Local factors regulating growth and function of human thyroid cells in vitro and in vivo

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

Volumn 213, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 47-58

  Eggo, Margaret C ^a   Quiney, Virginia M ^a   Campbell, Spencer ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Angiopoietins; FGF; MAPK; Plasminogen activators; Sprouty; T3

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENIC FACTOR; ANGIOPOIETIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 1; GROWTH FACTOR; GROWTH INHIBITOR; INSULIN; IODINE 125; LIOTHYRONINE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; PROTEIN KINASE C; SCATTER FACTOR RECEPTOR; SOMATOMEDIN C; THYROGLOBULIN; THYROID HORMONE; THYROXINE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA;

ANGIOGENESIS; BIOASSAY; CELL CULTURE; CELL GROWTH; CELL LINE; CONFERENCE PAPER; CYTOLOGY; DROSOPHILA; ENZYME ACTIVATION; GENE MUTATION; HERBIVORY; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; NONHUMAN; POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RODENT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SWINE; THYROID CANCER; THYROID CELL; THYROID FOLLICLE; THYROID FUNCTION; THYROID GLAND; WESTERN BLOTTING;

EID: 1242318750     PISSN: 03037207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2003.10.034     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (101)

1. Aeschimann S., Gerber H., von Gruigen C., Oestreicher M., Studer H. The degree of inhibition of thyroid follicular cell proliferation by iodide is a highly individual characteristic of each cell and differs profoundly in vitro and in vivo. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 130:1994;595-600.
2. Ambesi-Impiombato F.S., Parks L.A.M., Coon H.G. Culture of hormone-dependent functional epithelial cells from rat thyroids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:1980;3455-3459.
3. Bidey S., Hill D.J., Eggo M.C. Growth factors and goitrogenesis. J. Endocrinol. 160:1999;321-332.
4. Bignell G.R., Cansina F., Shayeghi M., Stark M., Shugart Yy., Biggs P., Mangiona J., Hamoudi R., Rosenblatt J., Buu P., Sun S., Stoffer S.S., Goldgar D.E., Romeo G., Houston R.S., Narod S.A., Stratton M.R., Foulkes W.D. Familial nontoxic multinodular thyroid goiter locus maps to chromosome 14q but does not account for familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61:1997;1123-1130.
5. Bunone G., Vigneri P., Mariani L., Buto S., Collini P., Pilottu S., Pierotti M.A., Bongarzone I. Expression of angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors in human thyroid tumours and correlation with clinical pathological features. Am. J. Pathol. 155:1999;1967-1976.
6. Chan S.Y., Wong R.W. Expression of EGF in transgenic mice causes growth retardation. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;38693-38698.
7. Cheung N.W., Lou J.C., Boyages S.C. Growth hormone does not increase thyroid size in the absence of thyrotropin: a study in adults with hypopituitarism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81:1996;1179-1183.
8. Cocks H.C., Thompson S., Turner F.E., Logan A., Franklyn J.A., Watkinson J.C., Eggo M.C. FGF-2 and FGFR-1 in human thyroid cells. Am. J. Physiol. 285:2003;E460-E469.
9. Cross M.J., Lu L., Magnusson P., Nyqvist D., Holmqvist K., Welsh M., Claesson-Welsh L. The Shb adaptor protein binds to tyrosine 766 in the FGFR-1 and regulates the Ras/MEK/MAPK pathway via FRS2 phosphorylation in endothelial cells. Mol. Biol. Cell. 13:2002;2881-2893.
10. Davies E.D., Ramsden J.D., Cocks H., Turner F., Searle P., Watkinson J., Ueno H., Logan A., Franklyn J.A., Mautner V., Eggo M.C. Adenoviral delivery of dominant negative fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 blocks FGF effects in thyroid cells and reduces goitrogenesis in mice. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88:2003;4472-4480.
11. De Vito W.J., Chanoine J.P., Alex S., Fang S.L., Stone S., Huber A.C., Shalhoub V., Linn J.B., Stein G.S., Braverman L.E. Effect of in vivo adminstration of recombinant acidic FGF on thyroid function in the rat: induction of a colloid goitre. Endocrinology. 131:1992;729-735.
12. Denef J., Haumont S., Cornette C., Beckers C. Correlated functional and morphometric study of thyroid hyperplasia induced by iodine deficiency. Endocrinology. 108:1981;2352-2358.
13. Di Fluvio M., Coleoni A.H., Pellizas C.G., Masini-Repiso A.M. T3 induces proliferation in cultured bovine thyroid cells: evidence for the involvement of EGF-associated tyrosine kinase activity. J. Endocrinol. 66:2000;173-182.
14. Dremier S., Taton M., Coulonval K., Nakamura T., Matsumoto K., Dumont J.E. Mitogenic. Endocrinology, dedifferentiating and scattering effects of HGF on dog thyroid cells. 135:1994;135-140.
15. Eccles N., Ivan M., Wynford Thomas D. Mitogenic stimulation of normal and oncogene transformed human thyroid epithelial cells by HGF. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 117:1996;247-251.
16. Egan J.E., Hall A.B., Yatsula B.A., Bar-Sagi D. The bimodal regulation of epidermal growth factor signaling by human Sprouty proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:2002;6041-6046.
17. Eggo M.C., Bachrach L.K., Fayet G., Errick J., Kudlow J.E., Cohen M.F., Burrow G.N. The effects of growth factors and serum on DNA synthesis and differentiation in thyroid cells in culture. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 38:1984;141-150.
18. Eggo M.C. Cultured thyroids- Is immortality the answer? In Thyroglobulin-the Prothyroid hormone. Prog. Endocr. Res. Ther. 2:1985;201-210.
19. Eggo M.C., Bachrach L.K., Burrow G.N. Interaction of TSH, insulin and insulin-like growth factors in regulating thyroid growth and function. Growth Factors. 2:1990;99-109.
20. Eggo M.C., Bachrach L.K., Brown A., Burrow G.N. Thyrotropin inhibits while insulin, epidermal growth factor and TPA stimulate insulin-like growth factor binding protein secretion from sheep thyroid cells. Growth Factors. 4:1991;221-230.
21. Eggo M.C., Sheppard M.C., Evans F.J., Lord J.M. Phorbol esters showing selective activation of PKC isozymes in vitro regulate thyroid function and insulin-like growth factor binding protein secretion. Cell Signal. 6:1994;439-448.
22. Eggo M.C., Hopkins J.M., Franklyn J.A., Johnson G.D., Sanders D.S., Sheppard M. Expression of fibroblast growth factors in thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80:1995;1006-1011.
23. Eggo M.C., King W.J., Black E.G., Sheppard M.C. Functional human thyroid cells and their insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins: regulation by thyrotropin, cyclic 3′,5′ adenosine monophosphate and growth factors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 81:1996;3056-3062.
24. Ekholm R., Bjorkman U. Localization of iodine binding in the thyroid gland in vitro. Endocrinology. 115:1984;1558-1567.
25. Firth S.M., Baxter R.C. Cellular actions of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Endocrine Rev. 23:2002;824-854.
26. Gross I., Bassit B., Benezra M., Licht J.D. Mammalian sprouty proteins inhibit cell growth and differentiation by preventing Ras activation. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;46460-46468.
27. Hadari J., Kouhara H., Lax I., Schlessinger J. Binding of Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase to FRS2 is essential for fibroblast growth factor-induced PC12 cell differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1998;3966-3973.
28. Hacohen N., Kramer S., Sutherland D., Hiromi Y., Krasnow M.A. Sprouty encodes a novel antagonist of FGF signaling that patterns apical branching of the Drosophila airways. Cell. 92:1998;253-263.
29. Hanafusa H., Torii S., Yasunaga T., Nishida E. Sprouty1 and Sprouty2 provide a control mechanism for the Ras/MAPK signalling pathway. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:2002;850-858.
30. Harris R.C., Chung E., Coffey R.J. EGF receptor ligands. Exp. Cell Res. 284:2003;2-13.
31. Herzog V., Berndorfer U., Saber Y. Solation of insoluble secretory product from bovine thyroid: extracellular storage of thyroglobulin in a covalently crosslinked form. J. Cell Biol. 118:1992;1071-1084.
32. Hornsby P.J. Regulation of cytochrome P-450-supported 11 beta-hydroxylation of deoxycortisol by steroids, oxygen, and antioxidants in adrenocortical cell cultures. J. Biol. Chem. 255:1980;4020-4026.
33. Jones N., Iljin K., Dumont D.J. Tie receptors: new modulators of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic responses. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2:2001;257-267.
34. Katsura H., Williams M.C., Brody J.S., Yu Q. Two closely related receptor-type tyrosine phosphatases are differentially expressed during rat lung development. Dev. Dyn. 204:1995;89-97.
35. Klein M., Picard E., Vignaud J.M., Marie B., Bresler L., Toussaint B., Weryha G., Duprez A., Leclerc J. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene and protein: strong expression in thyroiditis and thyroid carcinoma. J. Endocrinol. 161:1999;41-49.
36. Kim I., Kwak H.J., Ahn J.E., So J.N., Liu M., Koh K.N., Koh G.Y. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel angiopoietin family protein, angiopoietin-3. FEBS Lett. 443:1999;353-356.
37. Kim I., Kim H.G., Moon S.-O., Chae S.W., So J.N., Koh K.N., Ahn B.C., Koh G.Y. Angiopoietin-1 induces endothelial cell sprouting through the activation of focal adhesion kinase and plasmin secretion. Circ Res. 86:2000;952-959.
38. Kimura T., Van Keymeulen A., Golstein J., Fusco A., Dumont J.E., Roger P.P. Regulation of thyroid cell proliferation by TSH and other factors: a critical evaluation of in vitro models. Endocr. Rev. 22:2001;631-656.
39. Kotlarz G., Wegrowski Y., Martiny L., Declerck P.J., Bellon G. Enhanced expression of PAI-1 by dedifferentiated thyrocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 295:2002;734-737.
40. Kraiem Z., Sadeh O., Heinrich R. Preparation and culture of a serum-free human thyroid follicle system and its application for measuring thyroid hormone secretion, iodide uptake and organification, cyclic adenosine monophosphate formation, gene expression, and cell growth. Thyroid. 10:2000;53-57.
41. Kuo C.J., Farnebo F., Yu E.Y., Christofferson R., Swearingen R.A., Carter R., von Recum H.A., Yuan J., Kamihara J., Flynn E., S'Amato R., Folkman J., Mulligan R.C. Comparative evaluation of the antiumor activity of antiangiogenic proteins delivered by gene transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:2001;4605-4610.
42. Lecouter J., Ferrara N. EG-VEGF and the concept of tissue-specific angiogenic growth factors. Cell Devel. Bio. 13:2002;3-8.
43. Lemoine N.R., Hughes C.M., Gullick W.J., Brown C.L., Wynofrd_Thomas D. Abnormalities of the EGF receptor system in human thyroid neoplasia. Int. J. Cancer. 49:1991;558-561.
44. Lim Y.P., Low B.C., Lim J., Wong E.S.M., Guy G.R. Association of atypical protein kinase C isotypes with the docker protein FRS2 in fibroblast growth factor signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;19025-19034.
45. Lin H.Y., Davis F.B., Gordinier J.K., Martino L.J., Davis P.J. Thyroid hormone induces activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in cultured cells. Am. J. Physiol. 276:1999a;C1014-C1024.
46. Lin H.Y., Shih A., Davis F.B., Davis P.J. Thyroid hormone promotes the phosphorylation of STAT3 and potentiates the action of EGF in cultured cells. Biochem. J. 338:1999b;427-432.
47. Lobov I.B., Brooks P.C., Lang R.A. From the cover: angiopoietin-2 displays VEGF-dependent modulation of capillary structure and endothelial cell survival in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:2002;11205-11210.
48. Mak W.W., Eggo M.C., Burrow G.N. Thyrotropin regulation of plasminogen activator activity in primary cultures of ovine thyroid cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 123:1984;633-640.
49. Mak W.W., Errick J.E., Chan R.C., Eggo M.C., Burrow G.N. Thyrotropin-induced formation of functional follicles in primary cultures of ovine thyroid cells. Exp. Cell Res. 164:1986;311-322.
50. Many M., Denef J., Haumont S. Precocity of the endothelial prolferation during a course of rapid goitrogenesis. Acta Endocrinol. 105:1984;487-491.
51. Mariano A., Di Carlo A., Macchia P.E., Pisano G., Parmeggianai U., Macchia V. Gangliosides and phospholipids in human thyroid. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 13:1990;817-823.
52. Mauchamp J., Margotat A., Chambard M., Charrier B., Remy L., Michel-Bechet M. Polarity of three-dimensional structures derived from isolated hog thyroid cells in primary culture. Cell Tissue Res. 204:1979;417-430.
53. Miele C., Rochford J.J., Fillippa N., Giorgetti_Peraldi S., Van Obberghen E. Insulin and IGF-I induce VEGF mRNA expression by different pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;21695-21702.
54. Miljan E.A., Meuillet E.J., Mania-Farnell B., George D., Yamamoto Hm Simon H.G., Bremer E.G. Interaction of the extracellular domain of the EGFR with gangliosides. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;10108-10113.
55. Miyagi E., Katoh R., Li X., Lu S., Susuki K., Maeda S., Shibuya M., Kawaoi A. Thyroid stimulating hormone downregulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in FRTL-5 cells. Thyroid. 11:2001;539-543.
56. Ollis C.A., Hill D.J., Munor D.S. A role for IGF-I in the regulation of human thyroid cell growth by insulin. J. Endocrinol. 123:1989;495-500.
57. Ozaki K., Kadomoto R., Asato K., Tanimura S., Itoh N., Kohno M. ERK pathway positively regulates the expression of sprouty genes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 285:2001;1084-1088.
58. Ozawa S., Sheflin L.G., Spaulding S.W. Thyroxine increases epidermal growth factor levels in the mouse thyroid in vivo. Endocrinology. 128:1991;1396-1403.
59. Powers C.J., McLeskey S.W., Wellstein A. FGFs, their receptors and signaling. Endocr. Rel. Cancer. 7:2000;165-197.
60. Ramsden J.D., Cocks H.C., Shams M., Nijjar S., Watkinson J.C., Sheppard M.C., Ahmed A., Eggo M.C. Tie-2 is expressed on thyroid follicular cells, is increased in goiter, and is regulated by thyrotropin through cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86:2001;2709-2716.
61. Ramsden J.D., Yarram S., Mathews E., Watkinson J.C., Eggo M.C. Thyroid follicular cells secrete plasminogen activators and can form angiostatin from plasminogen. J. Endocrinol. 173:2002;475-481.
62. Reich A., Sapir A., Shilo B. Sprouty is a general inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Development. 126:1999;4139-4147.
63. Ruco L.P., Stoppacciaro A., Ballanni, Prat M., Scarpino S. Met protein and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: evidence for a pathogenic role in tumorigenesis. J. Pathol. 194:2001;4-8.
64. Rusnati M., Tanghetti E., Urninati C., Tulipano G., Marchesini S., Siche M., Presta M. Interaction of FGF-2 with free gangliosides: biochemical characterisation and biological consequences in endothelial cell cultures. Mol. Cell Biol. 10:1999;313-327.
65. Rusnati M., Urbinati C., TanghettsDell'Era P., Lortat_Jacob H., Presta M. cell membrane GM1 ganglioside is a functional coreceptor for FGF-2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:2002;4367-4372.
66. Salabe G.B. Pathogenesis of thyroid nodules: histological classification? Biomed. Pharmacother. 55:2001;39-52.
67. Saller B., Stapfer G., Bein B., Hoermann R., Spelsberg F., Mann K. Increased binding capacity of receptor for the EGF in benign thyroid nodules and thyroid malignancies. Clin. Invest. 71:1993;898-902.
68. Sato K., Yamazaki K., Shizume K., Kanaji Y., Obara T., Ohsumi K., Demura H., Yamaguchi S., Shibuya M. Stimulation by TSH and Graves' Immunoglobuin G of VEGFmRNA expression in human thyroid follicular in vitro and flt mRNA expression in the rat thyroid in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 96:1995;1295-1302.
69. Sato K., Miyakawa M., Onoda N., Demura H., Yamashita T., Miura M., Kasajima Y., Yamazaki K., Obara T. Increased concentration of VEGF/VPF in cyst fluid of enlarging and recurrent thyroid nodules. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82:1997;1968-1973.
70. Sasaki A., Taketomi T., Wakioka T., Kato R., Yoshimura A. Identification of a dominant negative mutant of sprouty that potentiates fibroblast growth factor- but not epidermal growth factor-induced ERK activation. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;36804-36808.
71. Scarpino S., D'Alenca F.C., Di Napolu A., Ballarinin F., Prat M., Ruco L.P. Papillary carinoma of the thyroid: evidence for a role for HGF in promoting tumour angiogenesis. J. Pathol. 199:2003;243-250.
72. Schönwasser D.C., Marais R.M., Marshall C.J., Parker P.J. Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway by conventional, novel, and atypical protein kinase C isotypes. Mol. Cell Biol. 18:1998;790-798.
73. Seghezzi G., Patel S., Ren C.J., Gualandris A., Pintucci G., Robbins E.S., Shapiro R.L., Galloway A.C., Rifkin D.B., Mignatti P. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the endothelial cells of forming capillaries: an autocrine mechanism contributing to angiogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 141:1998;1659-1673.
74. Shingu K., Fujimora M., Ito K., Hama Y., Kasuga Y., Kobayashi S., Itoh N., Amano J. Expression of FGF-2 and FGFR1 in thyroid diseases: difference between neoplasms and hyperplastic lesions. Endocr. J. 45:2001;35-43.
75. Slevin M., Kumar S., He X., Gaffney J. Physiological concentrations of gangliosides GM1, GM2 and GM3 differentially modify basic-fibroblast-growth- factor-induced mitogenesis and the associated signalling pathway in endothelial cells. Int. J. Cancer. 82:1999;412-423.
76. Smeds S., Wollman S. 3H thymidine-labeling of endothelial cells in thyroid arteries. Lab. Invest. 48:1983;285-291.
77. Soh E.Y., Duh Q.Y., Sobhi S.A., Young D.M., Epstine H.D., Wong M.G., Garcia Y.K., Min Y.D., Grossman R.F., Siperstein A.E., Clark O.H. VEGF expression is higher in differentiated thyroid cancer than in normal or benign thyroid. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82:1997;3741-3747.
78. Suri C., Jones P.F., Patan S., Bartunkova S., Maisonpierre P.C., Davis S. Requisite role of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the Tie2 receptor during embryonic angiogenesis. Cell. 87:1996;1171-1180.
79. Suzuki K., Mori A., Lavaroni S., Ulianich L., Miyagi E., Saito J., Nakazato M., Pietrarelli M., Shafran N., Grassadonia A., Kim W.B., Consiglio E., Formisano S., Kohn L.D. Thyroglobulin regulates follicular function and heterogeneity by suppressing thyroid-specific gene expression. Biochimie. 81:1999;329-340.
80. Takasu N., Handa Y., Shimizu Y., Yamada T. Electrophysiological and morphological cell polarity and iodine metabolism in cultured porcine and human (normal and Graves') thyroid cells. J. Endocrinol. 101:1984;189-196.
81. Tefet D., Lee M., Smith S., Crowe L., Bellusci S., Warburton D. mSprouty inhibits FGF10-activated MAP kinase by differentially binding to upstream target proteins. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 283:2002;L700-L706.
82. Thompson S.D., Franklyn J.A., Watkinson J.C., Verhaeg J.M., Sheppard M.C., Eggo M.C. Fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 are elevated in thyroid hyperplasia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83:1998;1336-1341.
83. Toda S., Nishimura T., Yamada S., Koike N., Yoemitsu N., Watanabe K., Matsumua S., Gartner R., Sugihara H. Immunohistochemical expression of growth factors in subacute thyroiditis and their effects on thyroid folliculogenesis and angiogenesis in collagen gel matrix culture. J. Pathol. 188:1999;415-422.
84. Toda S., Tokuda Y., Koike N., Yonemitsu N., Watanabe K., Koike K., Fujitani N., Hiromatsu Y., Sugihara H. Growth factor-expressing mast cells accumulate at the thyroid tissue-regeneration site of subacute thyroiditis. Thyroid. 10:2000;381-386.
85. Toda S., Watanabe K., Yokoi F., Matsumura S., Suzuki K., Ootani A., Aoki S., Koike N., Sugihara H. A new organotypic culture of thyroid tissue maintains three-dimensional follicles with C cells for a long term. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 294:2002;906-911.
86. Tognella C., Marti U., Peter H.J., Wagner H.E., Glaser C., Kampf J., Simon F., Hauselmann H.J., Paulsson M., Ruchti C., Burgi-Saville M.E., Burgi U., Gerber H. Follicle-forming cat thyroid cell lines synthesizing extracellular matrix and basal membrane components: a new tool for the study of thyroidal morphogenesis. J. Endocrinol. 63:1999;505-514.
87. Tomanek R.J., Doty M.K., Sandra A. Early coronary angiogenesis in response to thyroxine: growth characteristic and upregulation of basic. FGF Circ. Res. 32:1998;587-593.
88. Ulianich L., Suzuki K., Mori A., Nakazato M., Pietrarelli M., Goldsmith P., Pacifico F., Consiglio E., Formisano S., Kohn L.D. Follicular thyroglobulin (TG) suppression of thyroid-restricted genes involves the apical membrane asialoglycoprotein receptor and TG phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;25099-25107.
89. Valente W.A., Vitti P., Rotella C.M., Vaughan M.M., Aloj S.M., Grollman E.F., Ambesi-Impiombato F.S., Kohn L.D. Antibodies that promote thyroid growth. A distinct population of thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies. N. Engl. J. Med. 309:1983;1028-1035.
90. Van Keymeulen A., Dumont J.E., Roger P.P. TSH induced insulin receptor that mediates insulin costimulation of growth in normal human thyroid cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 279:2000;202-207.
91. Viglietto G., Romano A., Manzo G., Chiappetta G., Paoletti I., Califonao D., Galatia M.G., Mauriello V., Bruni P., Lago C.T., Fusco A., Persico M.G. Upregulation of the angiogenic factor PlGF, VEGF and their receptors (Flt-1, Flk-1/KDR) by TSH in cultured thyrocytes and in the thyroid gland of thiouracil-fed rat suggest TSH-dependent paracrine mechanism for goiter hypervascularisation. Oncogene. 15:1997;2687-2698.
92. Vorwerk P., Yamanaka Y., Spagnoli A., Oh Y., Rosenfeld R.G. Insulin and IGF binding by IGFBP-3 fragments derived from proteolysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83:1998;1392-1395.
93. Wang C., Crapo L.M. THe epidemiology of thyroid disease and implications for screening. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. Morth. Am. 26:1997;189-218.
94. Wang J.F., Milosveski V., Schramek C., Fong G.H., Becks G.P., Hill D.J. Presence and possible role of vascular endothelial growth factor in thyroid cell growth and function. J. Endocrinol. 157:1998;5-12.
95. Wang X., Weng L.P., Yu Q. Specific inhibition of FGF-induced MAPK activation by the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase LAR. Oncogene. 19:2000;2346-2353.
96. Wang X., Zheng W., Christensen L.P., Tomanek R.J. DITPA stimulates bFGF, VEGF angiopoietin and Tie-2 and stimulates coronary arteriolar growth. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 284:2003;H613-H618.
97. Westermark K., Lundqvist M., Wallin G., Dahlman T., Hacker G.W., Heldin N.E., Grimelius L. EGFR in human normal and pathological thyroid tissue. Histopathology. 28:1996;221-227.
98. Williams D.W., Williams E.D., Wynford-Thomas D. Loss of dependence on IGF-I for proliferation of human thyroid adenoma cells. Br. J. Cancer. 57:1988;535-539.
99. Wollman S., Herveg J., Zeligs J., Ericson Blood capillary enlargement during the development of thyroid hyperplasia in the rat. Endocrinology. 103:1978;2306-2312.
100. Wuster C., Steger G., Schmelzle A., Gottswinter J., Mine H.W., Zeigler R. Increased incidence of euthyroid and hyperthyroid goiter independent of thyrotropin in patients with acromegaly. Hormone Metab. Res. 23:1991;13101-13134.
101. Yusoff P., Lao D.H., Ong S.H., Wong E.S.M., Lim J., Lo T.L., Leong H.F., Fong C.W., Guy G.R. Sprouty2 Inhibits the Ras/MAP Kinase Pathway by Inhibiting the Activation of Raf. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2002;3195-3201.