메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 86, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 1371-1384

A reassessment of genetic limits to evolutionary change

Author keywords

G matrix; Genetic correlations and variance; Heritability; Life history studies; Natural selection; Response to selection; Selection experiments; Species distributions; Trade offs

Indexed keywords

GENETIC VARIATION; HERITABILITY; LIFE HISTORY THEORY; NATURAL SELECTION;

EID: 20444399511     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/04-1209     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (483)

References (141)
  • 1
    • 0036087749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic cold adaptation in insects: A large-scale perspective
    • Addo-Bediako, A., S. L. Chown, and K. J. Gaston. 2002. Metabolic cold adaptation in insects: a large-scale perspective. Functional Ecology 16:332-338.
    • (2002) Functional Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 332-338
    • Addo-Bediako, A.1    Chown, S.L.2    Gaston, K.J.3
  • 2
    • 0035707944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible consequences of genes of major effect: Transient changes in the G-matrix
    • Agrawal, A. F., E. D. Brodie III, and L. H. Rieseberg. 2001. Possible consequences of genes of major effect: transient changes in the G-matrix. Genetica 112-113:33-43.
    • (2001) Genetica , vol.112-113 , pp. 33-43
    • Agrawal, A.F.1    Brodie III, E.D.2    Rieseberg, L.H.3
  • 3
    • 0024164857 scopus 로고
    • The effects of zinc contamination from electricity pylons: Evolution in a replicated situation
    • Al-Hiyaly, S. A., T. McNeilly, and A. D. Bradshaw. 1988. The effects of zinc contamination from electricity pylons: evolution in a replicated situation. New Phytologist 110: 571-580.
    • (1988) New Phytologist , vol.110 , pp. 571-580
    • Al-Hiyaly, S.A.1    McNeilly, T.2    Bradshaw, A.D.3
  • 4
    • 0027838922 scopus 로고
    • The effect of zinc contamination from electricity pylons: Genetic constraints on selection for zinc tolerance
    • Al-Hiyaly, S. A., T. McNeilly, A. D. Bradshaw, and A. M. Mortimer. 1993. The effect of zinc contamination from electricity pylons: genetic constraints on selection for zinc tolerance. Heredity 70:22-32.
    • (1993) Heredity , vol.70 , pp. 22-32
    • Al-Hiyaly, S.A.1    McNeilly, T.2    Bradshaw, A.D.3    Mortimer, A.M.4
  • 5
    • 0000513344 scopus 로고
    • What should be done when an estimated between-group covariance matrix is not nonnegative definite?
    • Amemiya, Y. 1985. What should be done when an estimated between-group covariance matrix is not nonnegative definite? American Statistician 39:112-117.
    • (1985) American Statistician , vol.39 , pp. 112-117
    • Amemiya, Y.1
  • 6
    • 0027060065 scopus 로고
    • Constraints on phenotypic evolution
    • Arnold, S. J. 1992. Constraints on phenotypic evolution. American Naturalist 140:885-8107.
    • (1992) American Naturalist , vol.140 , pp. 885-8107
    • Arnold, S.J.1
  • 7
    • 0035706455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The adaptive landscape as a conceptual bridge between micro-and macroevolution
    • Arnold, S. J., M. E. Pfrender, and A. G. Jones. 2001. The adaptive landscape as a conceptual bridge between micro-and macroevolution. Genetica 112-113:9-32.
    • (2001) Genetica , vol.112-113 , pp. 9-32
    • Arnold, S.J.1    Pfrender, M.E.2    Jones, A.G.3
  • 8
    • 0032695682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical comparison of genetic variance-covariance matrices. II. Coastal-inland divergence in the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans
    • Arnold, S. J., and P. C. Phillips. 1999. Hierarchical comparison of genetic variance-covariance matrices. II. Coastal-inland divergence in the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans. Evolution 53:1516-1527.
    • (1999) Evolution , vol.53 , pp. 1516-1527
    • Arnold, S.J.1    Phillips, P.C.2
  • 9
    • 0034025922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and correlated responses to artificial selection on acute thermal stress tolerance in a livebearing fish
    • Baer, C. F., and J. Travis. 2000. Direct and correlated responses to artificial selection on acute thermal stress tolerance in a livebearing fish. Evolution 54:238-244.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 238-244
    • Baer, C.F.1    Travis, J.2
  • 10
    • 0036245475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding quantitative genetic variation
    • Barton, N., and P. D. Keightley. 2002. Understanding quantitative genetic variation. Nature Reviews 3:11-21.
    • (2002) Nature Reviews , vol.3 , pp. 11-21
    • Barton, N.1    Keightley, P.D.2
  • 11
    • 0034544816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limits to selection
    • Barton, N., and L. Partridge. 2000. Limits to selection. Bioessays 22:1075-1084.
    • (2000) Bioessays , vol.22 , pp. 1075-1084
    • Barton, N.1    Partridge, L.2
  • 12
    • 0023317666 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive landscapes, genetic distance and the evolution of quantitative characters
    • Barton, N. H., and M. Turelli. 1987. Adaptive landscapes, genetic distance and the evolution of quantitative characters. Genetical Research 49:157-173.
    • (1987) Genetical Research , vol.49 , pp. 157-173
    • Barton, N.H.1    Turelli, M.2
  • 13
    • 0024792701 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary quantitative genetics: How little do we know?
    • Barton, N. H., and M. Turelli. 1989. Evolutionary quantitative genetics: how little do we know? Annual Review of Genetics 23:337-370.
    • (1989) Annual Review of Genetics , vol.23 , pp. 337-370
    • Barton, N.H.1    Turelli, M.2
  • 14
    • 7544236904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of genetic drift on variance components under a general model of epistasis
    • Barton, N. H., and M. Turelli. 2004. Effects of genetic drift on variance components under a general model of epistasis. Evolution 58:2111-2132.
    • (2004) Evolution , vol.58 , pp. 2111-2132
    • Barton, N.H.1    Turelli, M.2
  • 15
    • 0037974219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The constancy of the G matrix through species divergence and the effects of quantitative genetic constraints on phenotypic evolution: A case study in crickets
    • Begin, M., and D. A. Roff. 2003. The constancy of the G matrix through species divergence and the effects of quantitative genetic constraints on phenotypic evolution: a case study in crickets. Evolution 57:1107-1120.
    • (2003) Evolution , vol.57 , pp. 1107-1120
    • Begin, M.1    Roff, D.A.2
  • 16
    • 0037171795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development constraints versus flexibility in morphological evolution
    • Beldade, P., K. Koops, and P. M. Brakefield. 2002. Development constraints versus flexibility in morphological evolution. Nature 416:844-847.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.416 , pp. 844-847
    • Beldade, P.1    Koops, K.2    Brakefield, P.M.3
  • 17
    • 0027503713 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary adaptation to temperature. 2. Thermal niches of experimental lines of Escherichia coli
    • Bennett, A. F., and R. E. Lenski. 1993. Evolutionary adaptation to temperature. 2. Thermal niches of experimental lines of Escherichia coli. Evolution 47:1-12.
    • (1993) Evolution , vol.47 , pp. 1-12
    • Bennett, A.F.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 18
    • 0742323167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring non-linear selection
    • Blows, M. W., and R. Brooks. 2003. Measuring non-linear selection. American Naturalist 162:815-820.
    • (2003) American Naturalist , vol.162 , pp. 815-820
    • Blows, M.W.1    Brooks, R.2
  • 19
    • 1842711883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orientation of the genetic variance-covariance matrix and the fitness surface for multiple male sexually-selected traits
    • Blows, M. W., S. Chenoweth, and E. Hine. 2004. Orientation of the genetic variance-covariance matrix and the fitness surface for multiple male sexually-selected traits. American Naturalist 163:329-340.
    • (2004) American Naturalist , vol.163 , pp. 329-340
    • Blows, M.W.1    Chenoweth, S.2    Hine, E.3
  • 20
    • 0037326829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic constraints on the evolution of mate recognition under natural selection
    • Blows, M. W., and M. Higgie. 2003. Genetic constraints on the evolution of mate recognition under natural selection. American Naturalist 161:240-253.
    • (2003) American Naturalist , vol.161 , pp. 240-253
    • Blows, M.W.1    Higgie, M.2
  • 21
    • 0013877398 scopus 로고
    • Some observations on asymmetrical correlated responses
    • Bohren, B. B., W. G. Hill, and A. Robertson. 1966. Some observations on asymmetrical correlated responses. Genetical Research 7:44-57.
    • (1966) Genetical Research , vol.7 , pp. 44-57
    • Bohren, B.B.1    Hill, W.G.2    Robertson, A.3
  • 23
    • 0344153484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artificial selection and the development of ecologically relevant phenotypes
    • Brakefield, P. M. 2003. Artificial selection and the development of ecologically relevant phenotypes. Ecology 84: 1661-1671.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1661-1671
    • Brakefield, P.M.1
  • 24
    • 0037559690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of response to selection for lower fluctuating asymmetry of mutant eyespots in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana
    • Breuker, C. J., and P. M. Brakefield. 2003. Lack of response to selection for lower fluctuating asymmetry of mutant eyespots in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Heredity 91:17-27.
    • (2003) Heredity , vol.91 , pp. 17-27
    • Breuker, C.J.1    Brakefield, P.M.2
  • 25
    • 0027060019 scopus 로고
    • Correlational selection for the colour pattern and antipredator behaviour in the garter snake Thamnophis ordinoides
    • Brodie, E. D., III. 1992. Correlational selection for the colour pattern and antipredator behaviour in the garter snake Thamnophis ordinoides. Evolution 46:1284-1298.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 1284-1298
    • Brodie III, E.D.1
  • 26
    • 0034973225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect sexual selection and quantitative genetics of male traits in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
    • Brooks, R., and J. A. Endler. 2001. Direct and indirect sexual selection and quantitative genetics of male traits in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Evolution 55:1002-1015.
    • (2001) Evolution , vol.55 , pp. 1002-1015
    • Brooks, R.1    Endler, J.A.2
  • 27
    • 25944436506 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of a long-term selection experiment with an exponential model
    • Bunger, L., and G. Herrendorfer. 1994. Analysis of a long-term selection experiment with an exponential model. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 111:1-13.
    • (1994) Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics , vol.111 , pp. 1-13
    • Bunger, L.1    Herrendorfer, G.2
  • 28
    • 70449259316 scopus 로고
    • Response to selection under different conditions of recombination in Drosophila
    • Carson, H. L. 1958. Response to selection under different conditions of recombination in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 23:291-306.
    • (1958) Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology , vol.23 , pp. 291-306
    • Carson, H.L.1
  • 29
    • 2342488108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quantitative genetics of floral trait variation in Lobelia: Potential constraints on adaptive evolution
    • Caruso, C. M. 2004. The quantitative genetics of floral trait variation in Lobelia: potential constraints on adaptive evolution. Evolution 58:732-740.
    • (2004) Evolution , vol.58 , pp. 732-740
    • Caruso, C.M.1
  • 30
    • 0034062409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific competition, environmental gradients, gene flow, and the coevolution of species' borders
    • Case, T. J., and M. L. Taper. 2000. Interspecific competition, environmental gradients, gene flow, and the coevolution of species' borders. American Naturalist 155:583-605.
    • (2000) American Naturalist , vol.155 , pp. 583-605
    • Case, T.J.1    Taper, M.L.2
  • 31
    • 0000053745 scopus 로고
    • Optimization models, quantitative genetics, and mutation
    • Charlesworth, B. 1990. Optimization models, quantitative genetics, and mutation. Evolution 44:520-538.
    • (1990) Evolution , vol.44 , pp. 520-538
    • Charlesworth, B.1
  • 32
    • 0029175566 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetics in plants - The effect of the breeding system on genetic variability
    • Charlesworth, D., and B. Charlesworth. 1995. Quantitative genetics in plants - the effect of the breeding system on genetic variability. Evolution 49:911-920.
    • (1995) Evolution , vol.49 , pp. 911-920
    • Charlesworth, D.1    Charlesworth, B.2
  • 33
    • 0031734209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental stability and fitness: The evidence is not quite so clear
    • Clarke, G. M. 1998. Developmental stability and fitness: the evidence is not quite so clear. American Naturalist 152: 762-766.
    • (1998) American Naturalist , vol.152 , pp. 762-766
    • Clarke, G.M.1
  • 34
    • 0345016030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artificial selection: A powerful tool for ecologists
    • Conner, J. K. 2003. Artificial selection: a powerful tool for ecologists. Ecology 84:1650-1660.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1650-1660
    • Conner, J.K.1
  • 37
    • 0034809485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quantitative genetics of maximal and basal rates of oxygen consumption in mice
    • Dohm, M. R., J. P. Hayes, and T. Garland. 2001. The quantitative genetics of maximal and basal rates of oxygen consumption in mice. Genetics 159:267-277.
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.159 , pp. 267-277
    • Dohm, M.R.1    Hayes, J.P.2    Garland, T.3
  • 38
    • 0034511959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence and population differentiation of genetic architecture in Impatiens capensis in natural environments
    • Donohue, K., E. H. Pyle, D. Messiqua, M. S. Heschel, and J. Schmitt. 2000. Density dependence and population differentiation of genetic architecture in Impatiens capensis in natural environments. Evolution 54:1969-1981.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 1969-1981
    • Donohue, K.1    Pyle, E.H.2    Messiqua, D.3    Heschel, M.S.4    Schmitt, J.5
  • 39
    • 0000993502 scopus 로고
    • Opportunity for selection: An appropriate measure for evaluating variation in the potential for selection?
    • Downhower, J. F., L. S. Blumer, and L. Brown. 1987. Opportunity for selection: an appropriate measure for evaluating variation in the potential for selection? Evolution 41: 1395-1400.
    • (1987) Evolution , vol.41 , pp. 1395-1400
    • Downhower, J.F.1    Blumer, L.S.2    Brown, L.3
  • 40
    • 0035812764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraint to adaptive evolution in response to global warming
    • Etterson, J. R., and R. G. Shaw. 2001. Constraint to adaptive evolution in response to global warming. Science 294:151-154.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 151-154
    • Etterson, J.R.1    Shaw, R.G.2
  • 42
    • 0039023192 scopus 로고
    • Origin of genetic variation in selection lines
    • A. Robertson, editor. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, UK
    • Frankham, R. 1980. Origin of genetic variation in selection lines. Pages 56-68 in A. Robertson, editor. Selection experiments in laboratory and domestic animals. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, UK.
    • (1980) Selection Experiments in Laboratory and Domestic Animals , pp. 56-68
    • Frankham, R.1
  • 43
    • 0344742276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting ecological trade-offs using selection experiments
    • Fry, J. D. 2003. Detecting ecological trade-offs using selection experiments. Ecology 84:1672-1678.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1672-1678
    • Fry, J.D.1
  • 44
    • 0011214555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inheritance of developmental instability
    • M. Polak, editor. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
    • Fuller, R. C., and D. Houle. 2003. Inheritance of developmental instability. Pages 157-195 in M. Polak, editor. Developmental instability: causes and consequences. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • (2003) Developmental Instability: Causes and Consequences , pp. 157-195
    • Fuller, R.C.1    Houle, D.2
  • 45
    • 0002168404 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the evolution of resistance
    • Board of Agriculture editors National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Georghiou, G. P., and C. E. Taylor. 1986. Factors influencing the evolution of resistance. Pages 157-169 in Board of Agriculture editors. Strategies and tactics for management. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1986) Strategies and Tactics for Management , pp. 157-169
    • Georghiou, G.P.1    Taylor, C.E.2
  • 46
    • 0033166359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The direct response of Drosophila melanogaster to selection on knockdown temperature
    • Gilchrist, G. W., and R. B. Huey. 1999. The direct response of Drosophila melanogaster to selection on knockdown temperature. Heredity 83:15-29.
    • (1999) Heredity , vol.83 , pp. 15-29
    • Gilchrist, G.W.1    Huey, R.B.2
  • 47
    • 0026565814 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetics and the evolution of reaction norms
    • Gomulkiewicz, R., and M. Kirkpatrick. 1992. Quantitative genetics and the evolution of reaction norms. Evolution 46: 390-411.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 390-411
    • Gomulkiewicz, R.1    Kirkpatrick, M.2
  • 48
    • 0003089499 scopus 로고
    • Modelling in behavioural ecology
    • J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, editors. Blackwell, Oxford, UK
    • Grafen, A. 1991. Modelling in behavioural ecology. Pages 5-31 in J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, editors. Behavioural ecology. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
    • (1991) Behavioural Ecology , pp. 5-31
    • Grafen, A.1
  • 49
    • 0028978922 scopus 로고
    • Predicting microevolutionary responses to directional selection on heritable variation
    • Grant, P. R., and B. R. Grant. 1995. Predicting microevolutionary responses to directional selection on heritable variation. Evolution 49:241-251.
    • (1995) Evolution , vol.49 , pp. 241-251
    • Grant, P.R.1    Grant, B.R.2
  • 50
    • 0000719957 scopus 로고
    • Lifetime reproductive success and heritability: Empirical support for Fisher's fundamental theorem
    • Gustafsson, L. 1986. Lifetime reproductive success and heritability: empirical support for Fisher's fundamental theorem. American Naturalist 128:761-764.
    • (1986) American Naturalist , vol.128 , pp. 761-764
    • Gustafsson, L.1
  • 51
    • 2942559054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct selection on male attractiveness and female preference fails to produce a response
    • Hall, M., A. K. Lindholm, and R. Brooks. 2004. Direct selection on male attractiveness and female preference fails to produce a response. BMC [BioMed Central] Evolutionary Biology 4:1.
    • (2004) BMC [BioMed Central] Evolutionary Biology , vol.4 , pp. 1
    • Hall, M.1    Lindholm, A.K.2    Brooks, R.3
  • 52
    • 19544386730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolvability, stabilizing selection, and the problem of stasis
    • M. Pigliucci and K. Preston, editors. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
    • Hansen, T. F., and D. Houle. 2004. Evolvability, stabilizing selection, and the problem of stasis. Pages 130-150 in M. Pigliucci and K. Preston, editors. The evolutionary biology of complex phenotypes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • (2004) The Evolutionary Biology of Complex Phenotypes , pp. 130-150
    • Hansen, T.F.1    Houle, D.2
  • 53
    • 0037594669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolvability and genetic constraint in Dalechampia blossoms: Components of variance and measures of evolvability
    • Hansen, T. F., C. Pelabon, W. S. Armbruster, and M. L. Carlson. 2003. Evolvability and genetic constraint in Dalechampia blossoms: components of variance and measures of evolvability. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16:754-766.
    • (2003) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.16 , pp. 754-766
    • Hansen, T.F.1    Pelabon, C.2    Armbruster, W.S.3    Carlson, M.L.4
  • 54
    • 0000550739 scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation in plant-insect associations: Survival of Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations on Solanum carolinense
    • Hare, J. D., and G. G. Kennedy. 1986. Genetic variation in plant-insect associations: survival of Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations on Solanum carolinense. Evolution 40: 1031-1043.
    • (1986) Evolution , vol.40 , pp. 1031-1043
    • Hare, J.D.1    Kennedy, G.G.2
  • 55
    • 7344227926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutation and conflicts between artificial and natural selection for quantitative traits
    • Hill, W. G., and S. H. Mbaga. 1998. Mutation and conflicts between artificial and natural selection for quantitative traits. Genetica 103:171-181.
    • (1998) Genetica , vol.103 , pp. 171-181
    • Hill, W.G.1    Mbaga, S.H.2
  • 56
    • 0018084894 scopus 로고
    • Probabilities of non-positive definite between-group or genetic covariance matrices
    • Hill, W. G., and R. Thompson. 1978. Probabilities of non-positive definite between-group or genetic covariance matrices. Biometrics 34:429-439.
    • (1978) Biometrics , vol.34 , pp. 429-439
    • Hill, W.G.1    Thompson, R.2
  • 57
    • 11444253710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multivariate quantitative genetics and the lek paradox: Genetic variance in male sexually selected traits of Drosophila serrata under field conditions
    • Hine, E., S. F. Chenoweth, and M. W. Blows. 2004. Multivariate quantitative genetics and the lek paradox: genetic variance in male sexually selected traits of Drosophila serrata under field conditions. Evolution 58:2754-2762.
    • (2004) Evolution , vol.58 , pp. 2754-2762
    • Hine, E.1    Chenoweth, S.F.2    Blows, M.W.3
  • 58
    • 0000768582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory and field heritabilities: Some lessons from Drosophila
    • T. A. Mousseau, B. Sinervo, and J. A. Endler, editors. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA
    • Hoffmann, A. A. 2000. Laboratory and field heritabilities: some lessons from Drosophila. Pages 200-218 in T. A. Mousseau, B. Sinervo, and J. A. Endler, editors. Adaptive genetic variation in the wild. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • (2000) Adaptive Genetic Variation in the Wild , pp. 200-218
    • Hoffmann, A.A.1
  • 59
    • 0028175194 scopus 로고
    • Species borders: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives
    • Hoffmann, A. A., and M. W. Blows. 1994. Species borders: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:223-227.
    • (1994) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.9 , pp. 223-227
    • Hoffmann, A.A.1    Blows, M.W.2
  • 60
    • 0030845503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing different measures of heat resistance in selected lines of Drosophila melanogaster
    • Hoffmann, A. A., H. Dagher, M. Hercus, and D. Berrigan. 1997. Comparing different measures of heat resistance in selected lines of Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Insect Physiology 43:393-405.
    • (1997) Journal of Insect Physiology , vol.43 , pp. 393-405
    • Hoffmann, A.A.1    Dagher, H.2    Hercus, M.3    Berrigan, D.4
  • 61
    • 0038048338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low potential for climatic stress adaptation in a rainforest Drosophila species
    • Hoffmann, A. A., R. Hallas, J. Dean, and M. Schiffer. 2003. Low potential for climatic stress adaptation in a rainforest Drosophila species. Science 301:100-102.
    • (2003) Science , vol.301 , pp. 100-102
    • Hoffmann, A.A.1    Hallas, R.2    Dean, J.3    Schiffer, M.4
  • 63
    • 4143102455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal variation can facilitate niche evolution in harsh sink environments
    • Holt, R. D., M. Barfield, and R. Gomulkiewicz. 2004. Temporal variation can facilitate niche evolution in harsh sink environments. American Naturalist 164:187-200.
    • (2004) American Naturalist , vol.164 , pp. 187-200
    • Holt, R.D.1    Barfield, M.2    Gomulkiewicz, R.3
  • 64
    • 0000425695 scopus 로고
    • The maintenance of polygenic variation in finite populations
    • Houle, D. 1989. The maintenance of polygenic variation in finite populations. Evolution 43:1767-1780.
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 1767-1780
    • Houle, D.1
  • 65
    • 0026016948 scopus 로고
    • Genetic covariance of fitness correlates: What genetic correlations are made of and why it matters
    • Houle, D. 1991. Genetic covariance of fitness correlates: what genetic correlations are made of and why it matters. Evolution 45:630-648.
    • (1991) Evolution , vol.45 , pp. 630-648
    • Houle, D.1
  • 66
    • 0026540999 scopus 로고
    • Comparing evolvability and variability of quantitative traits
    • Houle, D. 1992. Comparing evolvability and variability of quantitative traits. Genetics 130:195-204.
    • (1992) Genetics , vol.130 , pp. 195-204
    • Houle, D.1
  • 67
    • 4243207234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How should we explain variation in the genetic variance of traits?
    • Houle, D. 1998. How should we explain variation in the genetic variance of traits? Genetica 102/103:241-253.
    • (1998) Genetica , vol.102-103 , pp. 241-253
    • Houle, D.1
  • 68
    • 0030011757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing mutational variabilities
    • Houle, D., B. Morikawa, and M. Lynch. 1996. Comparing mutational variabilities. Genetics 143:1467-1483.
    • (1996) Genetics , vol.143 , pp. 1467-1483
    • Houle, D.1    Morikawa, B.2    Lynch, M.3
  • 70
    • 4344635013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution and stability of the G-matrix on a landscape with a moving optimum
    • Jones, A. G., S. J. Arnold, and R. Bürger. 2004. Evolution and stability of the G-matrix on a landscape with a moving optimum. Evolution 58:1639-1654.
    • (2004) Evolution , vol.58 , pp. 1639-1654
    • Jones, A.G.1    Arnold, S.J.2    Bürger, R.3
  • 71
    • 0031850984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of two monophagous leaf feeding beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on each other's host plant: do intrinsic factors determine host plant specialization?
    • Keese, M. C. 1998. Performance of two monophagous leaf feeding beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on each other's host plant: do intrinsic factors determine host plant specialization? Journal of Evolutionary Biology 11:403-419.
    • (1998) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.11 , pp. 403-419
    • Keese, M.C.1
  • 72
    • 0024430144 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetic variability maintained by mutation-stabilizing selection: Sampling variation and response to subsequent directional selection
    • Keightley, P. D., and W. G. Hill. 1989. Quantitative genetic variability maintained by mutation-stabilizing selection: sampling variation and response to subsequent directional selection. Genetical Research 54:45-57.
    • (1989) Genetical Research , vol.54 , pp. 45-57
    • Keightley, P.D.1    Hill, W.G.2
  • 73
    • 0029949920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Realised sampling variances of estimates of genetic parameters and the difference between genetic and phenotypic correlations
    • Koots, K. R., and J. P. Gibson. 1996. Realised sampling variances of estimates of genetic parameters and the difference between genetic and phenotypic correlations. Genetics 143: 1409-1416.
    • (1996) Genetics , vol.143 , pp. 1409-1416
    • Koots, K.R.1    Gibson, J.P.2
  • 77
    • 0016814243 scopus 로고
    • The maintenance of genetic variability by mutation in a polygenic character with linked loci
    • Lande, R. 1975. The maintenance of genetic variability by mutation in a polygenic character with linked loci. Genetical Research 26:221-235.
    • (1975) Genetical Research , vol.26 , pp. 221-235
    • Lande, R.1
  • 78
    • 0001288442 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain:body size allometry
    • Lande, R. 1979. Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain:body size allometry. Evolution 33:402-416.
    • (1979) Evolution , vol.33 , pp. 402-416
    • Lande, R.1
  • 79
    • 0020404749 scopus 로고
    • A quantitative genetic theory of life history evolution
    • Lande, R. 1982. A quantitative genetic theory of life history evolution. Ecology 63:607-615.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 607-615
    • Lande, R.1
  • 80
    • 0001214721 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of selection on correlated characters
    • Lande, R., and S. J. Arnold. 1983. The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evolution 37:1210-1226.
    • (1983) Evolution , vol.37 , pp. 1210-1226
    • Lande, R.1    Arnold, S.J.2
  • 81
    • 0000677788 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous mutations for life-history characters in an obligate parthenogen
    • Lynch, M. 1985. Spontaneous mutations for life-history characters in an obligate parthenogen. Evolution 39:804-818.
    • (1985) Evolution , vol.39 , pp. 804-818
    • Lynch, M.1
  • 83
    • 0028297164 scopus 로고
    • Polygenic mutation in Drosophila melanogaster: Estimates from response to selection of inbred strains
    • Mackay, T. F. C., J. D. Fry, R. F. Lyman, and S. V. Nuzhdin. 1994. Polygenic mutation in Drosophila melanogaster: estimates from response to selection of inbred strains. Genetics 136:937-951.
    • (1994) Genetics , vol.136 , pp. 937-951
    • Mackay, T.F.C.1    Fry, J.D.2    Lyman, R.F.3    Nuzhdin, S.V.4
  • 84
    • 0002633655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of plants in metal-contaminated environments
    • R. Bijlsma and V. Loeschcke, editors, Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland
    • Macnair, M. 1997. The evolution of plants in metal-contaminated environments. Pages 3-24 in R. Bijlsma and V. Loeschcke, editors, Environmental stress, adaptation and evolution. Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland.
    • (1997) Environmental Stress, Adaptation and Evolution , pp. 3-24
    • Macnair, M.1
  • 85
    • 2442428098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermal adaptation in Drosophila serrata under conditions linked to the southern border: Unexpected patterns from laboratory selection suggest limited evolutionary potential
    • Magiafoglou, A., and A. A. Hoffmann. 2003. Thermal adaptation in Drosophila serrata under conditions linked to the southern border: unexpected patterns from laboratory selection suggest limited evolutionary potential. Journal of Genetics 82:179-189.
    • (2003) Journal of Genetics , vol.82 , pp. 179-189
    • Magiafoglou, A.1    Hoffmann, A.A.2
  • 87
    • 13444273207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic divergence along lines of genetic variance
    • McGuigan, K., S. F. Chenoweth, and M. W. Blows. 2005. Phenotypic divergence along lines of genetic variance. American Naturalist 165:32-43.
    • (2005) American Naturalist , vol.165 , pp. 32-43
    • McGuigan, K.1    Chenoweth, S.F.2    Blows, M.W.3
  • 89
    • 0033995548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifetime reproductive success and heritability in nature
    • Merilä, J., and B. C. Sheldon. 2000. Lifetime reproductive success and heritability in nature. American Naturalist 155: 301-310.
    • (2000) American Naturalist , vol.155 , pp. 301-310
    • Merilä, J.1    Sheldon, B.C.2
  • 90
    • 0035706477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining stasis: Microevolutionary studies in natural populations
    • Merilä, J., B. C. Sheldon, and L. E. B. Kruuk. 2001. Explaining stasis: microevolutionary studies in natural populations. Genetica 112-113:199-222.
    • (2001) Genetica , vol.112-113 , pp. 199-222
    • Merilä, J.1    Sheldon, B.C.2    Kruuk, L.E.B.3
  • 91
    • 0029659312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pleiotropy causes long-term genetic constraints on life-history evolution in Brassica rapa
    • Mitchell-Olds, T. 1996. Pleiotropy causes long-term genetic constraints on life-history evolution in Brassica rapa. Evolution 50:1849-1858.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 1849-1858
    • Mitchell-Olds, T.1
  • 92
    • 0029666981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary adaptation to temperature. 4. Adaptation of Escherichia coli at a niche boundary
    • Mongold, J. A., A. F. Bennett, and R. E. Lenski. 1996. Evolutionary adaptation to temperature. 4. Adaptation of Escherichia coli at a niche boundary. Evolution 50:35-43.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 35-43
    • Mongold, J.A.1    Bennett, A.F.2    Lenski, R.E.3
  • 93
    • 0000677837 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive allocation in the Hawaiian Drosophilidae: Egg size and number
    • Montague, J. R., R. L. Mangan, and W. T. Starmer. 1981. Reproductive allocation in the Hawaiian Drosophilidae: egg size and number. American Naturalist 11:865-871.
    • (1981) American Naturalist , vol.11 , pp. 865-871
    • Montague, J.R.1    Mangan, R.L.2    Starmer, W.T.3
  • 94
    • 84966145847 scopus 로고
    • Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components
    • Mousseau, T. A., and D. A. Roff. 1987. Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components. Heredity 59: 181-198.
    • (1987) Heredity , vol.59 , pp. 181-198
    • Mousseau, T.A.1    Roff, D.A.2
  • 95
    • 0347062574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrapopulational variation in the standard metabolic rate of insects: Repeatability, thermal dependence and sensitivity (Q(10)) of oxygen consumption in a cricket
    • Nespolo, R. F., M. A. Lardies, and F. Bozinovic. 2003. Intrapopulational variation in the standard metabolic rate of insects: repeatability, thermal dependence and sensitivity (Q(10)) of oxygen consumption in a cricket. Journal of Experimental Biology 206:4309-4315.
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.206 , pp. 4309-4315
    • Nespolo, R.F.1    Lardies, M.A.2    Bozinovic, F.3
  • 96
    • 0031714655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The population genetics of adaptation: The distribution of factors fixed during adaptive evolution
    • Orr, H. A. 1998. The population genetics of adaptation: the distribution of factors fixed during adaptive evolution. Evolution 52:935-949.
    • (1998) Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 935-949
    • Orr, H.A.1
  • 97
    • 0034025692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation and the cost of complexity
    • Orr, H. A. 2000. Adaptation and the cost of complexity. Evolution 54:13-20.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 13-20
    • Orr, H.A.1
  • 98
    • 0027095368 scopus 로고
    • The genetics of adaptation revisited
    • Orr, H. A., and J. A. Coyne. 1992. The genetics of adaptation revisited. American Naturalist 140:725-742.
    • (1992) American Naturalist , vol.140 , pp. 725-742
    • Orr, H.A.1    Coyne, J.A.2
  • 99
    • 36849154052 scopus 로고
    • Costs of reproduction
    • Partridge, L., and P. H. Harvey. 1985. Costs of reproduction. Nature 316:20.
    • (1985) Nature , vol.316 , pp. 20
    • Partridge, L.1    Harvey, P.H.2
  • 100
    • 84993848602 scopus 로고
    • A critique of methods for measuring life history trade-offs
    • Pease, C. M., and J. J. Bull. 1988. A critique of methods for measuring life history trade-offs. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 1:293-303.
    • (1988) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.1 , pp. 293-303
    • Pease, C.M.1    Bull, J.J.2
  • 101
    • 0037361360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection success in novel hosts: An experimental and phylogenetic study of Drosophila parasitic nematodes
    • Periman, S. J., and J. Jaenike. 2003. Infection success in novel hosts: an experimental and phylogenetic study of Drosophila parasitic nematodes. Evolution 57:544-557.
    • (2003) Evolution , vol.57 , pp. 544-557
    • Periman, S.J.1    Jaenike, J.2
  • 102
    • 0034917131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding changes the shape of the genetic covariance matrix in Drosophila melanogaster
    • Phillips, P. C., M. C. Whitlock, and K. Fowler. 2001. Inbreeding changes the shape of the genetic covariance matrix in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 158:1137-1145.
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.158 , pp. 1137-1145
    • Phillips, P.C.1    Whitlock, M.C.2    Fowler, K.3
  • 103
    • 0034925447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation for morphological and allozyme variation in relation to population size in Clarkia dudleyana, an endemic annual
    • Podolsky, R. H. 2001. Genetic variation for morphological and allozyme variation in relation to population size in Clarkia dudleyana, an endemic annual. Conservation Biology 15:412-423.
    • (2001) Conservation Biology , vol.15 , pp. 412-423
    • Podolsky, R.H.1
  • 105
    • 0014830535 scopus 로고
    • Selection and covariance
    • Price, G. R. 1970. Selection and covariance. Nature 227:520-521.
    • (1970) Nature , vol.227 , pp. 520-521
    • Price, G.R.1
  • 106
    • 0026268898 scopus 로고
    • On the low heritability of life-history traits
    • Price, T., and D. Schluter. 1991. On the low heritability of life-history traits. Evolution 45:853-861.
    • (1991) Evolution , vol.45 , pp. 853-861
    • Price, T.1    Schluter, D.2
  • 107
    • 0021564219 scopus 로고
    • Trade-offs in performance on different hosts: Evidence from within- And between-site variation in the beetle, Deloyala guttata
    • Rausher, M. D. 1984. Trade-offs in performance on different hosts: evidence from within- and between-site variation in the beetle, Deloyala guttata. Evolution 38:582-595.
    • (1984) Evolution , vol.38 , pp. 582-595
    • Rausher, M.D.1
  • 108
    • 0035706526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens: What have we learned about adaptation?
    • Raymond, M., C. Merticat, M. Weill, N. Pasteur, and C. Chevillon. 2001. Insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens: what have we learned about adaptation? Genetica 112-113:287-296.
    • (2001) Genetica , vol.112-113 , pp. 287-296
    • Raymond, M.1    Merticat, C.2    Weill, M.3    Pasteur, N.4    Chevillon, C.5
  • 109
    • 0034926475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How closely correlated are molecular and quantitative measures of genetic diversity: A meta-analysis
    • Reed, D. H., and R. Frankham. 2001. How closely correlated are molecular and quantitative measures of genetic diversity: a meta-analysis. Evolution 55:1095-1103.
    • (2001) Evolution , vol.55 , pp. 1095-1103
    • Reed, D.H.1    Frankham, R.2
  • 110
    • 0034093528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting long-term response to selection
    • Reeve, J. P. 2000. Predicting long-term response to selection. Genetical Research 75:83-94.
    • (2000) Genetical Research , vol.75 , pp. 83-94
    • Reeve, J.P.1
  • 111
  • 113
    • 0029660359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of genetic correlation; an analysis of patterns
    • Roff, D. A. 1996. The evolution of genetic correlation; an analysis of patterns. Evolution 50:1392-1403.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 1392-1403
    • Roff, D.A.1
  • 114
    • 84966160050 scopus 로고
    • Antagonistic pleiotropy, dominance and genetic variation
    • Rose, M. 1982. Antagonistic pleiotropy, dominance and genetic variation. Heredity 48:63-78.
    • (1982) Heredity , vol.48 , pp. 63-78
    • Rose, M.1
  • 115
    • 0037379626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Between genotype and phenotype: Protein chaperones and evolvability
    • Rutherford, S. L. 2003. Between genotype and phenotype: protein chaperones and evolvability. Nature Reviews Genetics 4:263-274.
    • (2003) Nature Reviews Genetics , vol.4 , pp. 263-274
    • Rutherford, S.L.1
  • 116
    • 1842782331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Under cover: Causes, effects and implications of Hsp90-mediated genetic capacitance
    • Sangster, T. A., S. Lindquist, and C. Queitsch. 2004. Under cover: causes, effects and implications of Hsp90-mediated genetic capacitance. BioEssays 26:348-362.
    • (2004) BioEssays , vol.26 , pp. 348-362
    • Sangster, T.A.1    Lindquist, S.2    Queitsch, C.3
  • 119
    • 0029838036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive radiation along genetic lines of least resistance
    • Schluter, D. 1996. Adaptive radiation along genetic lines of least resistance. Evolution 50:1766-1774.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 1766-1774
    • Schluter, D.1
  • 120
  • 121
    • 0032709287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-history consequences of divergent selection on egg size in Drosophila melanogaster
    • Schwarzkopf, L., M. W. Blows, and M. J. Caley. 1999. Life-history consequences of divergent selection on egg size in Drosophila melanogaster. American Naturalist 154:333-340.
    • (1999) American Naturalist , vol.154 , pp. 333-340
    • Schwarzkopf, L.1    Blows, M.W.2    Caley, M.J.3
  • 122
    • 0002237602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimization and adaptation
    • M. R. Rose and G. V. Lauder, editors. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA
    • Seger, J., and J. W. Stubblefield. 1996. Optimization and adaptation. Pages 93-123 in M. R. Rose and G. V. Lauder, editors. Adaptation. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1996) Adaptation , pp. 93-123
    • Seger, J.1    Stubblefield, J.W.2
  • 123
    • 0031926383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heritable variation for fecundity in field-collected Drosophila melanogaster and their offspring reared under different environmental temperatures
    • Sgrò, C. M., and A. A. Hoffmann. 1998. Heritable variation for fecundity in field-collected Drosophila melanogaster and their offspring reared under different environmental temperatures. Evolution 52:134-143.
    • (1998) Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 134-143
    • Sgrò, C.M.1    Hoffmann, A.A.2
  • 125
    • 0031091901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Algorithms for the likelihood-based estimation of the random coefficient model
    • Shin, C., and Y. Amemiya. 1997. Algorithms for the likelihood-based estimation of the random coefficient model. Statistics and Probability Letters 32:189-199.
    • (1997) Statistics and Probability Letters , vol.32 , pp. 189-199
    • Shin, C.1    Amemiya, Y.2
  • 127
    • 0036856567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlational selection and the evolution of genomic architecture
    • Sinervo, B., and E. Svensson. 2002. Correlational selection and the evolution of genomic architecture. Heredity 89: 329-338.
    • (2002) Heredity , vol.89 , pp. 329-338
    • Sinervo, B.1    Svensson, E.2
  • 128
    • 0013447060 scopus 로고
    • Freeman, New York, New York, USA
    • Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. Freeman, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1981) Biometry
    • Sokal, R.R.1    Rohlf, F.J.2
  • 130
    • 0031472786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive characteristics of the flower breeding Drosophila hibisci Bock (Drosophilidae) along a latitudinal gradient in eastern Australia: Relation to flower and habitat features
    • Starmer, W. T., L. L. Wolf, J. S. F. Barker, J. M. Bowles, and M. A. Lachance. 1997. Reproductive characteristics of the flower breeding Drosophila hibisci Bock (Drosophilidae) along a latitudinal gradient in eastern Australia: relation to flower and habitat features. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 62:459-473.
    • (1997) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.62 , pp. 459-473
    • Starmer, W.T.1    Wolf, L.L.2    Barker, J.S.F.3    Bowles, J.M.4    Lachance, M.A.5
  • 132
    • 7344265049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pleiotropic model of phenotypic evolution
    • Tanaka, Y. 1998. A pleiotropic model of phenotypic evolution. Genetica 103:535-543.
    • (1998) Genetica , vol.103 , pp. 535-543
    • Tanaka, Y.1
  • 133
    • 0000960543 scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic evolution, constant covariances and the maintenance of additive variance
    • Turelli, M. 1988. Phenotypic evolution, constant covariances and the maintenance of additive variance. Evolution 42: 1342-1347.
    • (1988) Evolution , vol.42 , pp. 1342-1347
    • Turelli, M.1
  • 134
    • 1642379258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polygenic variation maintained by balancing selection: Pleiotropy, sex-dependent allelic effects and G X E interactions
    • Turelli, M., and N. H. Barton. 2004. Polygenic variation maintained by balancing selection: pleiotropy, sex-dependent allelic effects and G X E interactions. Genetics 166: 1053-1079.
    • (2004) Genetics , vol.166 , pp. 1053-1079
    • Turelli, M.1    Barton, N.H.2
  • 135
    • 0041739187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic architecture for normal and novel host-plant use in two local populations of the herbivorous ladybird beetle, Epilachna pustulosa
    • Ueno, H., N. Fujiyama, I. Yao, Y. Sato, and H. Katakura. 2003. Genetic architecture for normal and novel host-plant use in two local populations of the herbivorous ladybird beetle, Epilachna pustulosa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16:883-895.
    • (2003) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.16 , pp. 883-895
    • Ueno, H.1    Fujiyama, N.2    Yao, I.3    Sato, Y.4    Katakura, H.5
  • 136
    • 0030617955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A population-genetic theory of canalization
    • Wagner, G. P., G. Booth, and H. Bagheri-Chaichian. 1997. A population-genetic theory of canalization. Evolution 51: 329-347.
    • (1997) Evolution , vol.51 , pp. 329-347
    • Wagner, G.P.1    Booth, G.2    Bagheri-Chaichian, H.3
  • 137
    • 0025609163 scopus 로고
    • Selection on wing allometry in Drosophila melanogaster
    • Weber, K. E. 1990. Selection on wing allometry in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 126:975-989.
    • (1990) Genetics , vol.126 , pp. 975-989
    • Weber, K.E.1
  • 138
    • 0030301370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural heritabilities: Can they be reliably estimated in the laboratory?
    • Weigensberg, I., and D. A. Roff. 1996. Natural heritabilities: Can they be reliably estimated in the laboratory? Evolution 50:2149-2157.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 2149-2157
    • Weigensberg, I.1    Roff, D.A.2
  • 139
    • 0242424890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sources of phenotypic variation in floral traits in wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae)
    • Williams, J. L., and J. K. Conner. 2001. Sources of phenotypic variation in floral traits in wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany 88: 1577-1581.
    • (2001) American Journal of Botany , vol.88 , pp. 1577-1581
    • Williams, J.L.1    Conner, J.K.2
  • 140
    • 0036190017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluctuating asymmetry, fecundity and development time in Drosophila: Is there an association under optimal and stress conditions?
    • Woods, R. E., C. M. Sgrò, M. J. Hercus, and A. A. Hoffmann. 2002. Fluctuating asymmetry, fecundity and development time in Drosophila: is there an association under optimal and stress conditions? Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15: 147-157.
    • (2002) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.15 , pp. 147-157
    • Woods, R.E.1    Sgrò, C.M.2    Hercus, M.J.3    Hoffmann, A.A.4
  • 141
    • 0347924985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of hierarchical allocation for the evolution of life-history traits
    • Worley, A. C., D. Houle, and S. C. H. Barrett. 2003. Consequences of hierarchical allocation for the evolution of life-history traits. American Naturalist 161:153-167.
    • (2003) American Naturalist , vol.161 , pp. 153-167
    • Worley, A.C.1    Houle, D.2    Barrett, S.C.H.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.