron H., Mandrand B. & Mallet F., Molecular characterization and placental expression of HERV-W, a new human endogenous retrovirus family. J. Virol., 1999, 73, 1175-1185.
14. Blond J. L., Lavillette D., Cheynet V., Bouton O., Oriol G., Cha-pel-Femandes S., Mandrand B., Mallet F. & Cosset F. L., An envelope glycoprotein of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W is expressed in the human placenta and fuses cells expressing the type D mammalian retrovirus receptor. J. Virol., 2000, 74, 3321-3329.
15. Boeke J. D. & Stoye J. P., Retrotransposons, endogenous retroviruses, and the evolution of retroelements. In: Retroviruses (Coffin J. M., Hughes S. H., Varmus H. E., eds). New York : Cold Spring Harbor laboratory press, 1997, 343-435.
16. Bocse A., Sauter M., Galli U., Best B., Herbst H., Mayer J., Krem-mer E., Roemer K. & Mueller-Lantzsch N., Human endogenous retrovirus protein cORF supports cell transformation and associates with the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein. Oncogene, 2000, 19, 4328-4336.
17. Boiler K., Janssen O., Schuldes H., Tonjcs R. R. & Kurth R., Characterization of the antibody response specific for the human endogenous retrovirus HTDV/HERV-K. J. Virol., 1997, 71, 4581-4588.
18. Boiler K., Konig H., Sauter M., Mueller-Lantzsch N., Lower R., Lower J. & Kurth R., Evidence that HERV-K is the endogenous retrovirus sequence that codes for the human tera-tocarcinoma-derived retrovirus HTDV. Virology, 1993, 196, 349-353.
19. Christensen T., Sorensen P. D., Riemann H., Hansen H. J. & Mol- ler-Larsen A., Expression of sequence variants of endogenous retrovirus RGH in particle form in multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 1998, 352, 1033.
20. Cianciolo G. J., Copeland T. D., Oroszlan S. & Snyderman R., Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by a synthetic peptide homologous to retroviral envelope protein. Science, 1985, 230, 453-455.
21. Clausen J., Endogenous retroviruses and MS: using ERVs as disease markers. Int. MS J., 2003, 10, 22-28.
22. Coffin J. M., Genetic diversity and evolution of retroviruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 1992, 176, 143-164.
23. Conrad B., Weissmahr R. N., B5ni J., Arcari R., Schupbach J. & Mach B., A human endogenous retroviral supcrantigen as candidate autoimmune gene in type I diabetes. Cell, 1997, 90, 303-313.
24. Cross J. C, Baczyk D., Dobric N., Hcmbcrgcr M., Hughes M, Simmons D. G., Yamamoto H. & Kingdom J. C, Genes, development and evolution of the placenta. Placenta, 2003, 24, 123-130.
25. De Parseval N. & Heidmann T., Physiological knockout of the envelope gene of the single-copy ERV-3 human endogenous retrovirus in a fraction of the Caucasian population. J. Virol., 1998, 72, 3442-3445.
26. De Parseval N., Lazar V., Casella J. F., Benit L. & Heidmann T., Survey of human genes of retroviral origin: identification and transcriptome of the genes with coding capacity for complete envelope proteins. J. Virol., 2003, 77, 10414-10422.
27. Depil S., Roche C, Dussart P. & Prin L., Expression of a human endogenous retrovirus, HERV-K, in the blood cells of leukemia patients. Leukemia, 2002, 16, 254-259.
28. Dunn C. A., Medstrand P. & Mager D. L., An endogenous retroviral long terminal repeat is the dominant promoter for human β1, 3-gaIactosyltransferase 5 in the colon. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 2003, 100, 12841-12846.
29. Espinosa A. & Villarreal L. P., T-Ag inhibits implantation by EC cell derived embryoid bodies. Virus Genes, 2000, 20, 195-200.
30. Firouzi R., Rolland A., Michel M., Jouvin-Marche E., Hauw J. J., Malcus-Vocanson C, Lazarini F., Gebuhrer L., Seigneurin J. M., Touraine J. L., Sanhadji K., Marche P. N. & Perron H., Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus particles cause T lymphocyte-dependent death with brain hemorrhage in humanized SCID mice model. J. NeuroVirol., 2003, 9, 79-93.
31. Florl A. R., Löwer R., Schmitz-Drager B. J. & Schulz W. A., DNA methylation and expression of LINE-1 and HERV-K provirus sequences in urothelial and renal cell carcinomas. Br. J. Cancer, 1999, 80 (9), 1312-1321.
32. Fraser J., Arcus V., Kong P., Baker E. & Proft T., Superantigens-powerful modifiers of the immune system. Molecular Medicine Today, 2000, 6 (3), 125-132.
33. Frendo J. L., Olivier D., Cheynet V., Blond J. L., Bouton O., Vidaud M., Rabreau M., Evain-Brion D. & Mallet F., Direct involvement of HERV-W Env glycoprotein in human trophoblast cell fusion and differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2003, 23, 3566-3574.
34. Gardner M., Dandekar S. & Cardiff R., Molecular mechanism of an ecotropic MuLV restriction gene Akvr-l/FV-4 in California Wild mice. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 1986, 127, 338-345.
35. Goedert J. J., Sauter M. E., Jacobson L. P., Vessella R. L., Hil-gartner M. W., Leitman S. F., Fraser M. C. & Mueller-Lantzsch N. G., High prevalence of antibodies against HERV-K 10 in patients with testicular cancer but not with AIDS. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 1999, 8, 293-296.
36. Goff S. P., Operating under a Gag order: a block against incoming virus by the Fvl gene. Cell, 1996, 86, 691-693.
37. Guasch G., Popovici C, Mugneret F., Chaffanet M., Pontarotti P., Birnbaum D. & Pebusque M. J., Endogenous retroviral sequence is fused to FGFR1 kinase in the 8 p l2 stem-cell myeloproliferative disorder with t(8;19)(pl2;ql3.3). Blood, 2003, 101, 286-288.
38. Hanahan D. & Weinberg R. A., The hallmarks of cancer. Cell, 2000, 100, 57-70.
39. Harada F., Tsukada N. & Kato N., Isolation of three kinds of human endogenous-like sequences using tRNApro as a probe. Nucleic Acids Res., 1987, 15, 9153-9162.
40. Haraguchi S., Good R. A. & Day N. K., Immunosuppressive retroviral peptides: cAMP and cytokine patterns. Immunol. Today, 1995, 16 (12), 595-603.
41. Harris J. R., Placental endogenous retrovirus (ERV): structural, functional, and evolutionary significance. BioEssays, 1998, 20, 307-316.
42. Herbst H., Kuhler-Obbarius C, Lauke H., Sauter M., Mueller-Lantzsch N., Harms D. & Loning T., Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-K transcripts in gonadoblastomas and gonadoblastoma-derived germ cell tumours. Virchows Arch., 1999, 434, 11-15.
43. Herbst H., Sauter M., Kuhler-Obbarius C, Loning T., & Mueller-Lantzsch N., Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-K transcripts in germ cell and trophoblastic tumours. APMIS, 1998, 106, 216-220.
44. Herbst H., Sauter M. & Mueller-Lantzsch N., Expression of human endogenous retrovirus K elements in germ cell and trophoblastic tumors. Am. J. Pathol., 1996, 149, 1727-1735.
45. Hohenadl C, Germaier H., Walchner M., Hagenhofer M., Herrmann M., Sturzl M., Kind P., Hehlmann R., Erfle V. & Leib-Mösch C, Transcriptional activation of endogenous retroviral sequences in human epidermal keratinocytes by UVB irradiation. J. Invest. Dermatol., 1999, 113 (4), 587-594.
46. Hughes J. F. & Coffin J. M., Evidence for genomic rearrangements mediated by human endogenous retroviruses during primate evolution. Nature genetics, 2001, 29, 487-489.
47. I.H.G.S.C. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 2001, 409, 860-921.
48. Johnston J. B., Silva C, Holden J., Warren K. G., Clark A. W. & Power C, Monocyte activation and differentiation augment human endogenous retrovirus expression: implications for inflammatory brain diseases. Ann. Neurol., 2001, 50, 434-442.
49. Kamp C, Hirschmann P., Voss H., Huellen K. & Vogt P. H., Two long homologous retroviral sequence blocks in proximal Yq l1 cause AZFa microdeletions as a result of intrachro- mosomal recombination events. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2000, 9, 2563-2572.
50. Karlsson H., Bachmann S., Schroder J., McArthur J., Torrey E. F., & Yolken R. H., Retroviral RNA identified in the cerebrospinal fluids and brains of individuals with schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2001, 98, 4634-4639.
51. Kato N., Pfeifer-Ohlsson S., Kato M., Larsson E., Rydnert J., Ohls-son R. & Cohen M., Tissue-specific expression of human provirus ERV3 mRNA in human placenta: two of the three ERV3 mRNAs contain human cellular sequences. J. Virol., 1987, 61, 2182-2191.
52. Kekuda R., Prasad P. D., Fei Y. J., Torres-Zamorano V., Sinha S., Yang-Feng T. L., Leibach F. H. & Ganapathy V., Cloning of the sodium-dependent, broad-scope, neutral amino acid transporter Bo from a human placental choriocarcinoma cell line. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 18657-18661.
53. Khodosevich K., Lebedev Y. & Sverdlov E. D., Large-scale determination of the methylation status of retrotransposons in different tissues using a methylation tags approach. Nucleic Acids Res., 2004, 32, e31.
54. Kim H. S., Yi J. M. & Jeon S. H., Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of HERV-K long terminal repeat cDNA in cancer cells. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 2001, 17, 987-990.
55. Kitamura M., Maruyama N., Shirasawa T., Nagasawa R., Wata-nabe K., Tateno M. & Yoshiki T., Expression of an endogenous retroviral gene product in human placenta. Int. J. Cancer, 1994, 58, 836-840.
56. Knerr I., Beindcr E. & Rascher W., Syncytin, a novel human endogenous retroviral gene in human placenta: evidence for its dysregulation in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 2002, 186, 210-213.
57. Komurian-Pradel F., Paranhos-Baccala G., Bedin F., Ounanian-Paraz A., Sodoyer M., Ott C, Rajoharison A., Garcia E., Mallet F., Mandrand B. & Perron H., Molecular cloning and characterization of MSRV-related sequences associated with rctrovirus-like particles. Virology, 1999, 260 (1), 1-9.
58. Kudo Y., Boyd C. A., Sargent I. L. & Redman C. W., Hypoxia alters expression and function of syncytin and its receptor during trophoblast cell fusion of human placental BeWo cells: implications for impaired trophoblast syncytialisation in pre-eclampsia. Blochim. Biophys. Acta, 2003, 1638, 63-71.
59. La Mantia G., Maglione D., Pengue G., Di Cristofano A., Simeone A., Lanfrancone L. & Lania L., Identification and characterization of novel human endogenous retroviral sequences preferentially expressed in undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cells. Nucleic Acids Research, 1991, 19, 1513-1520.
60. Landry J. R., Rouhi A., Medstrand P. & Mager D. L., The opitz syndrome gene mid l is transcribed from a human endogenous retroviral promoter. Mol. Biol Evol., 2002, 19, 1934-1942.
61. Lee W. J., Kwun H. J., Kim H. S., & Jang K. L., Activation of the human endogenous retrovirus W long terminal repeat by herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate early protein 1. Mol. Cells, 2003, 15, 75-80.
62. Lee X., Keith J. C, Jr., Stumm N., Moutsatsos I., McCoy J. M., Crum C. P., Genest D., Chin D., Ehrenfels C, Pijnenborg R., Van Assche F. A. & Mi S., Downregulation of placental syncytin expression and abnormal protein localization in pre-eclampsia. Placenta, 2001, 22, 808-812.
63. Lin H., Mosmann T. R., Guilbert L., Tuntipopipat S. & Wegmann T. G., Synthesis of T helper 2-type cytokines at the maternal-fetal interface. J. Immunol., 1993, 151, 4562-4573.
64. Lin L., Xu B. & Rote N. S., Expression of endogenous retrovirus ERV-3 induces differentiation in BeWo, a choriocarcinoma model of human placental trophoblast. Placenta, 1999, 20, 109-118.
65. Lin L., Xu B. & Rote N. S., The cellular mechanism by which the human endogenous retrovirus ERV-3 env gene affects proliferation and differentiation in a human placental trophoblast model, BeWo. Placenta, 2000, 21, 73-78.
66. Lindeskog M., Medstrand P. & Blomberg J., Sequence variation of human endogenous retrovirus ERV9-related elements in an env region corresponding to an immunosuppressive peptide: transcription in normal and neoplastic cells. J. Virol., 1993, 67, 1122-1126.
67. Long Q. M., Bengra C, Li C. H., Kutlar F. & Tuan D., A long terminal repeat of the human endogenous retrovirus ERV-9 is located in the 5' boundary area of the human b-globin locus control region. Genomics, 1998, 54, 542-555.
68. Löwer R., The pathogenic potential of endogenous retroviruses: facts and fantasies. Trends Microbiol., 1999, 7 (9), 350-356.
69. Löwer R., Löwer J. & Kurth R., The viruses in all of us: characteristics and biological significance of human endogenous retrovirus sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996, 93, 5177-5184.
70. Löwer R., Tönjes R. R., Boiler K., Denner J., Kaiser B., Phelps R. C, Löwer J., Kurth R., Badenhoop K., Donner H., Usa- del K. H., Miethke T., Lapatschek M. & Wagner H., Development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus does not depend on specific expression of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K. Cell, 1998, 95, 11-14.
71. Löwer R., Tönjes R. R., Korbmacher C, Kurth R. & Löwer J., Identification of a Rev-related protein by analysis of spliced transcripts of the human endogenous retrovirus HTDV/HERV-K. J. Virol., 1995, 69(1), 141-149.
72. Maeda N., Nucleotide sequence of the haptoglobin and haptoglobin-related gene pair.J. Biol. Chem., 1985, 260, 6698-6709.
73. Mager D. L. & Freeman J. D., Human endogenous retrovirus genome with type C pol sequences and gag sequences related to human T-cell lymphotropic viruses. J. Virol., 1987, 61, 4060-4066.
74. Magin C, Löwer R. & Löwer J., cORF and RcRE, the Rev/Rex and RRE/RxRE homologues of the the human endogenous retrovirus family HTDV/HERV-K. J. Virol., 1999, 73, 9496-9507.
75. Mallet F., Bouton O., Prudhomme S., Cheynet V., Oriol G., Bon-naud B., Lucottc G., Duret L. & Mandrand B., The endogenous retroviral locus ERVWEl is a bona fide gene involved in hominoid placental physiology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, 101, 1731-1736.
76. Mangeney M., De Parseval N., Thomas G. & Heidmann T., The full-length envelope of an HERV-H human endogenous retrovirus has immunosuppressive properties. J. Gen. Virol., 2001, 82, 2515-2518.
77. Marguerat S., Wang W. Y., Todd J. A. & Conrad B., Association of human endogenous retrovirus K-18 polymorphisms with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes, 2004, 53, 852-854.
78. Mayer J., Ehlhardt S., Seifert M., Sauter M., Muller-Lantzsch N., Mehraein Y., Zang K. D. & Meese E., Human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) proviruses with Rec protein coding capacity and transcriptional activity. Virology, 2004, 322, 190-198.
79. Medstrand P., Landry J. R. & Mager D. L., Long terminal repeats are used as alternative promoters for the endothelin B receptor and apolipoprotein C-I genes in humans. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 1896-1903.
80. Menendez L., Benigno B. B. & McDonald J. F., LI and HERV-W retrotransposons are hypomethylated in human ovarian carcinomas. Mol. Cancer, 2004, 3, 12.
81. Mi S., Lee X., Li X., Veldman G. M., Finnerty H. Racie L., LaVal-lie E., Tang X. Y., Edouard P., Howes S., Keith J. C, Jr. & McCoy J. M., Syncytin is a captive retroviral envelope protein involved in human placental morphogenesis. Nature, 2000, 403, 785-789.
82. Miki Y., Nishisho I., Horii A., Miyoshi Y., Utsunomiya J., Kinz-ler K. W., Vogelstein B. & Nakamura Y., Disruption of the APC gene by a retrotransposal insertion of L1 sequence in a colon cancer. Cancer Res., 1992, 52, 643-645.
83. Mura M., Murcia P., Caporale M., Spencer T. E., Nagashima K., Rein A. & Palmarini M., Late viral interference induced by transdominant Gag of an endogenous retrovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, 101, 11117-11122.
84. Muster T., Waltenberger A., Grassauer A., Hirschl S., Caucig P., Romirer I., Fodinger D., Seppele H., Schanab O., Magin-Lachmann C, Lower R., Jansen B., Pehamberger H. & Wolff K., An endogenous retrovirus derived from human melanoma cells. Cancer Res., 2003, 63, 8735-8741.
85. Nakamura A., Okazaki Y., Sugimoto J., Oda T. & Jinno Y., Human endogenous retroviruses with transcriptional potential in the brain. J. Hum. Genet., 2003, 48, 575-581.
86. Nihrane A., Fujita K., Willey R., Lyu M. S. & Silver J., Murine leukemia virus envelope protein in transgenic-mouse serum blocks infection in vitro. J. Virol., 1996, 70, 1882-1889.
87. O'Connell C. D., O'Brien S., Nash W. G. & Cohen M., ERV-3, a full-length human endogenous provirus: chromosomal localization and evolutionary relationships. Virology, 1984, 138, 225-235.
88. Obermayer-Straub P. & Manns M. P., Hepatitis C and D, retroviruses and autoimmune manifestations. J. Autoimmun., 2001, 16, 275-285.
89. Ono M., Kawakami M. & Ushikubo H., Stimulation of expression of the human endogenous retrovirus genome by female steroid hormones in human breast cancer cell line T47D. J. Virol., 1987, 61, 2059-2062.
90. Ono M., Yasunaga T. & Ushikubo H., Nucleotide sequence of human endogenous retrovirus genome related to the mouse mammary tumor virus. J. Virol., 1986, 60, 589-598.
91. Patzkc S., Lindeskog M., Munthe E. & Aasheim H. C, Characterization of a novel human endogenous retrovirus, HERV-H/F, expressed in human leukemia cell lines. Virology, 2002, 303, 164-173.
92. Perl A., Role of endogenous retroviruses in autoimmune diseases. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am., 2003, 29, 123-43, vii.
93. Perl A., Rosenblatt J. D., Chen I. S., DiVincenzo J. P., Bever R., Poiesz B. J. & Abraham G. N., Detection and cloning of new HTLV-related endogenous sequences in man. Nucleic Acids Res., 1989, 17, 6841-6854.
94. Perron H., Garson J. A., Bedin F., Beseme F., Paranhos-Baccala G., Komurian-Pradel F., Mallet F., Tuke P. W., Voisset C, Blond J. L., Lalande B., Seigneurin J. M., Mandrand B. & The Collaborative Research Group on Multiple Sclerosis, Molecular identification of a novel retrovirus repeatedly isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, 94, 7583-7588.
95. Perron H., Geny C, Laurent A., Mouriquand C, Pellat J., Perret J. & Seigneurin J. M., Leptomeningeal cell line from multiple sclerosis with reverse transcriptase activity and viral particles. Research Virology, 1989, 140, 551-561.
96. Perron H., Jouvin-Marche E., Michel M., Ounanian-Paraz A., Camelo S., Dumon A., Jolivet-Reynaud C, Marcel F., Souillet Y., Borcl E., Gebuhrer L., Santoro L., Marcel S., Seigneurin J. M., Marche P. N. & Lafon M., Multiple sclerosis retrovirus particles and recombinant envelope trigger an abnormal immune response in vitro, by inducing polyclonal Vβ16 T-lymphocyte activation. Virology, 2001, 287, 321-332.
97. Perron H., Perin J. P., Rieger F. & Alliel P. M., Particle-associated retroviral RNA and tandem RGH/HERV-W copies on human chromosome 7q: possible components of a "chain- reaction" triggered by infectious agents in multiple sclerosis ? J. Neurovirol., 2000, 6 (Suppl. 2), S67-S75.
98. Perron H. & Seigneurin J. M., Human retroviral sequences associated with extracellular particles in autoimmune diseases: epiphenomenon or possible role in aetiopathogenesis? Microbe. Infect., 1999, 1, 309-322.
99. Ponferrada V. G., Mauck B. S. & Wooley D. P., The envelope glycoprotein of human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W induces cellular resistance to spleen necrosis virus. Arch. Virol., 2003, 148, 659-675.
100. Portis J. L., Perspectives on the role of endogenous human retroviruses in autoimmune diseases. Virology, 2002, 296, 1-5.
101. Rasko J. E. J., Battini J. L., Gottschalk R. J., Mazo I. & Miller A. D., The RD114 simian type D retrovirus receptor is a neutral amino acid transporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96 2129-2134.
102. Repaske R., O'Neill R. R., Steele P. E., & Martin M. A., Characterization and partial nucleotide sequence of endogenous type C retrovinis segments in human chromosomal DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1983, 80, 678-682.
103. Rouas-Freiss N., Goncalves R. M. B., Menier C, Dausset J. & Carosella E. D., Direct evidence to support the role of HLA- G in protecting-the fetus from maternal uterine natural killer cytolysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, 94, 11520-11525.
104. Sanna E., Sanna M. P., Loddo C, Sanna L., Mura M., Cadelano T. & Leoni A., Endogenous jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus RNA is expressed by different cell types in ovine foetus and placenta. Eur. J. HistoChem., 2002, 46, 273-280.
105. Sauter M., Schommer S., Kremmer E., Remberger K., Dolken G., Lemm I., Buck M., Best B., Neumann-Haefelin D. & Mueller-Lantzsch N., Human endogenous retrovirus K10: expression of Gag protein and detection of antibodies in patients with seminomas. J. Virol., 1995, 69, 414-421.
106. Schiavetti F., Thonnard J., Colau D., Boon T. & Coulie P. G., A human endogenous retroviral sequence encoding an antigen recognized on melanoma by cytolytic T lymphocytes. Cancer Res., 2002, 62, 414-421.
107. Schön U., Seifarth W., Baust C, Hohenadl C, Erfie V. & Leib-Mosch C, Cell type-specific expression and promoter activity of human endogenous retroviral long terminal repeats. Virology, 2001, 279, 5510-5516.
108. Schramke V. & Allshire R., Hairpin RNAs and rctrotransposon LTRs effect RNAi and chromatin-based gene silencing. Science, 2003, 301, 1069-1074.
109. Schulte A. M., Lai S., Kurtz A., Czubayko F., Riegel A. T. & Wellstein A., Human trophoblast and choriocarcinoma expression of the growth factor pleiotrophin attributable to germ-line insertion of an endogenous retrovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996, 93, 14759-14764.
110. Seidl C, Donner H., Petershofen E., Usadel K. H., Seifried E., Kaltwasser J. P. & Badenhoop K., An endogenous retroviral long terminal repeat at the HLA-DQB1 gene locus confers susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Hum. Immunol., 1999, 60, 63-68.
111. Seifarth W., Baust C, Murr A., Skladny H., Krieg-Schneider F., Blusch J., Werner T., Hehlmann R. & Leib-Mosch C, Proviral structure, chromosomal location, and expression of HERV-K-T47D, a novel human endogenous retrovirus derived from T47D particles. J. Virol., 1998, 72, 8384-8391.
112. Sekigawa I., Ogasawara H., Kaneko H., Hishikawa T. & Hashimoto H., Retroviruses and autoimmunity. Intern. Med., 2001, 40, 80-86.
113. Shih A., Misra R. & Rush M. G., Detection of multiple, novel reverse transcriptase coding sequences in human nucleic acids: relation to primate retroviruses. J. Virol., 1989, 63, 64-75.
114. Spencer T. E., Mura M., Gray C. A., Griebel P. J. & Palmarini M., Receptor usage and fetal expression of ovine endogenous betaretroviruses: implications for coevolution of endogenous and exogenous retroviruses. J. Virol., 2003, 77, 749-753.
115. Stauffer Y., Marguerat S., Meylan F., Ucla C, Sutkowski N., Huber B., Pelet T. & Conrad B., Interferon-α-induced endogenous superantigen. A model linking environment and autoimmunity. Immunity, 2001, 15, 591-601.
116. Stauffer Y., Theiler G., Sperisen P., Lebedcv Y. & Jongeneel C. V., Digital expression profiles of human endogenous retroviral families in normal and cancerous tissues. Cancer Immun., 2004, 4, 2.
117. Sun C, Skaletsky H., Rozen S., Gromoll J., Nieschlag E., Oates R. & Page D. C, Deletion of azoospermia factor a (AZFa) region of human Y chromosome caused by recombination between HERV15 proviruses. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2000, 9, 2291-2296.
118. Sutkowski N., Conrad B., Thorley-Lawson D. A. & Huber B. T., Epstein-Barr virus transactivates the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K 18 that encodes a superantigen. Immunity, 2001, 15, 579-589.
119. Tailor C. S., Nouri A., Zhao Y., Takeuchi Y. & Kabat D., A sodium-dependent neutral-amino-acid transporter mediates infections of feline and baboon endogenous retroviruses and simian type D retroviruses. J. Virol., 1999, 73, 4470-4474.
120. Taruscio D. & Mantovani A., Eleven chromosomal integration sites of a human endogenous retrovirus (HERV 4-1) map close to known loci of thirteen hereditary malformation syndromes. Teratology, 1996, 54, 108-110.
121. Taruscio D. & Mantovani A., Human endogenous retroviruses and environmental endocrine disruptors: a connection worth exploring? Teratology, 1998, 58, 27-28.
122. Ting C. N., Rosenberg M. P., Snow C. M., Samuelson L. C. & Meisler M. H., Endogenous retroviral sequences are required for tissue-specific expression of a human salivary amylase gene. Genes Dev., 1992, 6, 1457-1465.
123. Tristem M., Identification and characterization of novel human endogenous retrovirus families by phylogenetic screening of the human genome mapping project database. J. Virol., 2000, 74, 3715-3730.
124. Tufarelli C, Stanley J. A., Garrick D., Sharpe J. A., Ayyub H., Wood W. G. & Higgs D. R., Transcription of antisense RNA leading to gene silencing and methylation as a novel cause of human genetic disease. Nature genetics, 2003, 34, 157-165.
125. Turner G., Barbulescu M., Su M, Jensen-Seaman M. I., Kidd K. K. & Lenz J., Insertional polymorphisms of full-length endogenous retroviruses in humans. Curr. Biol., 2001, 11, 1531-1535.
126. van Regenmortel M. H., Mayo M. A., Fauquet C. M. & Mani-loff J., Virus nomenclature: consensus versus chaos. Arch. Virol., 2000, 145, 2227-2232.
127. Venables P. J., Brookes S. M., Griffiths D., Weiss R. A. & Boyd M. T., Abundance of an endogenous retroviral envelope protein in placental trophoblasts suggests a biological function. Virology, 1995, 211, 589-592.
128. Villareal L. P., On viruses, sex, and motherhood. J. Virol., 1997, 71 (2), 859-865.
129. Voisset C, Bouton O., Bedin F., Duret L., Mandrand B., Mallet F. & Paranhos-Baccala G., Chromosomal distribution and coding capacity of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 2000, 16, 731-740.
130. Wang-Johanning F., Frost A. R., Jian B., Azerou R., Lu D. W., Chen D. T. & Johanning G. L., Detecting the expression of human endogenous retrovirus E envelope transcripts in human prostate adenocarcinoma. Cancer, 2003a, 98, 187-197.
131. Wang-Johanning F., Frost A. R., Jian B., Epp L., Lu D. W. & Johanning G. L., Quantitation of HERV-K env gene expression and splicing in human breast cancer. Oncogene, 2003b, 22, 1528-1535.
132. Weiss R. A., Retroviruses and human cancer. Semin. Cancer Biol., 1992, 3, 321-328.
133. Wentzensen N., Wilz B., Findeisen P., Wagner R., Dippold W., von Knebel D.M. & Gebert J., Identification of differentially expressed genes in colorectal adenoma compared to normal tissue by suppression subtractive hybridization. Int. J. Oncol., 2004, 24, 987-994.
134. Whitelaw E. & Martin D. I., Retrotransposons as epigenetic mediators of phenotypic variation in mammals. Nature genetics, 2001, 27, 361-365.
135. Wilkinson D. A., Mager D. L. & Leong J. A. C, Endogenous human retroviruses. In: The retroviridae, Volume 3 (Levy J. A., ed.). New York : Plenum Press, 1994, 465-535.
136. Wilier A., Saussele S., Gimbel W., Seifarth W., Kister P., Leib-Mösch C. & Hehlmann R., Two groups of endogenous MMTV related retroviral env transcripts expressed in human tissues. Virus Genes, 1997, 15, 123-133.
137. Yang J., Bogerd H. P., Peng S., Wiegand H., Truant R. & Cullen B. R., An ancient family of human endogenous retroviruses encodes a functional homolog of the HIV-1 Rev protein. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96, 13404-13408.