Functional identification of neural genes

Methods in Genomic Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue , 2001, Pages 65-90

  Pinto, Lawrence H ^a   Takahashi, Joseph S ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1342313708     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (119)

1. Hotta, Y. and Benzer, S., Abnormal electroretinograms in visual mutants of drosophila, Nature, 222, 354, 1969.
2. Konopka, R. J. and Benzer, S., Clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 68, 2112, 1971.
3. Takahashi, J. S., Pinto, L. H., and Vitaterna, M. H., Forward and reverse genetic approaches to behavior in the mouse, Science, 264, 1724, 1994.
4. Wu, C.-F., Ganetzky, B., Haugland, F., and Liu, A.-X., Potassium currents in drosophila: Different components affected by mutations of two genes, Science, 220, 1076, 1983.
5. Papazian, D. M., Schwarz, T. L., Tempel, B. L., Jan, Y. N., and Jan, L. Y., Cloning of genomic and complementary DNA from shaker, a putative potassium channel gene from drosophila, Science, 237, 749, 1987.
6. Tempel, B. L., Papazian, D. M., Schwarz, T. L., Jan, Y. N., and Jan, L. Y., Sequence of a probable potassium channel component encoded at shaker locus of drosophila, Science, 237, 770, 1987.
7. Doyle, D. A., Cabral, J. M., Pfuetzner, R. A., Kuo, A., Gulbis, J. M., Cohen, S. L., Chait, B. T., and MacKinnon, R., The structure of the potassium channel: Molecular basis of k+ conduction and selectivity, Science, 280, 69, 1998.
8. Nusslein-Volhard, C. and Wieschaus, E., Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in drosophila, Nature, 287, 795, 1980.
9. Brand, M., Heisenberg, C. P., Warga, R. M., Pelegri, F., Karlstrom, R. O., Beuchle, D., Picker, A., Jiang, Y. J., Furutani-Seiki, M., van Eeden, F. J., Granato, M., Haffter, P., Hammerschmidt, M., Kane, D. A., Kelsh, R. N., Mullins, M. C., Odenthal, J., and Nusslein-Volhard, C., Mutations affecting development of the midline and general body shape during zebrafish embryogenesis, Development, 123, 129, 1996.
10. Keverne, E. B., An evaluation of what the mouse knockout experiments are telling us about mammalian behavior, BioEssays, 19, 1091, 1997.
11. Hrabé de Angelis, M., Flaswinkel, H., Fuchs, H., Rathkolb, B., Soewarto, D., Marschall, S., Heffner, S., Pargent, W., Wuensch, K., Jung, M., Reis, A., Richter, T., Allesandrini, F., Jakob, T., Fuchs, E., Kolb, H., Kremmer, E., Schaeble, K., Rolinski, B., Roscher, A., Peters, C., Meitinger, T., Strom, T., Steckler, T., Holsboer, F., Gekeler, F., Schindewolf, C., Jung, T., Avraham, K., Behrendt, H., Ring, J., Zimmer, A., Schughart, K., Pfeffer, K., Wolf, E., and Balling, R., Genome-wide, large-scale production of mutant mice by enu mutagenesis, Nat. Genet., 25, 444, 2000.
12. Nolan, P. M., Peters, J., Strivens, M., Rogers, D., Hagan, J., Spurr, N., Gray, I. C., Vizor, L., Brooker, D., Whitehill, E., Washbourne, R., Hough, T., Greenaway, S., Hewitt, M., Liu, X., McCormack, S., Pickford, K., Selley, R., Wells, C., Tymowska-Lalanne, Z., Roby, P., Glenister, P., Thornton, C., Thaung, C., Stevenson, J.-A., Arkell, R., Mburu, P., Hardisty, R., Kiernan, A., Erven, A., Steel, K. P., Voegeling, S., Guenet, J.-L., Nickols, C., Sadri, R., Naase, M., Isaacs, A., Davies, K., Browne, M., Fisher, E., Martin, J., Rastan, S., Brown, S. D. M., and Hunter, J., A systematic, genomewide, phenotype driven mutagenesis programme for gene function studies in the mouse, Nat. Genet., 25, 440, 2000.
13. Nolan, P. M., Peters, J., Vizor, L., Strivens, M., Washbourne, R., Hough, T., Wells, C., Glenister, P., Thornton, C., Fisher, E., Rogers, D., Hagan, J., Reavill, C., Gray, I., Wood, J., Spurr, N., Browne, M., Rastan, S., Hunter, J., and Brown, S. D. M., Implementation of a large-scale enu mutagenesis program: Towards increasing the mouse mutant resource, Mammal. Genome, 11, 500, 2000.
14. Pretsch, W., Enzyme-activity mutants in mus musculus. I. Phenotypic description and genetic characterization of ethylnitrosourea-induced mutations, Mammal. Genome, 11, 537, 2000.
15. Rathkolb, B., Decker, T., Fuchs, E., Soewarto, D., Fella, C., Heffner, S., Pargent, W., Wanke, R., Balling, R., Hrabé de Angelis, M., Kolb, H. J., and Wolf, E., The clinicalchemical screen in the Munich enu mouse mutagenesis project: Screening for clinically relevant phenotypes, Mammal. Genome, 11, 543, 2000.
16. Soewarto, D., Fella, C., Teubner, A., Rathkolb, B., Pargent, W., Heffner, S., Marschall, S., Wolf, E., Balling, R., and Hrabé de Angelis, M., The large-scale Munich enumouse- mutagenesis screen, Mammal. Genome, 11, 507, 2000.
17. Tarantino, L. M., Gould, T. J., Druhan, J. P., and Bucan, M., Behavior and mutagenesis screens: The importance of baseline analysis of inbred strains, Mammal. Genome, 11, 555, 2000.
18. Crabbe, J. C., Wahlsten, D., and Dudek, B. C., Genetics of mouse behavior: Interactions with laboratory environment, Science, 284, 1670, 1999.
19. Owen, E. H., Logue, S. F., Rasmussen, D. L., and Wehner, J. M., Assessment of learning by the Morris water task and fear conditioning in inbred mouse strains and F1 hybrids: Implications of genetic background for single gene mutations and quantitative trait loci analyses, Neuroscience, 80, 1087, 1997.
20. Bourtchuladze, R., Frenguelli, B., Blendy, J., Cioffi, D., Schutz, G., and Silva, A. J., Deficient long-term memory in mice with a targeted mutation of the camp-responsive element-binding protein, Cell, 79, 59, 1994.
21. Gibson, F., Walsh, J., Mburu, P., Varela, A., Brown, K. A., Antonio, M., Beisel, K. W., Steel, K. P., and Brown, S. D., A type vii myosin encoded by the mouse deafness gene shaker-1, Nature, 374, 62, 1995.
22. Zhao, H., Ivic, L., Otaki, J. M., Hashimoto, M., Mikoshiba, K., and Firestein, S., Functional expression of a mammalian odorant receptor, Science, 279, 237, 1998.
23. Grisel, J. E., Belknap, J. K., O’Toole, L. A., Helms, M. L., Wenger, C. D., and Crabbe, J. C., Quantitative trait loci affecting methamphetamine responses in b×d recombinant inbred mouse strains, J. Neurosci., 17, 745, 1997.
24. Picciotto, M. R., Zoli, M., Rimondini, R., Lena, C., Marubio, L. M., Pich, E. M., Fuxe, K., and Changeux, J. P., Acetylcholine receptors containing the beta2 subunit are involved in the reinforcing properties of nicotine, Nature, 391, 173, 1998.
25. Mangini, N. J., Vanable, J. W., Jr., Williams, M. A., and Pinto, L. H., The optokinetic nystagmus and ocular pigmentation of hypopigmented mouse mutants, J. Compar. Neurol., 241, 191, 1985.
26. Pinto, L. H. and Enroth-Cugell, C., Tests of the mouse visual system, Mammal. Genome, 11, 531, 2000.
27. Steel, K. P. and Brown, S. D., Genes and deafness, Trends Genet., 10, 428, 1994.
28. Justice, M. J., Carpenter, D. A., Favor, J., Neuhauser-Klaus, A., Angelis, M. H. d., Soewarto, D., Moser, A., Cordes, S., Miller, D., Chapman, V., Weber, J. S., Rinchik, E. M., Hunsicker, P. R., Russell, W. L., and Bode, V. C., Effects of enu dosage on mouse strains, Mammal. Genome, 11, 484, 2000.
29. Noveroske, J. K., Weber, J. S., and Justice, M. J., The mutagenic action of n-ethyln- nitrosourea in the mouse, Mammal. Genome, 11, 478, 2000.
30. Flaswinkel, H., Allesandrini, F., Rathkolb, B., Decker, T., Kremmer, E., Servatius, A., Jakob, T., Soewarto, D., Marschall, S., Fella, C., Behrendt, H., Ring, J., Wolf, E., Balling, R., Hrabé de Angelis, M., and Pfeffer, K., Identification of immunological relevant phenotypes in enu mutagenized mice, Mammal. Genome, 11, 526, 2000.
31. Rolinski, B., Arnecke, R., Dame, T., Kreischer, J., Olgemoller, B., Wolf, E., Balling, R., Hrabé de Angelis, M., and Roscher, A. A., The biochemical metabolite screen in the Munich enu mouse mutagenesis project: Determination of amino acids and acylcarnitines by tandem mass spectrometry, Mammal. Genome, 11, 547, 2000.
32. Schindewolf, C., Lobenwein, K., Trinczek, K., Gomolka, M., Soewarto, D., Fella, C., Pargent, W., Singh, N., Jung, T., and Hrabé de Angelis, M., Comet assay as a tool to screen for mouse models with inherited radiation sensitivity, Mammal. Genome, 11, 552, 2000.
33. Wells, C. and Brown, S. D. M., Genomics meets genetics: Towards a mutant map of the mouse, Mammal. Genome, 11, 472, 2000.
34. Glenister, P. H. and Thornton, C. E., Cryoconservation-archiving for the future, Mammal. Genome, 11, 565, 2000.
35. Nakagata, N., Cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa, Mammal. Genome, 11, 572, 2000.
36. Chemical Mutagenesis in Mice, Mammal. Genome, 11, 7, 2000.
37. Pickard, G. E., Sollars, P. J., Rinchik, E. M., Nolan, P. M., and Bucan, M., Mutagenesis and behavioral screening for altered circadian activity identifies the mouse mutant, wheels, Brain Res., 705, 255, 1995.
38. Nolan, P. M., Kapfhamer, D., and Bucan, M., Random mutagenesis screen for dominant behavioral mutations in mice, Methods, 13, 379, 1997.
39. Beggs, H. E., Soriano, P., and Maness, P. F., Ncam-dependent neurite outgrowth is inhibited in neurons from fyn-minus mice, J. Cell Biol., 127, 825, 1994.
40. Grant, S. G., O’Dell, T. J., Karl, K. A., Stein, P. L., Soraino, P., and Kandel, E. R., Impaired long-term potentiation, spatial learning, and hippocampal development in fyn mutant mice, Science, 258, 760, 1992.
41. Kojima, N., Wang, J., Mansuy, I. M., Grant, S. G. N., Mayford, M., and Kandel, E. R., Rescuing impairment of long-term potentiation in fyn-deficient mice by introducing fyn transgene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 4761, 1997.
42. Shedlovsky, A., Guenet, J. L., Johnson, L. L., and Dove, W. F., Induction of recessive lethal mutations in the t/t-h-2 region of the mouse genome by a point mutagen, Genet. Res., 47, 135, 1986.
43. Russell, W. L., X-ray-induced mutations mice, 16, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology XVI, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1951, 327-335.
44. Russell, W. L., Russell, L. B., and Cupp, M. B., Dependence of mutation frequency on radiation dose rate in female mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 45, 18, 1959.
45. Russell, L. B., Hunsicker, P. R., Cacheiro, N. L. A., Bangham, J. W., Russell, W. L., and Shelby, M. D., Chlorambucil effectively induces deletion mutations in mouse germ cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 3704, 1989.
46. Rinchik, E. M., Bangham, J. W., Hunsicker, P. R., Cacheiro, N. L., Kwon, B. S., Jackson, I. J., and Russell, L. B., Genetic and molecular analysis of chlorambucil-induced germline mutations in the mouse, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 1416, 1990.
47. Russell, W. L., Hunsicker, P. R., Carpenter, D. A., Cornett, C. V., and Guinn, G. M., Effect of dose fractionation on the ethylnitrosourea induction of specific-locus mutations in mouse spermatogonia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 3592, 1982.
48. Russell, W. L., Hunsicker, P. R., Raymer, G. D., Steele, M. H., Stelzner, K. F., and Thompson, H. M., Dose-response curve for ethylnitrosourea-induced specific-locus mutations in mouse spermatogonia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 3589, 1982.
49. Russell, W. L., Kelly, E. M., Hunsicker, P. R., Bangham, J. W., Maddux, S. C., and Phipps, E. L., Specific-locus test shows ethylnitrosourea to be the most potent mutagen in the mouse, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 5818, 1979.
50. Shedlovsky, A., McDonald, J. D., Symula, D., and Dove, W. F., Mouse models of human phenylketonuria, Genetics, 134, 1205, 1993.
51. Favor, J., Neuhauser-Klaus, A., and Ehling, U. H., The induction of forward and reverse specific-locus mutations and dominant cataract mutations in spermatogonia of treated strain dba/2 mice by ethylnitrosourea, Mut. Res., 249, 293, 1991.
52. Favor, J., Neuhauser-Klaus, A., Ehling, U. H., Wulff, A., and van Zeeland, A. A., The effect of the interval between dose applications on the observed specific-locus mutation rate in the mouse following fractionated treatments of spermatogonia with ethylnitrosourea, Mut. Res., 374, 193, 1997.
53. Pearce, S. R., Peters, J., Ball, S., Morgan, M. J., Walker, J. I., and Faik, P., Sequence characterization of enu-induced mutants of glucose phosphate isomerase in mouse, Mammal. Genome, 6, 858, 1995.
54. Ehling, U. H. and Neuhauser-Klaus, A., Induction of specific-locus mutations in female mice by 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea and procarbazine, Mut. Res., 202, 139, 1988.
55. Chen, Y., Yee, D., Dains, K., Chatterjee, A., Cavalcoli, J., Schneider, E., Om, J., Woychik, R. P., and Magnuson, T., Genotype-based screen for enu-induced mutations in mouse embryonic stem cells, Nat. Genet., 24, 314, 2000.
56. Munroe, R. J., Bergstrom, R. A., Zheng, Q. Y., Libby, B., Smith, R., John, S. W., Schimenti, K. J., Browning, V. L., and Schimenti, J. C., Mouse mutants from chemically mutagenized embryonic stem cells in process citation, Nat. Genet., 24, 318, 2000.
57. Hitotsumachi, S., Carpenter, D. A., and Russell, W. L., Dose-repetition increases the mutagenic effectiveness of n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea in mouse spermatogonia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 6619, 1985.
58. MacKinnon, R., Aldrich, R. W., and Lee, A. W., Functional stoichiometry of shaker potassium channel inactivation, Science, 262, 757, 1993.
59. Gekakis, N., Staknis, D., Nguyen, H. B., Davis, F. C., Wilsbacher, L. D., King, D. P., Takahashi, J. S., and Weitz, C. J., Role of the clock protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism, Science, 280, 1564, 1998.
60. Fortini, M. E., Simon, M. A., and Rubin, G. M., Signaling by the sevenless protein tyrosine kinase is mimicked by ras1 activation, Nature, 355, 559, 1992.
61. Simon, M. A., Bowtell, D. D., Dodson, G. S., Laverty, T. R., and Rubin, G. M., Ras1 and a putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor perform crucial steps in signaling by the sevenless protein tyrosine kinase, Cell, 67, 701, 1991.
62. Simon, M. A., Dodson, G. S., and Rubin, G. M., An sh3-sh2-sh3 protein is required for p21ras1 activation and binds to sevenless and sos proteins in vitro, Cell, 73, 169, 1993.
63. Rutila, J. E., Zeng, H., Le, M., Curtin, K. D., Hall, J. C., and Rosbash, M., The timsl mutant of the drosophila rhythm gene timeless manifests allele-specific interactions with period gene mutants, Neuron, 17, 921, 1996.
64. Hamilton, B. A., Smith, D. J., Mueller, K. L., Kerrebrock, A. W., Bronson, R. T., van Berkel, B., Daly, M. J., Kruglyak, L., Reeve, M. P., Nemhauser, J. L., Hawkins, T. L., Rubin, E. M., and Lander, E. S., The vibrator mutation causes neurodegeneration via reduced expression of pitp alpha: Postitional complementation cloning and extragenic suppression, Neuron, 18, 711, 1997.
65. Favor, J., The frequency of dominant cataract and recessive specific-locus mutations in mice derived from 80 or 160 mg ethylnitrosourea per kg body weight treated spermatogonia, Mut. Res., 162, 69, 1986.
66. Schimenti, J. and Bucan, M., Functional genomics in the mouse: Phenotype-based mutagenesis screens, Genome Res., 8, 698, 1998.
67. Rinchik, E. M. and Carpenter, D. A., N-ethyl-n-nitrosourea mutagenesis of a 6- to 11-cm subregion of the fah-hbb interval of mouse chromosome 7: Completed testing of 4557 gametes and deletion mapping and complementation analysis of 31 mutations, Genetics, 152, 373, 1999.
68. Brown, S. D. and Peters, J., Combining mutagenesis and genomics in the mouse - closing the phenotype gap, Trends Genet., 12, 433, 1996.
69. Justice, M. J., Zheng, B., Woychik, R. P., and Bradley, A., Using targeted large deletions and high-efficiency n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea mutagenesis for functional analyses of the mammalian genome, Methods, 13, 423, 1997.
70. Rinchik, E. M., Carpenter, D. A., and Selby, P. B., A strategy for fine-structure functional analysis of a 6- to 11-centimorgan region of mouse chromosome 7 by highefficiency mutagenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 896, 1990.
71. Evans, M. J., Carlton, M. B., and Russ, A. P., Gene trapping and functional genomics, Trends Genet., 13, 370, 1997.
72. Friedrich, G. and Soriano, P., Insertional mutagenesis by retroviruses and promoter traps in embryonic stem cells, Meth. Enzymol., 225, 681, 1993.
73. Hill, D. P. and Wurst, W., Screening for novel pattern formation genes using gene trap approaches, Meth. Enzymol., 225, 664, 1993.
74. Wurst, W., Rossant, J., Prideaux, V., Kownacka, M., Joyner, A., Hill, D. P., Guillemot, F., Gasca, S., Cado, D., Auerbach, A., et al., A large-scale gene-trap screen for insertional mutations in developmentally regulated genes in mice, Genetics, 139, 889, 1995.
75. Zambrowicz, B. P., Friedrich, G. A., Buxton, E. C., Lilleberg, S. L., Person, C., and Sands, A. T., Disruption and sequence identification of 2,000 genes in mouse embryonic stem cells, Nature, 392, 608, 1998.
76. Hicks, G. G., Shi, E. G., Li, X. M., Li, C. H., Pawlak, M., and Ruley, H. E., Functional genomics in mice by tagged sequence mutagenesis, Nat. Genet., 16, 338, 1997.
77. Wang, D. G., Fan, J. B., Siao, C. J., Berno, A., Young, P., Sapolsky, R., Ghandour, G., Perkins, N., Winchester, E., Spencer, J., Kruglyak, L., Stein, L., Hsie, L., Topaloglou, T., Hubbell, E., Robinson, E., Mittmann, M., Morris, M. S., Shen, N., Kilburn, D., Rioux, J., Nusbaum, C., Rozen, S., Hudson, T. J., Lander, E. S., et al., Large-scale identification, mapping, and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome, Science, 280, 1077, 1998.
78. Zhao, L. P., Aragaki, C., Hsu, L., and Quiaoit, F., Mapping of complex traits by single-nucleotide polymorphisms, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 63, 225, 1998.
79. Dietrich, W., Katz, H., Lincoln, S. E., Shin, H. S., Friedman, J., Dracopoli, N. C., and Lander, E. S., A genetic map of the mouse suitable for typing intraspecific crosses, Genetics, 131, 423, 1992.
80. Dietrich, W. F., Miller, J. C., Steen, R. G., Merchant, M., Damron, D., Nahf, R., Gross, A., Joyce, D. C., Wessel, M., and Dredge, R. D., A genetic map of the mouse with 4,006 simple sequence length polymorphisms, Nat. Genet., 7, 220, 1994.
81. Dietrich, W. F., Miller, J., Steen, R., Merchant, M. A., Damron-Boles, D., Husain, Z., Dredge, R., Daly, M. J., Ingalls, K. A., O’Connor, T. J., Evans, C. A., DeAngelis, M. M., Levinson, D. M., Kruglyak, L., Goodman, N., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., Hawkins, T. L., Stein, L., Page, D. C., and Lander, E. S., A comprehensive genetic map of the mouse genome, Nature, 380, 149, 1996.
82. Lindblad-Toh, K., Winchester, E., Daly, M. J., Wang, D. G., Hirschhorn, J. N., Laviolette, J. P., Ardlie, K., Reich, D. E., Robinson, E., Sklar, P., Shah, N., Thomas, D., Fan, J. B., Gingeras, T., Warrington, J., Patil, N., Hudson, T. J., and Lander, E. S., Large-scale discovery and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the mouse, Nat. Genet., 24, 381, 2000.
83. Green, E. L., Genetics in Probability and Animal Breeding Experiments, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1981, 271.
84. Ranheim, T., Dumke, C., Schueler, K. L., Cartee, G. D., and Attie, A. D., Interaction between btbr and c57bl/6j genomes produces an insulin resistance syndrome in (btbr × c57bl/6j) F1 mice, Arterioscl. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 17, 3286, 1997.
85. Lisitsyn, N. A., Segre, J. A., Kusumi, K., Lisitsyn, N. M., Nadeau, J. H., Frankel, W. N., Wigler, M. H., and Lander, E. S., Direct isolation of polymorphic markers linked to a trait by genetically directed representational difference analysis, Nat. Genet., 6, 57, 1994.
86. Lowrey, P. L., Shimomura, K., Antoch, M. P., Yamazaki, S., Zemenides, P. D., Ralph, M. R., Menaker, M., and Takahashi, J. S., Positional syntenic cloning and functional characterization of the mammalian circadian mutation tau, Science, 288, 483, 2000.
87. Stubbs, L., Long-range walking techniques in positional cloning strategies, Mammal. Genome, 3, 127, 1992.
88. Silver, L. M., Mouse Genetics: Concepts and Applications, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995, 362.
89. Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., Gilbert, D. J., Eppig, J. T., Maltais, L. J., Miller, J. C., Dietrich, W. F., Weaver, A., Lincoln, S. E., Steen, R. G., et al., A genetic linkage map of the mouse: Current applications and future prospects, Science, 262, 57, 1993.
90. Guenet, J.-L., The mouse genome, Genomes, Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Browne, M. J., and Thurlby, P. L., Eds., Academic Press, San Diego, 1996, 27-51.
91. Huxley, C., Exploring gene function: Use of yeast artificial chromosome transgenesis, Methods, 14, 199, 1998.
92. Bargiello, T. A., Jackson, F. R., and Young, M. W., Restoration of circadian behavioural rhythms by gene transfer in drosophila, Nature, 312, 752, 1984.
93. Zehring, W. A., Wheeler, D. A., Reddy, P., Konopka, R. J., Kyriacou, C. P., Rosbash, M., and Hall, J. C., P-element transformation with period locus DNA restores rhythmicity to mutant, arrhythmic Drosophila melanogaster, Cell, 39, 369, 1984.
94. Antoch, M. P., Song, E. J., Chang, A. M., Vitaterna, M. H., Zhao, Y., Wilsbacher, L. D., Sangoram, A. M., King, D. P., Pinto, L. H., and Takahashi, J. S., Functional identification of the mouse circadian Clock gene by transgenic BAC rescue, Cell, 89, 655, 1997.
95. King, D. P., Zhao, Y., Sangoram, A. M., Wilsbacher, L. D., Tanaka, M., Antoch, M. P., Steeves, T. D., Vitaterna, M. H., Kornhauser, J. M., Lowrey, P. L., Turek, F. W., and Takahashi, J. S., Positional cloning of the mouse circadian clock gene, Cell, 89, 641, 1997.
96. Hastings, M. H., Central clocking, Trends Neurosci., 20, 459, 1997.
97. Moore, R. Y., Organization of the mammalian circadian system, Ciba Foundation Symposium, 88-99, 1995.
98. Schwartz, W. J., Gross, R. A., and Morton, M. T., The suprachiasmatic nuclei contain a tetrodotoxin-resistant circadian pacemaker, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 1694, 1987.
99. Welsh, D. K., Logothetis, D. E., Meister, M., and Reppert, S. M., Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms, Neuron, 14, 697, 1995.
100. Liu, C., Weaver, D. R., Strogatz, S. H., and Reppert, S. M., Cellular construction of a circadian clock: Period determination in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, Cell, 91, 855, 1997.
101. Herzog, E. D., Takahashi, J. S., and Block, G. D., Clock controls circadian period in isolated suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons, Nat. Neurosci., 1, 708, 1998.
102. Hardin, P. E., Hall, J. C., and Rosbash, M., Feedback of the drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels, Nature, 343, 536, 1990.
103. Hardin, P. E., Hall, J. C., and Rosbash, M., Circadian oscillations in period gene mrna levels are transcriptionally regulated, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 11711, 1992.
104. So, W. V. and Rosbash, M., Post-transcriptional regulation contributes to drosophila clock gene mrna., EMBO J., 16, 7146, 1997.
105. Takahashi, J. S. and Turek, F. W., Anisomycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, perturbs the phase of a mammalian circadian pacemaker, Brain Res., 405, 199, 1987.
106. Ralph, M. R. and Menaker, M., A mutation of the circadian system in golden hamsters, Science, 241, 1225, 1988.
107. Vitaterna, M. H., King, D. P., Chang, A. M., Kornhauser, J. M., Lowrey, P. L., McDonald, J. D., Dove, W. F., Pinto, L. H., Turek, F. W., and Takahashi, J. S., Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene, clock, essential for circadian behavior, Science, 264, 719, 1994.
108. Darlington, T. K., Wager-Smith, K., Ceriani, M. F., Staknis, D., Gekakis, N., Steeves, T. D. L., Weitz, C. J., Takahashi, J. S., and Kay, S. A., Closing the circadian loop:Clock-induced transcription of its own inhibitors per and tim, Science, 280, 1599, 1998.
109. Sangoram, A. M., Saez, L., Antoch, M. P., Gekakis, N., Stanknis, D., Whiteley, A., Fruechte, E. M., Vitaterna, M. H., Shimomura, K., King, D. P., Young, M. W., Weitz, C. J., and Takahashi, J. S., Mammalian circadian autoregulatory loop: A timeless ortholog and mper1 interact and negatively regulate clock-bmal1-induced transcription, Neuron, 21, 1101, 1998.
110. Gekakis, N., Saez, L., Delahaye-Brown, A. M., Myers, M. P., Sehgal, A., Young, M. W., and Weitz, C. J., Isolation of timeless by per protein interaction: Defective interaction between timeless protein and long-period mutant perl, Science, 270, 811, 1995.
111. Saez, L. and Young, M. W., Regulation of nuclear entry of the drosophila clock proteins period and timeless, Neuron, 17, 911, 1996.
112. Kloss, B., Price, J. L., Saez, L., Blau, J., Rothenfluh, A., Wesley, C. S., and Young, M. W., The drosophila clock gene double-time encodes a protein closely related to human casein kinase i-epsilon, Cell, 94, 97, 1998.
113. Sehgal, A., Price, J. L., Man, B., and Young, M. W., Loss of circadian behavioral rhythms and per RNA oscillations in the drosophila mutant timeless, Science, 263, 1603, 1994.
114. Myers, M. P., Wager-Smith, K., Wesley, C. S., Young, M. W., and Sehgal, A., Positional cloning and sequence analysis of the drosophila clock gene, timeless, Science, 270, 805, 1995.
115. Price, J. L., Blau, J., Rothenfluh, A., Abodeely, M., Kloss, B., and Young, M. W., Double-time is a novel drosophila clock gene that regulates period protein accumulation, Cell, 94, 83, 1998.
116. Albrecht, U., Sun, Z. S., Eichele, G., and Lee, C. C., A differential response of two putative mammalian circadian regulators, mper1 and mper2, to light, Cell, 91, 1055, 1997.
117. Shearman, L. P., Zylka, M. J., Weaver, D. R., Kolakowski, L. F., Jr., and Reppert, S. M., Two period homologs: Circadian expression and photic regulation in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, Neuron, 19, 1261, 1997.
118. Sun, Z. S., Albrecht, U., Zhuchenko, O., Bailey, J., Eichele, G., and Lee, C. C., Rigui, a putative mammalian ortholog of the drosophila period gene, Cell, 90, 1003, 1997.
119. Tei, H., Okamura, H., Shigeyoshi, Y., Fukuhara, C., Ozawa, R., Hirose, M., and Sakaki, Y., Circadian oscillation of a mammalian homologue of the drosophila period gene, Nature, 389, 512, 1997.