Somatostatin receptors and their interest in diagnostic pathology

Endocrine Pathology

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 275-291

  Volante, Marco ^a   Bozzalla Cassione, Francesca ^a   Papotti, Mauro ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Immunocytochemistry; Neuroendocrine; Pathology; Review; Somatostatin receptors; Tumors

Indexed keywords

MESSENGER RNA; PROTEIN; SOMATOSTATIN; SOMATOSTATIN DERIVATIVE; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR 1; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR 2A; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR 2B; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR 3; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR 4; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR 5; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; APOPTOSIS; AUTORADIOGRAPHY; CELL GROWTH; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; NEOPLASM; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; NORTHERN BLOTTING; PATHOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SCINTIGRAPHY; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; VALIDATION PROCESS;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL; RECEPTORS, SOMATOSTATIN; SOMATOSTATIN;

EID: 13444310589     PISSN: 10463976     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1385/EP:15:4:275     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Krulich L, Dhariwal AP, McCann SM. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of purified hypothalamic extracts on growth hormone release from rat pituitary in vitro. Endocrinology 83:783-790, 1968.
2. Epelbaum J. Somatostatin in the central nervous system: physiology and pathological modifications. Prog Neurobiol 27:63-100, 1986.
3. Weir GC, Bonner-Weir S. Pancreatic somatostatin. Adv Exp Med Biol 188:403-423, 1985.
4. Bloom SR, Mortimer CH, Thorner MO, et al. Inhibition of gastrin and gastric-acid secretion by growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone. Lancet 2:1106-1109, 1974.
5. Bloom SR, Ralphs DN, Besser GM, et al. Proceedings: effect of somatostatin on motilin levels and gastric emptying. Gut 16: 834, 1975.
6. Raynor K, Lucki I, Reisine T. Somatostatin receptors in the nucleus accumbens selectively mediate the stimulatory effect of somatostatin on locomotor activity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265:67-73, 1993.
7. Haroutunian V, Mantin R, Campbell GA, Tsuboyama GK, Davis KL. Cysteamine-induced depletion of central somatostatin-like immunoactivity: effects on behavior, learning, memory and brain neurochemistry. Brain Res 403:234-242, 1987.
8. Lamberts SW, Krenning EP, Reubi JC. The role of somatostatin and its analogs in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Endocr Rev 12:450-482, 1991.
9. Schonbrunn A, Tashjian H, Jr. Characterization of functional receptors for somatostatin in rat pituitary cells in culture. J Biol Chem 253:6473-6483, 1978.
10. Raynor K, Reisine T. Somatostatin receptors. Crit Rev Neurobiol 6:273-289, 1992.
11. Hoyer D, Bell GI, Berelowitz M, et al. Classification and nomenclature of somatostatin receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 16:86-88, 1995.
12. Patel YC. Molecular pharmacology of somatostatin receptor subtypes. J Endocrinol Invest 20:348-367, 1997.
13. Cole SL, Schindler M. Characterisation of somatostatin sst2 receptor splice variants. J Physiol Paris 94:217-237, 2000.
14. Reisine T, Bell GI. Molecular biology of somatostatin receptors. Endocr Rev 16:427-442, 1995.
15. Patel YC, Greenwood MT, Panetta R, Demchyshyn L, Niznik H, Srikant CB. The somatostatin receptor family. Life Sci 57:1249-1265, 1995.
16. Evans CJ, Keith DE Jr, Morrison H, Magendzo K, Edwards RH. Cloning of a delta opioid receptor by functional expression. Science 258:1952-1955, 1992.
17. Koch BD, Schonbrunn A. The somatostatin receptor is directly coupled to adenylate cyclase in GH4C1 pituitary cell membranes. Endocrinology 114:1784-1790, 1984.
18. Viguerie N, Tahiri-Jouti N, Ayral AM, et al. Direct inhibitory effects of a somatostatin analog, SMS 201-995, on AR4-2J cell proliferation via pertussis toxin-sensitive guanosine triphosphate-binding protein-independent mechanism. Endocrinology 124:1017-1025, 1989.
19. Schonbrunn A, Gu YZ, Dournard P, Beaudet A, Tannenbaum GS, Brown PJ. Somatostatin receptor subtypes: specific expression and signaling properties. Metabolism 45:8-11, 1996.
20. Patel YC. Somatostatin and its receptor family. Front Neuroendocrinol 20:157-198, 1999.
21. Bousquet C, Puente E, Buscail L, Vaysse N, Susini C. Antiproliferative effect of somatostatin and analogs. Chemotherapy 47:30-39, 2001.
22. Ferguson SS, Barak LS, Zhang J, Caron MG. G-protein-coupled receptor regulation: role of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 74:1095-1110, 1996.
23. Rocheville M, Lange DC, Kumar U, et al. Subtypes of the somatostatin receptor assemble as functional homo- and heterodimers. J Biol Chem 275:7862-7869, 2000.
24. Pfeiffer M, Koch T, Schroder H, et al. Homo- and heterodimerization of somatostatin receptor subtypes. Inactivation of sst(3) receptor function by heterodimerization with sst(2A). J Biol Chem 2767:14027-14036, 2001.
25. Pfeiffer M, Koch T, Schroder H, Laugsch M, Hollt V, Schulz S. Heterodimerization of somatostatin and opioid receptors cross-modulates phosphorylation, internalization, and desensitization. J Biol Chem 277: 19762-19772, 2002.
26. Rocheville M, Lange DC, Kumar U, Patel SC, Patel RC, Patel YC. Receptors for dopamine and somatostatin: formation of hetero-oligomers with enhanced functional activity. Science 288:154-157, 2000.
27. Raynor K, Murphy WA, Coy DH, et al. Cloned somatostatin receptors: identification of subtype-selective peptides and demonstration of high affinity binding of linear peptides. Mol Pharmacol 43:838-844, 1993.
28. de Herder WW, Lamberts SW. Somatostatin and somatostatin analogues: diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Curr Opin Oncol 14:53-57, 2002.
29. Fukusumi S, Kitada C, Takekawa S, et al. Identification and characterization of a novel human cortistatin-like peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 232:157-163, 1997.
30. Patel YC, Srikant CB. Subtype selectivity of peptide analogs for all five cloned human somatostatin receptors (hsstr 1-5). Endocrinology 135:2814-2817, 1994.
31. Bruns C, Raulf F, Hoyer D, Schloos J, Lubbert H, Weckbecker G. Binding properties of somatostatin receptor subtypes. Metabolism 45:17-20, 1996.
32. Lewis I, Bauer W, Albert R, et al. A novel somatostatin mimic with broad somatotropin release inhibitory factor receptor binding and superior therapeutic potential. J Med Chem 46:2334-2344, 2003.
33. Oberg K. Chemotherapy and biotherapy in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumours. Ann Oncol 12:5111-1114, 2001.
34. Sarpignato C, Pelosini I. Somatostatin analogs for cancer treatment and diagnosis: an overview. Chemotherapy 47:1-29, 2001.
35. Trendle MC, Moertel CG, Kvols LK. Incidence and morbidity of cholelithiasis in patients receiving chronic octreotide for metastatic carcinoid and malignant islet cell tumors. Cancer 79:830-834, 1997.
36. Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]- and [123I-Tyr3]-octreotide: the Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients. Eur J Nucl Med 20:716-731, 1993.
37. Janson ET, Westlin JE, Eriksson B, Anistrom H, Nilsson S, Oberg K. [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]octreotide scintigraphy in patients with carcinoid tumours: the predictive value for somatostatin analogue treatment. Eur J Endocrinol 131:577-581, 1994.
38. Smith MC, Liu J, Chen T, et al. OctreoTher: ongoing early clinical development of a somatostatin-receptor-targetedradionuclide antineoplastic therapy. Digestion 62:69-72, 2000.
39. de Jong M, Breeman WA, Bernard BF, et al. [177Lu-DOTA(0),Tyr3] octreotate for somatostatin receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy. Int J Cancer 92:628-633, 2001.
40. Lamberts SW, van der Lely AJ, de Herder WW, Hofland LJ. Octreotide. N Engl J Med 334:246-254, 1996.
41. Lamberts SW The role of somatostatin in the regulation of anterior pituitary hormone secretion and the use of its analogs in the treatment of human pituitary tumors. Endocr Rev 9:417-436, 1988.
42. Lamberts SW, Reubi JC, Uiterlinden P, Zuiderwijk J, van den Werff P, van Hal P. Studies on the mechanism of action of the inhibitory effect of the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 on the growth of the prolactin/ adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary tumor 7315a. Endocrinology 118:2188-2194, 1986.
43. Siegel RA, Tolcsvai L, Rudin M. Partial inhibition of the growth of transplanted dunning rat prostate tumors with the long-acting somatostatin analogue sandostatin (SMS 201-995). Cancer Res 48:4651-4655, 1988.
44. Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW. The pathophysiological consequences of somatostatin receptor internalization and resistance. Endocr Rev 24:28-47, 2003.
45. Koper JW, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, den Holder F, Lamberts SW. Desensitization and resensitization of rat pituitary tumor cells in long-term culture to the effects of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on cell growth and prolactin secretion. Cancer Res 50:6238-6242, 1990.
46. Mahy N, Woolkalis M, Manning D, Reisine T. Characteristics of somatostatin desensitization in the pituitary tumor cell line AtT-20. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 247:390-396, 1988.
47. Srikant CB, Heisler S. Relationship between receptor binding and biopotency of somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 in mouse pituitary tumor cells. Endocrinology 117:271-278, 1985.
48. Elberg G, Hipkin RW, Schonbrunn A. Homologous and heterologous regulation of somatostatin receptor 2. Mol Endocrinol 16:2502-2514, 2002.
49. Schonbrunn A. Glucocorticoids down-regulate somatostatin receptors on pituitary cells in culture. Endocrinology 110:1147-1154, 1982.
50. Visser-Wisselaar HA, Van Uffelen CJ, Van Koetsveld PM, et al. 17-beta-estradiol-dependent regulation of somatostatin receptor subtype expression in the 7315b prolactin secreting rat pituitary tumor in vitro and in vivo. Endocrinology 138: 1180-1189, 1997.
51. Kimura N, Hayafuji C, Konagaya H, Takahashi K. 17 beta-estradiol induces somatostatin (SRIF) inhibition of prolactin release and regulates SRIF receptors in rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology 119:1028-1036, 1986.
52. James RA, Sarapura VD, Bruns C, et al. Thyroid hormone-induced expression of specific somatostatin receptor subtypes correlates with involution of the TtT-97 murine thyrotrope tumor. Endocrinology 138:719-724, 1997.
53. Reubi JC, Laissue J, Krenning E, Lamberts SW Somatostatin receptors in human cancer: incidence, characteristics, functional correlates and clinical implications. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 43:27-35, 1992.
54. Zhang CY, Yokogoshi Y, Yoshimoto K, Fujinaka Y, Matsumoto K, Saito S. Point mutation of the somatostatin receptor 2 gene in the human small cell lung cancer cell line COR-L103. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 210:805-815, 1995.
55. Ballare E, Persani L, Lania AG, et al. Mutation of somatostatin receptor type 5 in an acromegalic patient resistant to somatostatin analog treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3809-3814, 2001.
56. Lamberts SW, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, et al. Parallel in vivo and in vitro detection of functional somatostatin receptors in human endocrine pancreatic tumors: consequences with regard to diagnosis, localization, and therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:566-574, 1990.
57. Papotti M, Macri L, Bussolati G, Reubi JC. Correlative study on neuro-endocrine differentiation and presence of somatostatin receptors in breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer 43:365-369, 1989.
58. Reubi JC, Maurer R, von Werder K, Torhorst J, Klijn JG, Lamberts SW. Somatostatin receptors in human endocrine tumors. Cancer Res 47:551-558, 1987.
59. Kong H, DePaoli AM, Breder CD, Yasuda K, Bell GI, Reisine T. Differential expression of messenger RNAs for somatostatin receptor subtypes SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR3 in adult rat brain: analysis by RNA blotting and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neuroscience 59:175-184, 1994.
60. Janson ET, Gobi A, Kalkner KM, Oberg K. A comparison between the efficacy of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and that of in situ hybridization for somatostatin receptor subtype 2 messenger RNA to predict therapeutic outcome in carcinoid patients. Cancer Res 56:2561-2565, 1996.
61. Reubi JC, Schaer JC, Waser B, Mengod G. Expression and localization of somatostatin receptor SSTR1, SSTR2, and SSTR3 messenger RNAs in primary human tumors using in situ hybridization. Cancer Res 54:3455-3459, 1994.
62. Schaer JC, Waser B, Mengod G, Reubi JC. Somatostatin receptor subtypes sst1, sst2, sst3 and sst5 expression in human pituitary, gastroentero-pancreatic and mammary tumors: comparison of mRNA analysis with receptor autoradiography. Int J Cancer 70:530-537, 1997.
63. Papotti M, Croce S, Macri L, et al. Correlative immunohistochemical and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of somatostatin receptor type 2 in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Diagn Mol Pathol 9:47-57, 2000.
64. Papotti M, Croce S, Bello M, et al. Expression of somatostatin receptor types 2, 3 and 5 in biopsies and surgical specimens of human lung tumours. Correlation with preoperative octreotide scintigraphy. Virchows Arch 439:787-797, 2001.
65. Papotti M, Bongiovanni M, Volante M, et al. Expression of somatostatin receptor types 1-5 in 81 cases of gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine tumors. A correlative immunohistochemical and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Virchows Arch 440:461-475, 2002.
66. Sestini R, Orlando C, Peri A, et al. Quantitation of somatostatin receptor type 2 gene expression in neuroblastoma cell lines and primary tumors using competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Clin Cancer Res 2:1757-1765, 1996.
67. Helboe L, Moller M, Norregaard L, Schiodt M, Stidsen CE. Development of selective antibodies against the human somatostatin receptor subtypes sst1-sst5. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 49:82-88, 1997.
68. Hofland LJ, Liu Q, Van Koetsveld PM, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of somatostatin receptor subtypes sst1 and sst2A in human somatostatin receptor positive tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:775-780, 1999.
69. Janson ET, Stridsberg M, Gobl A, Westlin JE, Oberg K. Determination of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in carcinoid tumors by immunohistochemical investigation with somatostatin receptor subtype 2 antibodies. Cancer Res 58:2375-2378, 1998.
70. Kumar U, Laird D, Srikant CB, Escher E, Patel YC. Expression of the five somatostatin receptor (SSTR1-5) subtypes in rat pituitary somatotrophes: quantitative analysis by double-layer immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Endocrinology 138: 4473-4476, 1997.
71. Reubi JC, Kappeler A, Waser B, Laissue J, Hipkin RW, Schonbrunn A. Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin receptors sst2A in human tumors. Am J Pathol 153:233-245, 1998.
72. Schindler M, Sellers LA, Humphrey PP, Emson PC. Immunohistochemical localization of the somatostatin SST2(A) receptor in the rat brain and spinal cord. Neuroscience 76:225-240, 1997.
73. Papotti M, Kumar U, Volante M, Pecchioni C, Patel YC. Immunohistochemical detection of somatostatin receptor types 1-5 in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 54:641-649, 2001.
74. Kulaksiz H, Eissele R, Rossler D, et al. Identification of somatostatin receptor subtypes 1, 2A, 3, and 5 in neuroendocrine tumours with subtype specific antibodies. Gut 50:52-60, 2002.
75. Reubi JC, Waser B, Liu Q, Laissue JA, Schonbrunn A. Subcellular distribution of somatostatin sst2A receptors in human tumors of the nervous and neuroendocrine systems: membranous versus intracellular location. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3882-3891, 2000.
76. Bruno JF, Xu Y, Song J, Berelowitz M. Tissue distribution of somatostatin receptor subtype messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat. Endocrinology 133:2561-2567, 1993.
77. Breder CD, Yamada Y, Yasuda K, Seino S, Saper CB, Bell GI. Differential expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in brain. J Neurosci 12:3920-3934, 1992.
78. Kong H, DePaoli AM, Breder CD, Yasuda K, Bell GI, Reisine T. Differential expression of messenger RNAs for somatostatin receptor subtypes SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR3 in adult rat brain: analysis by RNA blotting and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neuroscience 59:175-184, 1994.
79. Thoss VS, Perez J, Due D, Hoyer D. Embryonic and postnatal mRNA distribution of five somatostatin receptor subtypes in the rat brain. Neuropharmacology 34:1673-1688, 1995.
80. Thoss VS, Perez J, Probst A, Hoyer D. Expression of five somatostatin receptor mRNAs in the human brain and pituitary. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 354:411-419, 1996.
81. Dournaud P, Gu YZ, Schonbrunn A, Mazella J, Tannenbaum GS, Beaudet A. Localization of the somatostatin receptor SST2A in rat brain using a specific anti-peptide antibody. J Neurosci 16:4468-4478, 1996.
82. Day R, Dong W, Panetta R, Kraicer J, Greenwood MT, Patel YC. Expression of mRNA for somatostatin receptor (sstr) types 2 and 5 in individual rat pituitary cells. A double labeling in situ hybridization analysis. Endocrinology 136:5232-5235, 1995.
83. O'Carroll AM, Krempels K. Widespread distribution of somatostatin receptor messenger ribonucleic acids in rat pituitary. Endocrinology 136:5224-5227, 1995.
84. Panetta R, Patel YC. Expression of mRNA for all five human somatostatin receptors (hSSTR1-5) in pituitary tumors. Life Sci 56:333-342, 1995.
85. Hunyady B, Hipkin RW, Schonbrunn A, Mezey E. Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin receptor SST2A in the rat pancreas. Endocrinology 138:2632-2635, 1997.
86. Kumar U, Sasi R, Suresh S, et al. Subtype-selective expression of the five somatostatin receptors (hSSTR1-5) in human pancreatic islet cells: a quantitative double-label immunohistochemical analysis. Diabetes 48:77-85, 1999.
87. Mitra SW, Mezey E, Hunyady B, et al. Colocalization of somatostatin receptor sst5 and insulin in rat pancreatic beta-cells. Endocrinology 140:3790-3796, 1999.
88. Portela-Gomes GM, Stridsberg M, Grimelius L, Oberg K, Janson ET. Expression of the five different somatostatin receptor subtypes in endocrine cells of the pancreas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 8:126-132, 2000.
89. Strowski MZ, Parmar RM, Blake AD, Schaeffer JM. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion via two receptors subtypes: an in vitro study of pancreatic islets from somatostatin receptor 2 knockout mice. Endocrinology 141:111-117, 2000.
90. Reubi JC, Krenning E, Lamberts SW, Kvols L. In vitro detection of somatostatin receptors in human tumors. Metabolism 41:104-110, 1992.
91. Reubi JC, Laissue J, Waser B, Horisberger U, Schaer JC. Expression of somatostatin receptors in normal, inflamed, and neoplastic human gastrointestinal tissues. Ann NY Acad Sci 733:122-137, 1994.
92. Reubi JC, Schaer JC, Laissue JA, Waser B. Somatostatin receptors and their subtypes in human tumors and in peritumoral vessels. Metabolism 45:39-41, 1996.
93. Shimon I. Somatostatin receptors in pituitary and development of somatostatin receptor subtype-selective analogs. Endocrine 20:265-269, 2003.
94. Briganti V, Sestini R, Orlando C, et al. Imaging of somatostatin receptors by indium-111-pentetreotide correlates with quantitative determination of somatostatin receptor type 2 gene expression in neuroblastoma tumors. Clin Cancer Res 3:2385-2391, 1997.
95. Guitera-Rovel P, Lumbroso J, Gautier-Gougis MS, et al. Indium-111 octreotide scintigraphy of Merkel cell carcinomas and their metastases. Ann Oncol 12:807-811, 2001.
96. Vikic-Topic S, Raisch KP, Kvols LK, Vuk-Pavlovic S. Expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in breast carcinoma, carcinoid tumor, and renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2974-2979, 1995.
97. Greenman Y, Melmed S. Expression of three somatostatin receptor subtypes in pituitary adenomas: evidence for preferential SSTR5 expression in the mammosornatotroph lineage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:724-729, 1994.
98. Greenman Y, Melmed S. Heterogeneous expression of two somatostatin receptor subtypes in pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:398-403, 1994.
99. Kubota A, Yamada Y, Kagimoto S, et al. Identification of somatostatin receptor subtypes and an implication for the efficacy of somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in treatment of human endocrine tumors. J Clin Invest 93:1321-1325, 1994.
100. Epelbaum J, Bertherat J, Prevost G, et al. Molecular and pharmacological characterization of somatostatin receptor subtypes in adrenal, extraadrenal, and malignant pheochromocytomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1837-1844, 1995.
101. Miller GM, Alexander JM, Bikkal HA, Katznelson L, Zervas NT, Klibanski A. Somatostatin receptor subtype gene expression in pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1386-1392, 1995.
102. Kimura N, Pilichowska M, Date F, Kimura I, Schindler M. Immunohistochemical expression of somatostatin type 2A receptor in neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Cancer Res 5:3483-3487, 1999.
103. Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW. Somatostatin receptor subtype expression in human tumors. Ann Oncol 12:531-36, 2001.
104. Pawlikowski M, Pisarek H, Kunert-Radek J, Radek A. Immunohistochemical detection of somatostatin receptor subtypes in "clinically nonfunctioning" pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pathol 14:231-8, 2003.
105. Oberg K. Carcinoid tumors: molecular genetics, tumor biology, and update of diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Oncol 14:38-45, 2002.
106. Arnold R, Wied M, Behr TH. Somatostatin analogues in the treatment of endocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Expert Opin Pharmacother 3:643-656, 2002.
107. Berenger N, Moretti JL, Boaziz C, Vigneron N, Morere JF, Breau JL. Somatostatin receptor imaging in small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 32:1429-1431, 1996.
108. Bombardieri E, Grippa F, Cataldo I, et al. Somatostatin receptor imaging of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) by means of 111In-DTPA octreotide scintigraphy. Eur J Cancer 31:184-188, 1995.
109. O'Byrne KJ, Halmos G, Pinski J, et al. Somatostatin receptor expression in lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 30:1682-1687, 1994.
110. Reisinger I, Bohuslavitzki KH, Brenner W, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in small-cell lung cancer: results of a multicenter study. J Nucl Med 39:224-227, 1998.
111. Vaccarili M, Lococo A, Fabiani F, Staffilano A. Clinical diagnostic application of 111In-DTPA-octreotide scintigraphy in small cell lung cancer. Tumori 86:224-228, 2000.
112. Reubi JC, Waser B, Sheppard M, Macaulay V. Somatostatin receptors are present in small-cell but not in non-small-cell primary lung carcinomas: relationship to EGF-receptors. Int J Cancer 45:269-274, 1990.
113. Reubi JC, Chayvialle JA, Franc B, Cohen R, Calmettes C, Modigliani E. Somatostatin receptors and somatostatin content in medullary thyroid carcinomas. Lab Invest 64:567-573, 1991.
114. Kwekkeboom DJ, Reubi JC, Lamberts SW, et al. In vivo somatostatin receptor imaging in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:1413-1417, 1993.
115. Tisell LE, Ahlman H, Wangberg B, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Surg 84:543-547, 1997.
116. Mato E, Matias-Guiu X, Chico A, et al. Somatostatin and somatostatin receptor subtype gene expression in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2417-2420, 1998.
117. Pacini F, Basolo F, Elisei R, Fugazzola L, Cola A, Pinchera A. Medullary thyroid cancer. An immunohistochemical and humoral study using six separate antigens. Am J Clin Pathol 95:300-308, 1991.
118. Reubi JC, Schaer JC, Waser B, et al. Affinity profiles for human somatostatin receptor subtypes SST1-SST5 of somatostatin radiotracers selected for scintigraphic and radiotherapeutic use. Eur J Nucl Med 27:273-282, 2000.
119. Reubi C, Gugger M, Waser B. Co-expressed peptide receptors in breast cancer as a molecular basis for in vivo multireceptor tumour targeting. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29:855-862, 2002.
120. Pilichowska M, Kimura N, Suzuki A, Yoshida R, Schindler M, Nagura H. Clinicopathological value of somatostatin type 2A and estrogen receptor immunoreactivity in human breast carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 12:55-61, 2001.
121. Alberini JL, Meunier B, Denzler B, et al. Somatostatin receptor in breast cancer and axillary nodes: study with scintigraphy, histopathology and receptor autoradiography. Breast Cancer Res Treat 61:21-32, 2000.
122. Zhao B, Zhao H, Zhao N, Zhu XG. Cholangiocarcinoma cells express somatostatin receptor subtype 2 and respond to octreotide treatment. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 9:497-502, 2002.
123. Pilichowska M, Kimura N, Schindler M, Kobari M. Somatostatin type 2A receptor immunoreactivity in human pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Endocr Pathol 12:147-155, 2001.
124. Dimitroulopoulos D, Xinopoulos D, Tsamakidis K, et al. The role of sandostatin LAR in treating patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 49:1245-1250, 2002.
125. Kouroumalis E, Skordilis P, Thermos K, Vasilaki A, Moschandrea J, Manousos ON. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with octreotide: a randomised controlled study. Gut 42:442-447, 1998.
126. Laws SA, Gough AC, Evans AA, Bains MA, Primrose JN. Somatostatin receptor subtype mRNA expression in human colorectal cancer and normal colonic mucosae. Br J Cancer 75:360-366, 1997.
127. Vuaroqueaux V, Dutour A, Bourhim N, et al. Increased expression of the mRNA encoding the somatostatin receptor subtype five in human colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Mol Endocrinol 24:397-408, 2000.
128. Hall GH, Turnbull LW, Richmond I, Helboe L, Atkin SL. Localisation of somatostatin and somatostatin receptors in benign and malignant ovarian tumours. Br J Cancer 87:86-90, 2002.
129. Haslinghuis LM, Krenning EP, De Herder WW, Reijs AE, Kwekkeboom DJ. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Endocrinol Invest 24:415-422, 2001.
130. Wang CH, Tang CW, Liu CL, Tang LP. Inhibitory effect of octreotide on gastric cancer growth via MAPK pathway. World J Gastroenterol 9:1904-1908, 2003.
131. Guillermet J, Saint-Laurent N, Rochaix P, et al. Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 sensitizes human pancreatic cancer cells to death ligand-induced apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:155-160, 2003.
132. Vernejoul F, Faure P, Benali N, Calise D, Tiraby G, Pradayrol L, Susini C, Buscail L. Antitumor effect of in vivo somatostatin receptor subtype 2 gene transfer in primary and metastatic pancreatic cancer models. Cancer Res 62:6124-6131, 2002.
133. Plonowski A, Schally AV, Nagy A, Kiaris H, Hebert F, Halmos G. Inhibition of metastatic renal cell carcinomas expressing somatostatin receptors by a targeted cytotoxic analogue of somatostatin AN-238. Cancer Res 60:2996-3001, 2000.
134. Sulkowski U, Dinse P, Haus U, Collins W Regression of a distal bile duct carcinoma after treatment with octreotide for 6 months. Digestion 58:407-409, 1997.
135. Dizeyi N, Konrad L, Bjartell A, et al. Localization and mRNA expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in human prostatic tissue and prostate cancer cell lines. Urol Oncol 7:91-98, 2002.
136. Hansson J, Bjartell A, Gadaleanu V, Dizeyi N, Abrahamsson PA. Expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 4 in human benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer. Prostate 53:50-59, 2002.
137. Reubi JC, Waser B, Schaer JC, Laissue JA. Somatostatin receptor sst1-sst5 expression in normal and neoplastic human tissues using receptor autoradiography with subtype-selective ligands. Eur J Nucl Med 28:836-846, 2001.
138. Sinisi AA, Bellastella A, Prezioso D, et al. Different expression patterns of somatostatin receptor subtypes in cultured epithelial cells from human normal prostate and prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2566-2569, 1997.
139. Reubi JC, Waser B, Schaer JC, Markwalder R. Somatostatin receptors in human prostate and prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2806-2814, 1995.
140. Halmos G, Schally AV, Sun B, Davis R, Bostwick DG, Plonowski A. High expression of somatostatin receptors and messenger ribonucleic acid for its receptor subtypes in organ-confined and locally advanced human prostate cancers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2564-2571, 2000.
141. Vainas IG. Octreotide in the management of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Chemotherapy 47:109-126, 2001.
142. Plonowski A, Schally AV, Nagy A, Sun B, Szepeshazi K. Inhibition of PC-3 human androgen-independent prostate cancer and its metastases by cytotoxic somatostatin analogue AN-238. Cancer Res 59:1947-1953, 1999.
143. Krijnen JL, Janssen PJ, Ruizeveld de Winter JA, van Krimpen H, Schroder FH, van der Kwast TH. Do neuroendocrine cells in human prostate cancer express androgen receptor? Histochemistry 100:393-398, 1993.
144. Guate JL, Escaf S, Menendez CL, del Valle M, Vega JA. Neuroendocrine cells in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma: effect of hormonal treatment. Urol Int 59:149-153, 1997.
145. Ardjomand N, Ardjomand N, Schaffler G, Radner H, El-Shabrawi Y. Expression of somatostatin receptors in uveal melanomas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:980-987, 2003.
146. Lum SS, Fletcher WS, O'Dorisio MS, Nance RW, Pommier RF, Caprara M. Distribution and functional significance of somatostatin receptors in malignant melanoma. World J Surg 25:407-412, 2001.
147. Florio T, Montella L, Corsaro A, et al. In vitro and in vivo expression of somatostatin receptors in intermediate and malignant soft tissue tumors. Anticancer Res 23:2465-2471, 2003.
148. Friedberg JW, Van den Abbeele AD, Kehoe K, Singer S, Fletcher CD, Demetri GD. Uptake of radiolabeled somatostatin analog is detectable in patients with metastatic foci of sarcoma. Cancer 86:1621-1627, 1999.
149. Albini A, Florio T, Giunciuglio D, et al. Somatostatin controls Kaposi's sarcoma tumor growth through inhibition of angiogenesis. FASEB J 13:647-655, 1999.
150. Dutour A, Kumar U, Panetta R, et al. Expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in human brain tumors. Int J Cancer 76:620-627, 1998.
151. Reubi JC, Lang W, Maurer R, Koper JW, Lamberts SW Distribution and biochemical characterization of somatostatin receptors in tumors of the human central nervous system. Cancer Res 47:5758-5764, 1987.
152. Reubi JC, Maurer R, Klijn JG, et al. High incidence of somatostatin receptors in human meningiomas: biochemical characterization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63:433-438, 1986.
153. Ferone D, Hofland LJ, Colao A, Lamberts SW, van Hagen PM. Neuroendocrine aspects of immunolymphoproliferative diseases. Ann Oncol 12:5125-130, 2001.
154. van den Anker-Lugtenburg PJ, Lowenberg B, Lamberts SW, Krenning EP. The relevance of somatostatin receptor expression in malignant lymphomas. Metabolism 45:96-97, 1996.
155. Goldsmith SJ, Macapinlac HA, O'Brien JP. Somatostatin-receptor imaging in lymphoma. Semin Nucl Med 25:262-271, 1995.
156. Lugtenburg PJ, Krenning EP, Valkema R, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy useful in stage I-II Hodgkin's disease: more extended disease identified. Br J Haematol 112:936-944, 2001.
157. Lugtenburg PJ, Lowenberg B, Valkema R, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the initial staging of low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. J Nucl Med 42:222-229, 2001.
158. Ferone D, Kwekkeboom DJ, Pivonello R, et al. In vivo and in vitro expression of somatostatin receptors in two human thymomas with similar clinical presentation and different histological features. J Endocrinol Invest 24:522-528, 2001.
159. Marienhagen J, Schalke B, Aebert H, Held P, Eilles C, Bogdahn U. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in thymoma imaging method and clinical application. Pathol Res Pract 195:575-581, 1999.
160. Lastoria S, Vergara E, Palmieri G, et al. In vivo detection of malignant thymic masses by indium-111-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 39:634-639, 1998.
161. Ferone D, van Hagen MP, Kwekkeboom DJ, et al. Somatostatin receptor subtypes in human thymoma and inhibition of cell proliferation by octreotide in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1719-1726, 2000.
162. Pawlikowski M, Melen-Mucha G. Perspectives of new potential therapeutic applications of somatostatin analogs. Neuroendocrinol Lett 24:21-27, 2003.
163. Davis MI, Wilson SH, Grant MB. The therapeutic problem of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: targeting somatostatin receptors. Horm Metab Res 33:295-299, 2001.
164. Garcia de la Torre N, Wass JA, Turner HE. Antiangiogenic effects of somatostatin analogues. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57:425-441, 2002.
165. Thermos K. Functional mapping of somatostatin receptors in the retina: a review. Vision Res 43:1805-1815, 2003.
166. Klisovic DD, O'Dorisio MS, Katz SE, et al. Somatostatin receptor gene expression in human ocular tissues: RT-PCR and immunohistochemical study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:2193-2201, 2001.
167. van Hagen PM, Baarsma GS, Mooy CM, et al. Somatostatin and somatostatin receptors in retinal diseases. Eur J Endocrinol 143:543-51, 2000.
168. Lebtahi R, Crestani B, Belmatoug N, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and gallium scintigraphy in patients with sarcoidosis. J Nucl Med 42:21-26, 2001.
169. Zavros Y, Rathinavelu S, Kao JY, et al. Treatment of Helicobacter gastritis with IL-4 requires somatostatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:12944-12949, 2003.