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33845279754
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Arduengo's isolation of a stable NHC was predated by the isolation of a stable phosphinocarbene species by Bertrand et al. Although this latter species has been somewhat controversial as it might also be formulated as a phosphaacetylene, this discovery marks the actual start of the "stable carbene" era, cf. A. Igau, H. Grützmacher, A. Baceiredo, G. Bertrand, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 6463-6466.
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For reviews on other application of N-heterocyclic carbenes as reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis see: a) D. Enders, H. Gielen, J. Organomet. Chem. 2001, 617-618, 70-80;
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See the following for leading references on the use of metal-NHC complexes as catalysts for Suzuki reactions: a) T. Weskamp, V. P. W. Böhm, W. A. Herrmann, J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 585, 348-352;
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For the generation of NHC by deprotonation of imidazolium salts see ref.[4] and the following: W. A. Herrmann, C. Köcher, L. J. Gooßen, G. R. J. Artus, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 1627-1636.
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For the generation of NHC's by α-elimination see the following references and literature therein: a) D. Enders, K. Breuer, G. Raabe, J. Runsink, J. H. Teles, J.-P. Melder, K. Ebel, S. Brode, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 1119-1122; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1021-1023;
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For the generation of NHC's by α-elimination see the following references and literature therein: a) D. Enders, K. Breuer, G. Raabe, J. Runsink, J. H. Teles, J.-P. Melder, K. Ebel, S. Brode, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 1119-1122; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1021-1023;
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For the generation of NHC by reductive desulfurization see the following references and literature therein: a) N. Kuhn, T. Kratz, Synthesis 1993, 561-562;
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For the use of electron rich olefins as carbene sources see ref. [3].
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a) The pronounced σ-donation capacity of NHC's in combination with their poor π-acceptor properties is considered to be one of the major advantages of this class of ancillary ligands. Therefore it is of particular interest to note that the acyclic diaminocarbene F is an even stronger σ-donor than its cyclic counterparts, cf. R. W. Alder, P. R. Allen, M. Murray, A. G. Orpen, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1211-1213; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1121-1123;
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a) The pronounced σ-donation capacity of NHC's in combination with their poor π-acceptor properties is considered to be one of the major advantages of this class of ancillary ligands. Therefore it is of particular interest to note that the acyclic diaminocarbene F is an even stronger σ-donor than its cyclic counterparts, cf. R. W. Alder, P. R. Allen, M. Murray, A. G. Orpen, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1211-1213; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1121-1123;
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b) the six-membered diaminocarbene D appears to be thermodynamically stable to dimerization, unlike the five-membered analogue A, cf. R. W. Alder, M. E. Blake, C. Bortolotti, S. Bufali, C. P. Butts, E. Linehan, J. M. Oliva, A. G. Orpen, M. J. Quayle, Chem. Commun. 1999, 241-242.
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