Physiology of androgens in adult men;Physiologie des androgènes chez l'homme adulte

Progres en Urologie

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 639-660

  Tostain, J ^b   Rossi, D ^b   Martin, P M ^a  

^a ASSISTANCE PUBLIQUE HÔPITAUX DE MARSEILLE   (France)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; ANDROSTANOLONE; ANTIANDROGEN; BICALUTAMIDE; CYPROTERONE ACETATE; DANAZOL; FLUTAMIDE; HEPARIN; HYDROXYFLUTAMIDE; MESTEROLONE; NILUTAMIDE; SELECTIVE ANDROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR; TESTOSTERONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGING; HORMONAL REGULATION; HORMONE TRANSPORT; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; STEROIDOGENESIS; TESTOSTERONE METABOLISM; TESTOSTERONE SYNTHESIS;

ADULT; ANDROGENS; ANIMALS; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; MALE; RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 11244250032     PISSN: 11667087     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (213)

1. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hypogonadism in adult males - 2002 update. Endocr Pract, 2002, 8, 440-456.
2. UK NEQAS for steroid hormones, Annual Report, 1996.
3. ANDERSON D.C.: Sex-hormone-binding globulin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1974, 3, 69-96.
4. ARBIZU T., SANTAMARIA J., GOMEZ J.M., QUILEZ A., SERRA J.P.: A family with adult spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, X-linked inheritance and associated testicular failure. J Neurol Sci, 1983, 59, 371-382.
5. ARLT W., HAAS J., CALLIES F., REINCKE M., HUBLER D., OETTEL M., ERNST M., SCHULTE H.M., ALLOLIO B.: Biotransformation of oral dehydroepiandrosterone in elderly men: significant increase in circulating estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1999, 84, 2170-2176.
6. BARRACK E.R.: Steroid hormone receptor localization in the nuclear matrix: interaction with acceptor sites. J Steroid Biochem, 1987, 27, 115-121.
7. BARRACK E.R., COFFEY D.S.: The specific binding of estrogens and androgens to the nuclear matrix of sex hormone responsive tissues. J Biol Chem, 1980, 255, 7265-7275.
8. BARTSCH W., HORST H.J., DERWAHL D.M.: Interrelationships between sex hormone-binding globulin and 17 beta-estradiol, testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine in prepubertal and pubertal girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1980, 50, 1053-1056.
9. BAULIEU E.E.: Neuroactive neurosteroids: dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. In: DHEA a Comprehensive Review. Thijssen J., Nieuwenhuyse H., eds., Carnforth, UK, Parthenon Publishing, 1999, 35-68.
10. BAULIEU E.E.: Neurosteroids: of the nervous system, by the nervous system, for the nervous system. Recent Prog Horm Res, 1997, 52, 1-32.
11. BEILIN J., BALL E.M., FAVALORO J.M., ZAJAC J.D.: Effect of the androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism on transcriptional activity: specificity in prostate and non-prostate cell lines. J Mol Endocrinol, 2000, 25, 85-96.
12. BELGOROSKY A., RIVAROLA M.A.: Progressive decrease in serum sex hormone-binding globulin from infancy to late prepuberty in boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1986, 63, 510-512.
13. BERG J.M.: DNA binding specificity of steroid receptors. Cell, 1989, 57, 1065-1068.
14. BERREVOETS C.A., DOESBURG P., STEKETEE K., TRAPMAN J., BRINKMANN A.O.: Functional interactions of the AF-2 activation domain core region of the human androgen receptor with the amino-terminal domain and with the transcriptional coactivator TIF2 (transcriptional intermediary factor2). Mol Endocrinol, 1998, 12, 1172-1183.
15. BESA E.C., BULLOCK L.P.: The role of the androgen receptor in erythropoiesis. Endocrinology, 1981, 109, 1983-1989.
16. BEVAN C.L., HOARE S., CLAESSENS F., HEERY D.M., PARKER M.G.: The AF1 and AF2 domains of the androgen receptor interact with distinct regions of SRC1. Mol Cell Biol, 1999, 19, 8383-8392.
17. BHASIN S., WOODHOUSE L., CASABURI R., SINGH A.B., BHASIN D., BERMAN N., CHEN X., YARASHESKI K.E., MAGLIANO L., DZEKOV C., DZEKOV J., BROSS R., PHILLIPS J., SINHA-HIKIM I., SHEN R., STORER T.W.: Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2001, 281, E1172-1181.
18. BOOTS L.R., POTTER S., POTTER D., AZZIZ R.: Measurement of total serum testosterone levels using commercially available kits: high degree of between-kit variability. Fertil Steril, 1998, 69, 286-292.
19. BOYAR R.M., ROSENFELD R.S., KAPEN S., FINKELSTEIN J.W., ROFFWARG H.P., WEITZMAN E.D., HELLMAN L.: Human puberty. Simultaneous augmented secretion of luteinizing hormone and testosterone during sleep. J Clin Invest, 1974, 54, 609-618.
20. BREMNER W.J., VITIELLO M.V., PRINZ P.N.: Loss of circadian rhythmicity in blood testosterone levels with aging in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1983, 56, 1278-1281.
21. BRINKMANN A.O., TRAPMAN J.: Genetic analysis of androgen receptors in development and disease. Adv Pharmacol, 2000, 47, 317-341.
22. BROWN C.J., GOSS S.J., LUBAHN D.B., JOSEPH D.R., WILSON E.M., FRENCH F.S., WILLARD H.F.: Androgen receptor locus on the human X chromosome: regional localization to Xq11-12 and description of a DNA polymorphism. Am J Hum Genet, 1989, 44, 264-269.
23. BROWN T.R.: Androgen Action. In: Contemporary Endocrinology: Androgens in Health and Disease. Bagatell C.J., Bremner W.J., eds., Totowa, NJ, Humana Press Inc., 2003, 23-44.
24. BURGER H.G., ROBERTSON D.M.: Editorial: inhibin in the male-progress at last. Endocrinology, 1997, 138, 1361-1362.
25. BUVAT J., COSTA P., FLAM T., GIULIANO F., KUHN J.M., LEGRAND E., LEJEUNE H., MIMOUN S., ROGER M., WEBER S.: Réflexion multi-disciplinaire sur la prise en charge du déficit androgénique lié àl'âge. Andrologie, 2003, 13, 11-21.
26. CAPLAN A.J., LANGLEY E., WILSON E.M., VIDAL J.: Hormone-dependent transactivation by the human androgen receptor is regulated by a dnaJ protein. J Biol Chem, 1995, 270, 5251-5257.
27. CARATY A., LOCATELLI A.: Effect of time after castration on secretion of LHRH and LH in the ram. J Reprod Fertil, 1988, 82, 263-269.
28. CARSON-JURICA M.A., SCHRADER W.T., O'MALLEY B.W.: Steroid receptor family: structure and functions. Endocr Rev, 1990, 11, 201-220.
29. CASTORIA G., LOMBARDI M., BARONE M.V., BILANCIO A., DI DOMENICO M., BOTTERO D., VITALE F., MIGLIACCIO A., AURICCHIO F.: Androgen-stimulated DNA synthesis and cytoskeletal changes in fibroblasts by a nontranscriptional receptor action. J Cell Biol, 2003, 161, 547-556.
30. CATO A.C., NESTL A., MINK S.: Rapid actions of steroid receptors in cellular signaling pathways. Sci STKE, 2002, 2002, RE9.
31. CHANG C., SALTZMAN A., YEH S., YOUNG W., KELLER E., LEE, H.J., WANG C., MIZOKAMI A.: Androgen receptor: an overview. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr, 1995, 5, 97-125.
32. CHANG C.S., KOKONTIS J., LIAO S.T.: Molecular cloning of human and rat complementary DNA encoding androgen receptors. Science, 1988, 240, 324-326.
33. CHANG C.S., KOKONTIS J., LIAO ST.: Structural analysis of complementary DNA and amino acid sequences of human and rat androgen receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1988, 85, 7211-7215.
34. CHENG E., LEE C., GRAYHACK J.: Endocrinology of the prostate, in: Prostate diseases. Lepor H., Lawson R., eds., Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company, 1993, 57-71.
35. CHESIRE D.R., EWING C.M., SAUVAGEOT J., BOVA G.S., ISAACS W.B.: Detection and analysis of beta-catenin mutations in prostate cancer. Prostate, 2000, 45, 323-334.
36. CHOONG C.S., WILSON E.M.: Trinucleotide repeats in the human androgen receptor: a molecular basis for disease. J Mol Endocrinol, 1998, 21, 235-257.
37. CLAYTON R.N., CATT K.J.: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors: characterization, physiological regulation, and relationship to reproductive function. Endocr Rev, 1981, 2, 186-209.
38. COFFEY D.: The molecular biology of the prostate. In: Prostate diseases. Lepor H., Lawson R., eds., Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Cie, 1993, 28-56.
39. COFFEY D.S.: The molecular biology, endocrinology and physiology of the prostate and seminal vesicles. In: Campbell's Urology, 6th Ed. Walsh P., Retik A., Stamey T., Vaughan E.D., Jr., eds., 1992, 221-266.
40. COUSE J.F., LINDZEY J., GRANDIEN K., GUSTAFSSON J.A., KORACH K.S.: Tissue distribution and quantitative analysis of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) messenger ribonucleic acid in the wild-type and ERalpha-knockout mouse. Endocrinology, 1997, 138, 4613-4621.
41. CRAFT N., SHOSTAK Y., CAREY M., SAWYERS C.L.: A mechanism for hormone-independent prostate cancer through modulation of androgen receptor signaling by the HER-2/neu tyrosine kinase. Nat Med, 1999, 5, 280-285.
42. CSABA Z., CSERNUS V., GERENDAI I.: Intratesticular serotonin affects steroidogenesis in the rat testis. J Neuroendocrinol, 1998, 10, 371-376.
43. CULIG Z., HOBISCH A., CRONAUER M.V., RADMAYR C., TRAPMAN J., HITTMAIR A., BARTSCH G., KLOCKER H.: Androgen receptor activation in prostatic tumor cell lines by insulin-like growth factor-I, keratinocyte growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. Cancer Res, 1994, 54, 5474-5478.
44. CUMMING D., WALL S.: Non-sex hormone-binding globulin-bound testosterone as a marker for hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1985, 61, 873-876.
45. DAI J.L., BURNSTEIN K.L.: Two androgen response elements in the androgen receptor coding region are required for cell-specific up-regulation of receptor messenger RNA. Mol Endocrinol, 1996, 10, 1582-1594.
46. DOESBURG P., KUIL C.W., BERREVOETS C.A., STEKETEE K., FABER P.W., MULDER E., BRINKMANN A.O., TRAPMAN J.: Functional in vivo interaction between the amino-terminal, transactivation domain and the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor. Biochemistry, 1997, 36, 1052-1064.
47. DONG Q., HARDY M.P.: Leydig cell function in man. In: Male Hypogonadism: Basic, Clinical, and Therapeutic Principles. Winters S.J., ed. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press Inc., 2003, 23-43.
48. DORRINGTON J.H., ARMSTRONG D.T.: Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates estradiol-17beta synthesis in cultured Sertoli cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1975, 72, 2677-2681.
49. DUNN J.F., NISULA B.C., RODBARD D.: Transport of steroid hormones: binding of 21 endogenous steroids to both testosterone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in human plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1981, 53, 58-68.
50. EDWARDS A., HAMMOND H.A., JIN L., CASKEY C.T., CHAKRABORTY R.: Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups. Genomics, 1992, 12, 241-253.
51. ENGLISH M.A., HUGHES S.V., KANE K.F., LANGMAN M.J., STEWART P.M., HEWISON M.: Oestrogen inactivation in the colon: analysis of the expression and regulation of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozymes in normal colon and colonic cancer. Br J Cancer, 2000, 83, 550-558.
52. EVANS B.A., HUGHES I.A.: Augmentation of androgen-receptor binding in vitro: studies in normals and patients with androgen insensitivity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1985, 23, 567-577.
53. FANG Y., FLISS A.E., ROBINS D.M., CAPLAN A.J.: Hsp90 regulates androgen receptor hormone binding affinity in vivo. J Biol Chem, 1996, 271, 28697-28702.
54. FEIG L.A., BELLVE A.R., ERICKSON N.H., KLAGSBRUN M.: Sertoli cells contain a mitogenic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980, 77, 4774-4778.
55. FREEDMAN L.P.: Anatomy of the steroid receptor zinc finger region. Endocr Rev, 1992, 13, 129-145.
56. FREEDMAN L.P., LUISI B.F., KORSZUN Z.R., BASAVAPPA R., SIGLER P.B., YAMAMOTO K.R.: The function and structure of the metal coordination sites within the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain. Nature, 1988, 334, 543-546.
57. GAO H.B., TONG M.H., HU Y.Q., GUO Q.S., GE R., HARDY M.P.: Glucocorticoid induces apoptosis in rat leydig cells. Endocrinology, 2002, 143, 130-138.
58. GETZENBERG R.H., PIENTA K.J., COFFEY D.S.: The tissue matrix: cell dynamics and hormone action. Endocr Rev, 1990, 11, 399-417.
59. GIRAUDI G., CENDERELLI G., MIGLIARDI M.: Effect of tracer binding to serum proteins on the reliability of a direct free testosterone assay. Steroids, 1988, 52, 423-424.
60. GLASS A.R., SWERDLOFF R.S., BRAY G.A., DAHMS W.T., ATKINSON R.L.: Low serum testosterone and sex-hormone-binding-globulin in massively obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1977, 45, 1211-1219.
61. GOOREN L.: Testosterone supplementation: why and for whom? The Aging Male, 2003, 6, 184-199.
62. GUO Z., BENTEN W.P., KRUCKEN J., WUNDERLICH F.: Nongenomic testosterone calcium signaling. Genotropic actions in androgen receptor-free macrophages. J Biol Chem, 2002, 277, 29600-29607.
63. HAENDLER B.: Androgen-selective gene regulation in the prostate. Biomed Pharmacother, 2002, 56, 78-83.
64. HAMMOND G.L., BOCCHINFUSO W.P.: Sex hormone-binding globulin/androgen- binding protein: steroid-binding and dimerization domains. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 1995, 53, 543-552.
65. HAMMOND G.L., UNDERHILL D.A., RYKSE H.M., SMITH C.L.: The human sex hormone-binding globulin gene contains exons for androgen-binding protein and two other testicular messenger RNAs. Mol Endocrinol, 1989, 3, 1869-1876.
66. HARMAN S.M., METTER E.J., TOBIN J.D., PEARSON J., BLACKMAN M.R.: Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2001, 86, 724-731.
67. HE B., KEMPPAINEN J.A., VOEGEL J.J., GRONEMEYER H., WILSON E.M.: Activation function 2 in the human androgen receptor ligand binding domain mediates interdomain communication with the NH(2)-terminal domain. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274, 37219-37225.
68. HEATON J.P., MORALES A., COLLIER C., CLARKE A., WONG W.B.: A comparison of the characteristics of serum testosterone measurements in men with late onset hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction (Abstract 877). J Urol, 2004, 171, 232.
69. HEINLEIN C.A., CHANG C.: The roles of androgen receptors and androgen-binding proteins in nongenomic androgen actions. Mol Endocrinol, 2002, 16, 2181-2187.
70. HIORT O., ZITZMANN M.: Androgen receptor: pathophysiology. In: Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution. Nieschlag E., Behre H.M., eds., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, 93-124.
71. HOUSLEY P.R., SANCHEZ E.R., DANIELSEN M., RINGOLD G.M., PRATT W.B.: Evidence that the conserved region in the steroid binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor is required for both optimal binding of hsp90 and protection from proteolytic cleavage. A two-site model for hsp90 binding to the steroid binding domain. J Biol Chem, 1990, 265, 12778-12781.
72. HRYB D.J., KHAN M.S., ROMAS N.A., ROSNER W.: Solubilization and partial characterization of the sex hormone-binding globulin receptor from human prostate. J Biol Chem, 1989, 264, 5378-5383.
73. HRYB D.J., NAKHLA A.M., KAHN S.M., ST GEORGE J., LEVY N.C., ROMAS N.A., ROSNER W.: Sex hormone-binding globulin in the human prostate is locally synthesized and may act as an autocrine/paracrine effector. J Biol Chem, 2002, 277, 26618-26622.
74. HSIAO P.W., LIN D.L., NAKAO R., CHANG C.: The linkage of Kennedy's neuron disease to ARA24, the first identified androgen receptor polyglutamine region-associated coactivator. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274, 20229-20234.
75. HSING A.W., GAO Y.T., WU G., WANG X., DENG J., CHEN Y.L., SESTERHENN I.A., MOSTOFI F.K., BENICHOU J., CHANG C: Polymorphic CAG and GGN repeat lengths in the androgen receptor gene and prostate cancer risk: a population-based case-control study in China. Cancer Res, 2000, 60, 5111-5116.
76. IRVINE R.A., MA H., YU M.C., ROSS R.K., STALLCUP M.R., COETZEE G.A.: Inhibition of p160-mediated coactivation with increasing androgen receptor polyglutamine length. Hum Mol Genet, 2000, 9, 267-274.
77. JAKOB F., SIGGELKOW H., HOMANN D., KOHRLE J., ADAMSKI J., SCHUTZE N.: Local estradiol metabolism in osteoblast- and osteoclast-like cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 1997, 61, 167-174.
78. JENSTER G., VAN DER KORPUT H.A., TRAPMAN J., BRINKMANN A.O.: Identification of two transcription activation units in the N-terminal domain of the human androgen receptor. J Biol Chem, 1995, 270, 7341-7346.
79. JENSTER G., VAN DER KORPUT H.A., VAN VROONHOVEN C., VAN DER KWAST T.H., TRAPMAN J., BRINKMANN A.O.: Domains of the human androgen receptor involved in steroid binding, transcriptional activation, and subcellular localization. Mol Endocrinol, 1991, 5, 1396-1404.
80. KAPOOR F., LUTTRELL B., WILLIAMS D.: The free androgen index is not valid for adult males. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 1993, 43, 325-326.
81. KAWAKAMI S., WINTERS S.J.: Regulation of lutenizing hormone secretion and subunit messenger ribonucleic acid expression by gonadal steroids in perifused pituitary cells from male monkeys and rats. Endocrinology, 1999, 140, 3587-3593.
82. KEENEY D.S., MENDIS-HANDAGAMA S.M., ZIRKIN B.R., EWING L.L.: Effect of long term deprivation of luteinizing hormone on Leydig cell volume, Leydig cell number, and steroidogenic capacity of the rat testis. Endocrinology, 1988, 123, 2906-2915.
83. KING S.R., MANNA P.R., ISHII T., SYAPIN P.J., GINSBERG S.D., WILSON K., WALSH L.P., PARKER K.L., STOCCO D.M., SMITH R.G., LAMB D.J.: An essential component in steroid synthesis, the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, is expressed in discrete regions of the brain. J Neurosci, 2002, 22, 10613-10620.
84. KLEE G.G., HESER D.W.: Techniques to measure testosterone in the elderly. Mayo Clin Proc, 2000, 75 Suppl, S19-25.
85. KOUSTENI S., CHEN J.R., BELLIDO T., HAN L., ALI A.A., O'BRIEN C.A., PLOTKIN L., FU Q., MANCINO A.T., WEN Y., VERTINO A.M., POWERS C.C., STEWART S.A., EBERT R., PARFITT A.M., WEINSTEIN R.S., JILKA R.L., MANOLAGAS S.C.: Reversal of bone loss in mice by nongenotropic signaling of sex steroids. Science, 2002, 298, 843-846.
86. KRONGRAD A., WILSON C.M., WILSON J.D., ALLMAN D.R., MCPHAUL M.J.: Androgen increases androgen receptor protein while decreasing receptor mRNA in LNCaP cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 1991, 76, 79-88.
87. KUHN J., SIBERT L.: Les pathologies du vieillissement masculin. Montrouge, F, John Libbey Eurotext, 2002, 165p.
88. KUIL C.W., MULDER E.: Mechanism of antiandrogen action: conformational changes of the receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 1994, 102, R1-5.
89. LABRIE F: Intracrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 1991, 78, C113-118.
90. LABRIE F., BELANGER A., LUU-THE V., SIMARD J., LIN S., CUSAN L., LABRIE C.: Role of DHEA transformation into androgens and estrogens in peripheral interactive tissues. In: DHEA a Comprehensive Review. Thijssen J., Nieuwenhuyse H., eds., Carnforth, UK, Parthenon Publishing, 1999, 69-104.
91. LAMB D.J., WEIGEL N.L., MARCELLI M.: Androgen receptors and their biology. Vitam Horm, 2001, 62, 199-230.
92. LANGLEY E., KEMPPAINEN J.A., WILSON E.M.: Intermolecular NH2-/carboxyl-terminal interactions in androgen receptor dimerization revealed by mutations that cause androgen insensitivity. J Biol Chem, 1998, 273, 92-101.
93. LANGLEY E., ZHOU Z.X., WILSON E.M.: Evidence for an anti-parallel orientation of the ligand-activated human androgen receptor dimer. J Biol Chem, 1995, 270, 29983-29990.
94. LEE S.R., RAMOS S.M., KO A., MASIELLO D., SWANSON K.D., LU M.L., BALK S.P.: AR and ER interaction with a p21-activated kinase (PAK6). Mol Endocrinol, 2002, 16, 85-99.
95. LEFSTIN J.A., YAMAMOTO K.R.: Allosteric effects of DNA on transcriptional regulators. Nature, 1998, 392, 885-888.
96. LI H., PAPADOPOULOS V.: Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor function in cholesterol transport. Identification of a putative cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid sequence and consensus pattern. Endocrinology, 1998, 139, 4991-4997.
97. LIU D., DILLON J.S.: Dehydroepiandrosterone activates endothelial cell nitric-oxide synthase by a specific plasma membrane receptor coupled to Galpha(i2,3). J Biol Chem, 2002, 277, 21379-21388.
98. LOY C.J., SIM K.S., YONG E.L.: Filamin-A fragment localizes to the nucleus to regulate androgen receptor and coactivator functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2003, 100, 4562-4567.
99. LU M.L., SCHNEIDER M.C., ZHENG Y., ZHANG X., RICHIE J.P.: Caveolin-1 interacts with androgen receptor. A positive modulator of androgen receptor mediated transactivation. J Biol Chem, 2001, 276, 13442-13451.
100. LUBAHN D.B., BROWN T.R., SIMENTAL J.A., HIGGS H.N., MIGEON C.J., WILSON E.M., FRENCH F.S.: Sequence of the intron/exon junctions of the coding region of the human androgen receptor gene and identification of a point mutation in a family with complete androgen insensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1989, 86, 9534-9538.
101. LUBAHN D.B., JOSEPH D.R., SAR M., TAN J., HIGGS H.N., LARSON R.E., FRENCH F.S., WILSON E.M.: The human androgen receptor: complementary deoxyribonucleic acid cloning, sequence analysis and gene expression in prostate. Mol Endocrinol, 1988, 2, 1265-1275.
102. LUBAHN D.B., JOSEPH D.R., SULLIVAN P.M., WILLARD H.F., FRENCH F.S., WILSON E.M.: Cloning of human androgen receptor complementary DNA and localization to the X chromosome. Science, 1988, 240, 327-330.
103. LUBOSHITZKY R., ZABARI Z., SHEN-ORR Z., HERER P., LAVIE P.: Disruption of the nocturnal testosterone rhythm by sleep fragmentation in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2001, 86, 1134-1139.
104. LUTZ L.B., JAMNONGJIT M., YANG W.H., JAHANI D., GILL A., HAMMES S.R.: Selective modulation of genomic and nongenomic androgen responses by androgen receptor ligands. Mol Endocrinol, 2003, 17, 1106-1116.
105. MANNA P.R., EL-HEFNAWY T., KERO J., HUHTANIEMI I.T.: Biphasic action of prolactin in the regulation of murine Leydig tumor cell functions. Endocrinology, 2001, 142, 308-318.
106. MANNA P.R., TENA-SEMPERE M., HUHTANIEMI I.T.: Molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone-stimulated steroidogenesis in mouse leydig tumor cells. Involvement of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274, 5909-5918.
107. MARTEL C., MELNER M.H., GAGNE D., SIMARD J., LABRIE F.: Widespread tissue distribution of steroid sulfatase, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5-delta 4 isomerase (3 beta-HSD), 17 beta-HSD 5 alpha-reductase and aromatase activities in the rhesus monkey. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 1994, 104, 103-111.
108. MATSUMOTO A.M.: Andropause: clinical implications of the decline in serum testosterone levels with aging in men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2002, 57, M76-M99.
109. MCFARLAND K.C., SPRENGEL R., PHILLIPS H.S., KOHLER M., ROSEMBLIT N., NIKOLICS K., SEGALOFF D.L., SEEBURG P.H.: Lutropin-choriogonadotropin receptor: an unusual member of the G protein-coupled receptor family. Science, 1989, 245, 494-499.
110. MEIKLE A.W., STRINGHAM J.D., WOORDWARD M., MCMURRY M.: Effects of a fat-containing meal on sex hormones in men. Metabolism, 1990, 39, 943-946.
111. MENDEL C.M.: The free hormone hypothesis: a physiologically based mathematical model. Endocr Rev, 1989, 10, 232-274.
112. MIZUTANI S., TSUJIMURA T., AKASHI S., MATSUMOTO K.: Lack of metabolism of progesterone, testosterone and pregnenolone to 5alpha-products in monkey and human testes compared with rodent testes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1977, 44, 1023-1031.
113. MOILANEN A., ROULEAU N., IKONEN T., PALVIMO J.J., JANNE O.A.: The presence of a transcription activation function in the hormone-binding domain of androgen receptor is revealed by studies in yeast cells. FEBS Lett, 1997, 412, 355-358.
114. MOORADIAN A.D., MORLEY J.E., KORENMAN S.G.: Biological actions of androgens. Endocr Rev, 1987, 8, 1-28.
115. MORALES A., HEATON J.P.: Hormonal erectile dysfunction. Evaluation and management. Urol Clin North Am, 2001, 28, 279-288.
116. MORISHIMA A., GRUMBACH M.M., SIMPSON E.R., FISHER C., QIN K.: Aromatase deficiency in male and female siblings caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1995, 80, 3689-3698.
117. MORLEY J.E., PATRICK P., PERRY H.M., 3RD: Evaluation of assays available to measure free testosterone. Metabolism, 2002, 51, 554-559.
118. MULLER J., SKAKKEBAEK N.E.: The prenatal and postnatal development of the testis. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1992, 6, 251-271.
119. NAFTOLIN F., JUDD H.L., YEN S.S.: Pulsatile patterns of gonadotropins and testosterone in man: the effects of clomiphene, with and without testosterone added. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1973, 36, 285-288.
120. NANKIN H.R., TROEN P.: Repetitive luteinizing hormone elevations in serum of normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1971, 33, 558-560.
121. NISTAL M., PANIAGUA R., REGADERA J., SANTAMARIA L., AMAT P.: A quantitative morphological study of human Leydig cells from birth to adulthood. Cell Tissue Res, 1986, 246, 229-236.
122. O'CONNOR S., BAKER H., DULMANIS A., HUDSON B.: The measurement of sex steroid binding globulin by differential ammonium sulphate precipitation. J Steroid Biochem, 1973, 4, 331-339.
123. OETTGEN P., FINGER E., SUN Z., AKBARALI Y., THAMRONGSAK U., BOLTAX J., GRALL F., DUBE A., WEISS A., BROWN L., QUINN G., KAS K., ENDRESS G., KUNSCH C., LIBERMANN T.A.: PDEF, a novel prostate epithelium-specific ets transcription factor, interacts with the androgen receptor and activates prostate-specific antigen gene expression. J Biol Chem, 2000, 275, 1216-1225.
124. ORTH J., CHRISTENSEN A.K.: Localization of 125I-labeled FSH in the testes of hypophy-sectomized rats by autoradiography at the light and electron microscope levels. Endocrinology, 1977, 101, 262-278.
125. PANIAGUA R., NISTAL M., SAEZ F.J., FRAILE B.: Ultrastructure of the aging human testis. J Electron Microsc Tech, 1991, 19, 241-260.
126. PIETRAS R.J., SZEGO C.M.: Specific binding sites for oestrogen at the outer surfaces of isolated endometrial cells. Nature, 1977, 265, 69-72.
127. PLYMATE S.R., TENOVER J.S., BREMNER W.J.: Circadian variation in testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and calculated non-sex hormone-binding globulin bound testosterone in healthy young and elderly men. J Androl, 1989, 10, 366-371.
128. POUKKA H., AARNISALO P., KARVONEN U., PALVIMO J.J., JANNE O.A.: Ubc9 interacts with the androgen receptor and activates receptor-dependent transcription. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274, 19441-19446.
129. PRATT W.B., TOFT D.O.: Steroid receptor interactions with heat shock protein and immunophilin chaperones. Endocr Rev, 1997, 18, 306-360.
130. PUGEAT M., CRAVE J.C., ELMIDANI M., NICOLAS M.H., GAROSCIO-CHOLET M., LEJEUNE H., DECHAUD H., TOURNIAIRE J.: Pathophysiology of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG): relation to insulin. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 1991, 40, 841-849.
131. PUGEAT M., DUNN J.F., NISULA B.C.: Transport of steroid hormones: interaction of 70 drugs with testosterone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globuline in human plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1981, 53, 69-75.
132. QUARMBY V.E., YARBROUGH W.G., LUBAHN D.B., FRENCH F.S., WILSON E.M.: Autologous down-regulation of androgen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid. Mol Endocrinol, 1990, 4, 22-28.
133. QUIGLEY C.A.: The androgen receptor: Physiology and physiopathology. In: Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution. Nieschlag E., Behre H.M., eds., Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1998, 33-106.
134. QUIGLEY C.A., DE BELLIS A., MARSCHKE K.B., EL-AWADY M., WILSON E., FRENCH F.: Androgen receptor defects: historical, clinical, and molecular perspectives. Endocr Rev, 1995, 16, 271-321.
135. RAIVIO T., PALVIMO J.J., DUNKEL L., WICKMAN S., JANNE O.A.: Novel assay for determination of androgen bioactivity in human serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2001, 86, 1539-1544.
136. RAIVIO T., SANTTI H., SCHATZL G., GSUR A., HAIDINGER G., PALVIMO J.J., JANNE O.A., MADERSBACHER S.: Reduced circulating androgen bioactivity in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate, 2003, 55, 194-198.
137. RESKO J.A., EIK-NES K.B.: Diurnal testosterone levels in peripheral plasma of human male subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1966, 26, 573-576.
138. ROBINSON-RECHAVI M., CARPENTIER A.S., DUFFRAISSE M., LAUDET V.: How many nuclear hormone receptors are there in the human genome? Trends Genet, 2001, 17, 554-556.
139. ROGER M., LAHLOU N.: Le déficit androgénique lié à l'âge: du diagnostic biologique au traitement substitutif. Andrologie, 2002, 12, 138-146.
140. ROMMERTS F.: Testosterone: An overview of biosynthesis, transport, metabolism and non genomic actions. In: Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution. Nieschlag E., Behre H.M., eds., Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1998, 1-31.
141. ROMMERTS F.: Testosterone: An overview of biosynthesis, transport, metabolism and non genomic actions. In: Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution. Nieschlag E., Behre H.M., eds., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, 1-37.
142. ROSNER W.: Errors in the measurement of plasma free testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997, 82, 2014-2015.
143. ROSNER W.: An extraordinarily inaccurate assay for free testosterone is still with us. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2001, 86, 2903.
144. ROSNER W.: Plasma steroid-binding globulin and sex-hormone-binding globulin: recent advances. Endocr Rev, 1990, 11, 80-91.
145. ROSNER W.: Plasma steroid-binding proteins. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 1991, 20, 697-720.
146. ROY A.K., LAVROSKY Y., SONG C.S., AL. E.: Regulation of androgen action. Vitam Horm, 1999, 55, 309-352.
147. RUSSELL D.W., WILSON D.: Steroid 5 alpha-reductase: two genes/two enzymes. Annu Rev Biochem, 1994, 63, 25-61.
148. SAEZ J.M.: Leydig cells: endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine regulation. Endocr Rev, 1994, 15, 574-626.
149. SAITOH M., TAKAYANAGI R., GOTO K., FUKAMIZU A., TOMURA A., YANASE T., NAWATA H.: The presence of both the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains in the AR is essential for the completion of a transcriptionally active form with coactivators and intranuclear compartmentalization common to the steroid hormone receptors: a three-dimensional imaging study. Mol Endocrinol, 2002, 16, 694-706.
150. SANTEN R.J.: Endocrine treatment of prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1992, 75, 686-689.
151. SANTEN R.J.: Is aromatization of testosterone to estradiol required for inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion in men? J Clin Invest, 1975, 56, 1555-1563.
152. SCHULZ T.: Physiological free fatty acid concentrations do not increase free estradiol in plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1991, 72, 65-68.
153. SCHULZE C.: Sertoli cells and Leydig cells in man. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol, 1984, 88, 1-104.
154. SELVAGE D.J., RIVIER C.: Importance of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus as a component of a neural pathway between the brain and the testes that modulates testosterone secretion independently of the pituitary. Endocrinology, 2003, 144, 594-598.
155. SHACHAM S., HARRIS D., BEN-SHLOMO H., COHEN I., BONFIL D., PRZEDECKI F., LEWY H., ASHKENAZI I.E., SEGER R., NAOR Z.: Mechanism of GnRH receptor signaling on gonadotropin release and gene expression in pituitary gonadotrophs. Vitam Horm, 2001, 63, 63-90.
156. SHAN L.X., RODRIGUEZ M.C., JANNE O.A.: Regulation of androgen receptor protein and mRNA concentrations by androgens in rat ventral prostate and seminal vesicles and in human hepatoma cells. Mol Endocrinol, 1990, 4, 1636-1646.
157. SHERIDAN P.J., BUCHANAN J.M., ANSELMO V.C., MARTIN P.M.: Equilibrium: the intracellular distribution of steroid receptors. Nature, 1979, 282, 579-582.
158. SHERINS R.J., LORIAUX D.L.: Studies of the role of sex steroids in the feedback control of FSH concentrations in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1973, 36, 886-893.
159. SIMENTAL J.A., SAR M., LANE M.V., FRENCH F.S., WILSON E.M.: Transcriptional activation and nuclear targeting signals of the human androgen receptor. J Biol Chem, 1991, 266, 510-518.
160. SIMONCINI T., GENAZZANI A.R.: Non-genomic actions of sex steroid hormones. Eur J Endocrinol, 2003, 148, 281-292.
161. SIMONI M.: Methodology for measuring testosterone, DHT and SHBG in a clinical setting. In: Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution. Nieschlag E., Behre H.M., eds., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, 641-664.
162. SIMPSON E.R.: Role of aromatase in sex steroid action. J Mol Endocrinol, 2000, 25, 149-156.
163. SIMPSON E.R., ZHAO Y., AGARWAL V.R., AL. E.: Aromatase expression in health and disease. Recent Prog Horm Res, 1997, 52, 185-213; discussion 213-214.
164. SMITH C.L., O'MALLEY B.W.: Coregulator function: a key to understanding tissue specificity of selective receptor modulators. Endocr Rev, 2004, 25, 45-71.
165. SMITH E.P., BOYD J., FRANK G.R., AL. E.: Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. N Engl J Med, 1994, 331, 1056-1061.
166. SPRATT D.I., O'DEA L.S., SCHOENFELD D., BUTLER J., RAO P.N., CROWLEY W.R.J.: Neuroendocrine-gonadal axis in men: frequent sampling of LH, FSH, and testosterone. Am J Physiol, 1988, 254, E658-666.
167. STATHOPOULOS E.N., DAMBAKI C., KAMPA M., THEODOROPOULOS P.A., ANEZINIS P., DELAKAS D., DELIDES G.S., CASTANAS E.: Membrane androgen binding sites are preferentially expressed in human prostate carcinoma cells. BMC Clin Pathol, 2003, 3, 1.
168. STOCCO D.M.: Clinical disorders associated with abnormal cholesterol transport: mutations in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 2002, 191, 19-25.
169. STOCCO D.M.: A StAR search: implications in controlling steroidgenesis. Biol Reprod, 1997, 56, 328-336.
170. STOCCO D.M.: Tracking the role of a star in the sky of the new millennium. Mol Endocrinol, 2001, 15, 1245-1254.
171. SWERDLOFF R.S., BLACKMAN M.R., CUNNINGHAM G.R., AL. E.: Summary of the Consensus Session from the 1st Annual Andropause Consensus 2000 Meeting. Bethesda, MD: The Endocrine Society, 2000, 1-6.
172. TAIEB J., MATHIAN B., MILLOT F., PATRICOT M.C., MATHIEU E., QUEYREL N., LACROIX I., SOMMA-DELPERO C., BOUDOU P.: Testosterone measured by 10 immunoassays and by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in sera from 116 men, women, and children. Clin Chem, 2003, 49, 1381-1395.
173. TENOVER J.S., MATSUMOTO A.M., CLIFTON D.K., BREMNER W.J.: Age-related alterations in the circadian rythms of pulsatile luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in healthy men. J Gerontol Med Sci, 1988, 43, M163-169.
174. THIJSSEN J.H.: Laboratory tests in the endocrine evaluation of aging males. In: Textbook of Men's Health. Lunenfeld B., Gooren L., eds., London, UK, The Parthenon Publishing Group, 2002, 44-50.
175. TRUSS M., BEATO M.: Steroid hormone receptors: interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid and transcription factors. Endocr Rev, 1993, 14, 459-479.
176. VAN HAREN L., CAILLEAU J., ROMMERTS F.F.: Measurement of steroidogenesis in rodent Leydig cells: a comparison between pregnenolone and testosterone production. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 1989, 65, 157-164.
177. VELDHUIS J.D., KING J.C., URBAN R.J., ROGOL A.D., EVANS W.S., KOLP L.A., JOHNSON M.L.: Operating characteristics of the male hypothalamo-pituitary- gonadal axis: pulsatile release of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone and their temporal coupling with luteinizing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,
178. VERMEULEN A.: Declining androgens with age: an overview. In: Androgens and the aging male. Oddens B., Vermeulen A., eds., New York, Parthenon Publishing Group, 1996, 3-14.
179. VERMEULEN A.: Physiopathology of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate. In: DHEA a Comprehensive Review. Thijssen J., Nieuwenhuyse H., eds., Carnforth, UK, Parthenon Publishing, 1999, 13-34.
180. VERMEULEN A., KAUFMAN J.M.: Diagnosis of hypogonadism in the aging male. Aging Male, 2002, 5, 170-176.
181. VERMEULEN A., KAUFMAN J.M., GIAGULLI V.A.: Influence of some biological indexes on sex hormone-binding globulin and androgen levels in aging or obese males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1996, 81, 1821-1826.
182. VERMEULEN A., RUBENS R., VERDONCK L.: Testosterone secretion and metabolism in male senescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1972, 34, 730-735.
183. VERMEULEN A., VERDONCK G.: Representativeness of a single point plasma testosterone level for the long term hormonal milieu in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1992, 74, 939-942.
184. VERMEULEN A., VERDONCK L., KAUFMAN J.M.: A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1999, 84, 3666-3672.
185. VIERHAPPER H., NOWOTNY P., WALDHAUSL W.: Production rates of testosterone in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Metabolism, 2000, 49, 229-231.
186. WANG C., CATLIN D.H., DEMERS L.M., STARCEVIC B., SWERDLOFF R.S.: Measurement of total serum testosterone in adult men: comparison of current laboratory methods versus liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2004, 89, 534-543.
187. WHEELER M.J.: The determination of bio-available testosterone. Ann Clin Biochem, 1995, 32 (Pt 4), 345-357.
188. WILLIAMS M.R., LING S., DAWOOD T., HASHIMURA K., DAI A., LI H., LIU J.P., FUNDER J.W., SUDHIR K., KOMESAROFF P.A.: Dehydroepiandrosterone inhibits human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation independent of ARs and ERs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2002, 87, 176-181.
189. WILSON C.M., GRIFFIN J.E., WILSON J.D., MARCELLI M., ZOPPI S., MCPHAUL M.J.: Immunoreactive androgen receptor expression in subjects with androgen resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1992, 75, 1474-1478.
190. WILSON E.M., COLVARD D.S.: Factors that influence the interaction of androgen receptors with nuclei and nuclear matrix. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1984, 438, 85-100.
191. WILSON J.D., GRIFFIN J.E., RUSSELL D.W.: Steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. Endocr Rev, 1993, 14, 577-593.
192. WING T.Y., EWING L.L., ZEGEYE B., ZIRKIN B.R.: Restoration effects of exogenous luteinizing hormone on the testicular steroidogenesis and Leydig cell ultrastructure. Endocrinology, 1985, 117, 1779-1787.
193. WINTERS S.J., CLARK B.J.: Testosterone Synthesis, Transport, and Metabolism. In: Contemporary Endocrinology: Androgens in Health and Disease. Bagatell C.J., Bremner W.J., eds., Totowa, NJ, Humana Press Inc., 2003, 3-22.
194. WINTERS S.J., DALKIN A.C.: Neuroendocrine control of testicular function. In: Male Hypogonadism: Basic, Clinical, and Therapeutic Principles. Winters S.J., ed. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press Inc., 2004, 1-21.
195. WINTERS S.J., ISHIZAKA K., KITAHARA S., TROEN P., ATTARDI B.: Effects of testosterone on gonadotropin subunit messenger ribonucleic acids in the presence or absence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology, 1992, 130, 726-734.
196. WINTERS S.J., KELLEY D.E., GOODPASTER B.: The analog free testosterone assay: are the results in men clinically useful? Clin Chem, 1998, 44, 2178-2182.
197. WINTERS S.J., SHERINS R.J., TROEN P.: The gonadotropin-suppressive activity of androgen is increased in elderly men. Metabolism, 1984, 33, 1052-1059.
198. WINTERS S.J., TROEN P.: Altered pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in hypogonadal men with hyperprolactinaemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1984, 21, 257-263.
199. WINTERS S.J., TROEN P.: Testosterone and estradiol are co-secreted episodically by the human testis. J Clin Invest, 1986, 78, 870-873.
200. WIREN K.M., ZHANG X., CHANG C., KEENAN E., ORWOLL E.S.: Transcriptional up-regulation of the human androgen receptor by androgen in bone cells. Endocrinology, 1997, 138, 2291-2300.
201. WONG C.I., ZHOU Z.X., SAR M., WILSON E.M.: Steroid requirement for androgen receptor dimerization and DNA binding. Modulation by intramolecular interactions between the NH2-terminal and steroid-binding domains. J Biol Chem, 1993, 268, 19004-19012.
202. YEH S., CHANG C.: Cloning and characterization of a specific coactivator, ARA70, for the androgen receptor in human prostate cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1996, 93, 5517-5521.
203. YU X., LI P., ROEDER R.G., WANG Z.: Inhibition of androgen receptor-mediated transcription by amino-terminal enhancer of split. Mol Cell Biol, 2001, 21, 4614-4625.
204. ZHANG L., LEEFLANG E.P., YU J., ARNHEIM N.: Studying human mutations by sperm typing: instability of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the human androgen receptor gene. Nat Genet, 1994, 7, 531-535.
205. ZHOU Z.X., KEMPPAINEN J.A., WILSON E.M.: Identification of three proline-directed phosphorylation sites in the human androgen receptor. Mol Endocrinol, 1995, 9, 605-615.
206. ZHOU Z.X., SAR M., SIMENTAL J.A., LANE M.V., WILSON E.M.: A ligand-dependent bipartite nuclear targeting signal in the human androgen receptor. Requirement for the DNA-binding domain and modulation by NH2-terminal and carboxyl-terminal sequences. J Biol Chem, 1994, 269, 13115-13123.
207. ZHOU Z.X., WONG C.I., SAR M., WILSON E.M.: The androgen receptor: an overview. Recent Prog Horm Res, 1994, 49, 249-274.
208. ZHU Y., RICE C.D., PANG Y., PACE M., THOMAS P.: Cloning, expression, and characterization of a membrane progestin receptor and evidence it is an intermediary in meiotic maturation of fish oocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2003, 100, 2231-2236.
209. ZITZMANN M., BRUNE M., NIESCHLAG E.: Vascular reactivity in hypogonadal men is reduced by androgen substitution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2002, 87, 5030-5037.
210. ZITZMANN M., BRUNE M., VIETH V., NIESCHLAG E.: Monitoring bone density in hypogonadal men by quantitative phalangeal ultrasound. Bone, 2002, 31, 422-429.
211. ZITZMANN M., NIESCHLAG E.: Testosterone levels in healthy men and the relation to behavioural and physical characteristics: facts and constructs. Eur J Endocrinol, 2001, 144, 183-197.
212. ZMUDA J.M., WINTERS S.J.: Testosterone, SHBG, and the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome. In: Male Hypogonadism: Basic, Clinical, and Therapeutic Principles. Winters S.J., ed. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press Inc., 2004, 331-351.
213. ZUBER M.X., SIMPSON E.R., WATERMAN M.R.: Expression of bovine 17 alpha-hydroxylase cytochrome P-450 cDNA in nonsteroidogenic (COS 1) cells. Science, 1986, 234, 1258-1261.