Human high molecular weight-melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA): A melanoma cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MSCP) with biological and clinical significance

Critical Reviews in Immunology

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 267-296

  Campoli, Michael R ^a   Chang, Chien Chung ^a   Kageshita, Toshiro ^a   Wang, Xinhui ^a   McCarthy, James B ^b   Ferrone, Soldano ^a  

^a ROSWELL PARK CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; HMW MAA; Invasion; MCSP; Melanoma; Melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan; Metastasis; Migration; Signal transduction

Indexed keywords

HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT MELANOMA ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN; MELANOMA ANTIGEN; MELANOMA VACCINE; PROTEOCHONDROITIN SULFATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIGENICITY; CELL INVASION; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURFACE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOLOGY; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG STRUCTURE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOSCINTIGRAPHY; MELANOMA; MELANOMA CELL; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SURVIVAL RATE;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; CELL LINE, TUMOR; CELL MOVEMENT; CELL PROLIFERATION; HUMANS; MELANOMA; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; PROTEOCHONDROITIN SULFATES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 11144232998     PISSN: 10408401     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v24.i4.40     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Howe HL, Wingo PA, Thun MJ, Ries LA, Rosenberg HM, Feigal EG, Edwards BK. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer (1973 through 1998), featuring cancers with recent increasing trends. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:824-842.
2. Terando A, Sabel MS, Sondak VK. Melanoma: adjuvant therapy and other treatment options. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2003; 4:187-199.
3. Crosby T, Mason M, Crosby D. Malignant melanoma: non-metastatic. In: Godlee F. Clinical evidence. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2001. p. 1175-1182
4. Cooper JS. Radiation therapy of malignant melanoma. Dermatol Clin 2002; 20:713-716.
5. Cascinelli N, Santinami M, Maurichi A, Patuzzo R, Pennacchioli E. World Health Organization experience in the treatment of melanoma. Surg Clin North Am 2003; 83:405-416.
6. Soengas MS, Lowe SW. Apoptosis and melanoma chemoresistance. Oncogene 2003; 22:3138-3151.
7. Guerry D. The cellular immunobiology of melanoma. In: Miller SJ, Maloney ME, editors. Cutaneous oncology: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Massachusetts: Blackwell Science; 1998. p. 211-217.
8. Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MS, Smith TJ, Borden EC, Blum RH. Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:7-17.
9. Atkins MB, Lotze MT, Dutcher JP, Fisher RI, Weiss G, Margolin K, Abrams J, Sznol M, Parkinson D, Hawkins M, Paradise C, Kunkel L, Rosenberg SA. High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:2105-16.
10. Stevanovic S. Identification of tumour-associated T-cell epitopes for vaccine development. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2:514-520.
11. Ribas A, Butterfield LH, Glaspy JA, Economou JS. Current developments in cancer vaccines and cellular immunotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:2415-2432.
12. Safa MM, Foon KA. Adjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma and colorectal cancers. Semin Oncol 2001; 28:68-92.
13. Castelli C, Rivoltini L, Andreola G, Carrabba M, Renkvist N, Parmiani G. T-cell recognition of melanoma-associated antigens. J Cell Physiol 2000; 182:323-331.
14. Naftzger C, Takechi Y, Kohda H, Hara I, Vivjayasaradhi S, Houghton AN. Immune response to a differentiation antigen induced by altered antigen: a study of tumor rejection and autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:14809-14814.
15. Nestle FO, Alijagic S, Gilliet M, Sun Y, Grabbe S, Dummer R, Burg G, Schadendorf D. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat Med 1998; 4:328-332.
16. Egen JG, Kuhns MS, Allison JP. CTLA-4: new insights into its biological function and use in tumor immunotherapy. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:611-618.
17. Parmiani G, Castelli C, Dalerba P, Mortarini R, Rivoltini L, Marincola FM, Anichini A. Cancer immunotherapy with peptide-based vaccines: what have we achieved? Where are we going? J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:805-818.
18. Toso JF, Gill VJ, Hwu P, Marincola FM, Restifo NP, Schwartzentruber DJ, Sherry RM, Topalian SL, Yang JC, Stock F, Freezer LJ, Morton KE, Seipp C, Haworth L, Mavroukakis S, White D, MacDonald S, Mao J, Sznol M, Rosenberg SA. Phase I study of the intravenous administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium to patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:142-152.
19. Milstein C, Waldmann H. Optimism after much pessimism: what next? Curr Opin Immunol 1999; 11:589-591.
20. Restifo NP, Wunderlich JR. Principles of tumor immunity: biology of cellular immune responses. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenderg SA, editors. Biologic therapy of cancer. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1996. p. 3-21.
21. Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Robbins PF, Yang JC, Hwu P, Schwartzentruber DJ, Topalian SL, Sherry R, Restifo NP, Hubicki AM, Robinson MR, Raffeld M, Duray P, Seipp CA, Rogers-Freezer L, Morton KE, Mavroukakis SA, White DE, Rosenberg SA. Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes. Science 2002; 298:850-854.
22. Yee C, Thompson JA, Byrd D, Riddell SR, Roche P, Celis E, Greenberg PD. Adoptive T cell therapy using antigen-specific CD8+ T cell clones for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma: in vivo persistence, migration, and antitumor effect of transferred T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:16168-16173.
23. Marincola FM, Jaffee EM, Hicklin DJ, Ferrone S. Escape of human solid tumors from T-cell recognition: molecular mechanisms and functional significance. Adv Immunol 2000; 74:181-273.
24. Mittelman A, Chen ZJ, Yang H, Wong GY, Ferrone S. Human high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA) mimicry by mouse anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody MK2-23: induction of humoral anti-HMW-MAA immunity and prolongation of survival in patients with stage IV melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:466-470.
25. Baselga J. Clinical trials of single-agent trastuzumab (Herceptin). Semin Oncol 2000; 27:20-26.
26. Dillman RO. Treatment of low-grade B-cell lymphoma with the monoclonal antibody rituximab. Semin Oncol 2003; 30:434-447.
27. Lin TS, Lucas MS, Byrd JC. Rituximab in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Oncol 2003; 30:483-492.
28. Graf LH, Ferrone, S. Human melanoma-associated antigens. In: Litwin SD, editor. Human immunogenetics. Basic principles and clinical relevance. New York and Basel: Marcel Dekker; 1989.
29. Mittelman A, Chen GTZ, Wong GY, Liu C, Hirai S, Ferrone S. Human high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen mimicry by mouse anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody MK2-23: modulation of the immunogenicity in patients with malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1:705-713.
30. Ferrone S, Chen ZJ, Liu CC, Hirai S, Kageshita T, Mittelman A. Human high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen mimicry by mouse anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies MK2-23. Experimental studies and clinical trials in patients with malignant melanoma. Pharmacol Ther 1993; 57:259-290.
31. Reisfeld RA, Cheresh DA. Human tumor antigens. Adv Immunol 1987; 40:323-377.
32. Wilson BS, Imai K, Natali PG, Ferrone S. Distribution and molecular characterization of a cell surface and a cytoplasmic antigen detectable in human melanoma cells with monoclonal antibodies. Int J Cancer 1981; 28:293-300.
33. Wilson BS, Ruberto G, Ferrone S. Immunochemical characterization of a human high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen identified with monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1983; 14:196-201.
34. Ross AH, Cossu G, Herlyn M, Bell JR, Steplewski Z, Koprowski H. Isolation and chemical characterization of a melanoma-associated proteoglycan antigen. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 225:370-383.
35. Bumol TF, Walker LE, Reisfeld RA. Biosynthetic studies of proteoglycans in human melanoma cells with a monoclonal antibody to a core glycoprotein of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:12733-12741.
36. Pluschke G, Vanek M, Evans A, Dittmar T, Schmid P, Itin P, Filardo EJ, Reisfeld RA. Molecular cloning of a human melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:9710-9715.
37. Yang J, Price MA, Neudauer CL, Wilson C, Ferrone S, Xia H, Iida J, Simpson MA, McCarthy JB. Melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan enhances FAK and ERK activation by distinct mechanisms. J Cell Biol 2004; 165:881-891.
38. Timpl R, Tisi D, Talts JF, Andac Z, Sasaki T, Hohenester E. Structure and function of laminin LG modules. Matrix Biol 2000; 19:309-317.
39. Liu D, Sy MS. A cysteine residue located in the transmembrane domain of CD44 is important in binding of CD44 to hyaluronic acid. J Exp Med 1996; 183:1987-1994.
40. Bernfield M, Gotte M, Park PW, Reizes O, Fitzgerald ML, Lincecum J, Zako M. Functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Annu Rev Biochem 1999; 68:729-777.
41. Garrigues HJ, Lark MW, Lara S, Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE, Wight TN. The melanoma proteoglycan: restricted expression on microspikes, a specific microdomain of the cell surface. J Cell Biol 1986; 103:1699-1710.
42. Spiro RC, Freeze HH, Sampath D, Garcia JA. Uncoupling of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan synthesis by brefeldin A. J Cell Biol 1991; 115:1463-1473.
43. Stallcup WB. The NG2 proteoglycan: past insights and future prospects. J Neurocytol 2002; 31:423-435.
44. Liao SK, Smith JW, Kwong PC, Natali PG, Kusama M, Hamby CV, Ferrone S. Cross-reactivity of murine anti-human high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen monoclonal antibodies with guinea pig melanoma cells. Cancer Res 1987; 47:4835-4841.
45. Desai SA, Wang X, Noronha EJ, Kageshita T, Ferrone S. Characterization of human anti-high molecular weight-melanoma-associated antigen single-chain Fv fragments isolated from a phage display antibody library. Cancer Res 1998; 58:2417-2425.
46. Noronha EJ, Wang X, Desai SA, Kageshita T, Ferrone S. Limited diversity of human scFv fragments isolated by panning a synthetic phage-display scFv library with cultured human melanoma cells. J Immunol 1998; 161:2968-2976.
47. Schlingemann RO, Rietveld FJ, de Waal RM, Ferrone S, Ruiter DJ. Expression of the high molecular weight melanoma associated antigen by pericytes during angiogenesis in tumors and in healing wounds. Am J Pathol 1990; 136:1393-1405.
48. Chattopadhyay P, Starkey J, Morrow WJ, Raychaudhuri S. Murine monoclonal anti-idiotope antibody breaks unresponsiveness and induces a specific antibody response to human melanoma-associated proteoglycan antigen in cynomolgus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:2684-2688.
49. Geiser M, Schultz D, Le Cardinal A, Voshol H, Garcia-Echeverria C. Identification of the human melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan antigen epitope recognized by the antitumor monoclonal antibody 763.74 from a peptide phage library. Cancer Res 1999; 59:905-910.
50. Griffiths AD, Malmqvist M, Marks JD, Bye JM, Embleton MJ, McCafferty J, Baier M, Holliger KP, Gorick BD, Hughes-Jones NC. Human anti-self antibodies with high specificity from phage display libraries. EMBO J 1993; 12:725-734.
51. Cai X, Garen A. Anti-melanoma antibodies from melanoma patients immunized with genetically modified autologous tumor cells: selection of specific antibodies from single-chain Fv fusion phage libraries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:6537-6541.
52. Legg J, Jensen UB, Broad S, Leigh I, Watt FM. Role of melanoma chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan in patterning stem cells in human interfollicular epidermis. Development 2003; 130:6049-6063.
53. Ghali L, Wong ST, Tidman N, Quinn A, Philpott MP, Leigh IM. Epidermal and hair follicle progenitor cells express melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:433-442.
54. Midwood KS, Salter DM. Expression of NG2/human melanoma proteoglycan in human adult articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1998; 6:297-305.
55. Tordsson JM, Ohlsson LG, Abrahmsen LB, Karlstrom PJ, Lando PA, Brodin TN. Phage-selected primate antibodies fused to superantigens for immunotherapy of malignant melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2000; 48:691-702.
56. Petrini S, Tessa A, Carrozzo R, Verardo M, Pierini R, Rizza T, Bertini E. Human melanoma/NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan is expressed in the sarcolemma of postnatal human skeletal myofibers. Abnormal expression in merosin-negative and Duchenne muscular dystrophies. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 23:219-231.
57. Pouly S, Becher B, Blain M, Antel JP. Expression of a homologue of rat NG2 on human microglia. Glia 1999; 27:259-268.
58. Ferrone S, Giacomini P, Natali PG, Ruiter D, Buraggi G, Callegaro L, Rosa U. A human high molecular weight melanoma associated antigen (HMW MAA) defined by monoclonal antibodies: a useful marker to radioimage tumor lesions in patients with melanoma. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Neutron Capture Therapy, 12 Oct 1983; Boston (MA): Brookhaven National Laboratory, Associated Universities, Inc; 1983. p. 174-183.
59. Challier JC, Carbillon L, Kacemi A, Vervelle C, Bintein T, Galtier M, Espie MJ, Uzan S. Characterization of first trimester human fetal placental vessels using immunocytochemical markers. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2001; 47 Online Pub:OL79-87.
60. Schlingemann RO, Rietveld FJ, Kwaspen F, van de Kerkhof PC, de Waal RM, Ruiter DJ. Differential expression of markers for endothelial cells, pericytes, and basal lamina in the microvasculature of tumors and granulation tissue. Am J Pathol 1991; 138:1335-1347.
61. Onyango P. Genomics and cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2002; 14:79-85.
62. Rajkumar VS, Sundberg C, Abraham DJ, Rubin K, Black CM. Activation of microvascular pericytes in autoimmune Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42:930-941.
63. Natali PG, Imai K, Wilson BS, Bigotti A, Cavaliere R, Pellegrino MA, Ferrone S. Structural properties and tissue distribution of the antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody 653.40S to human melanoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981; 67:591-601.
64. Natali PG, Giacomini P, Russo C, Steinbach G, Fenoglio C, Ferrone S. Antigenic profile of human melanoma cells. Analysis with monoclonal antibodies to histocompatibility antigens and to melanoma associated antigens. J Cutan Pathol 1983; 10:225-237.
65. Kageshita T, Nakamura T, Yamada M, Kuriya N, Arao T, Ferrone S. Differential expression of melanoma associated antigens in acral lentiginous melanoma and in nodular melanoma lesions. Cancer Res 1991; 51:1726-1732.
66. Kageshita T, Kimura T, Yoshi A, Hirai S, Ono T, Ferrone S. Antigenic profile of mucosal melanoma lesions. Int J Cancer 1994; 56:370-374.
67. van der Pol JP, Jager MJ, de Wolff-Rouendaal D, Ringens PJ, Vennegoor C, Ruiter DJ. Heterogeneous expression of melanoma-associated antigens in uveal melanomas. Curr Eye Res 1987; 6:757-765.
68. Bomanji J, Garner A, Prasad J, Albert DM, Hungerford JL, Granowska M, Britton KE. Characterisation of ocular melanoma with cutaneous melanoma antibodies. Br J Ophthalmol 1987; 71:647-650.
69. Li Y, Madigan MC, Lai K, Conway RM, Billson FA, Crouch R, Allen BJ. Human uveal melanoma expresses NG2 immunoreactivity. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87:629-632.
70. Kageshita T, Kuriya N, Ono T, Horikoshi T, Takahashi M, Wong GY, Ferrone S. Association of high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen expression in primary acral lentiginous melanoma lesions with poor prognosis. Cancer Res 1993; 53:2830-2833.
71. Kageshita T, Johno M, Ono T, Arao T, Imai K. Immunohistochemical analysis of antimelanoma monoclonal antibodies, with special reference to fetal tissue distribution. J Invest Dermatol. 1985; 85:535-537.
72. Chekenya M, Rooprai HK, Davies D, Levine JM, Butt AM, Pilkington GJ. The NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan: role in malignant progression of human brain rumours. Int J Dev Neurosci 1999; 17:421-435.
73. Chekenya M, Pilkington GJ. NG2 precursor cells in neoplasia: functional, histogenesis and therapeutic implications for malignant brain tumours. J Neurocytol 2002; 31:507-521.
74. Shoshan Y, Nishiyama A, Chang A, Mork S, Barnett GH, Cowell JK, Trapp BD, Staugaitis SM. Expression of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell antigens by gliomas: implications for the histogenesis of brain tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:10361-10366.
75. Godal A, Bruland O, Haug E, Aas M, Fodstad O. Unexpected expression of the 250 kD melanoma-associated antigen in human sarcoma cells. Br J Cancer 1986; 53:839-841.
76. Dell'Erba L, Calo-Gabrieli G, Caruso ML, Thomas R, Cortino G, Valentini AM, Muto P, Albrizio M, Pastena MI, Lastoria S. Immunohistochemical reactivity of anti-melanoma monoclonal antibody 225.28S in human breast cancer biopsies. Anticancer Res 2001; 21:925-930.
77. Walter-Yohrling J, Cao X, Callahan M, Weber W, Morgenbesser S, Madden SL, Wang C, Teicher BA. Identification of genes expressed in malignant cells that promote invasion. Cancer Res 2003; 63:8939-8947.
78. Behm FG, Smith FO, Raimondi SC, Pui CH, Bernstein ID. Human homologue of the rat chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, NG2, detected by monoclonal antibody 7.1, identifies childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias with t(4;11)(q21;q23) or t(11;19)(q23;p13) and MLL gene rearrangements. Blood 1996; 87:1134-1139.
79. Smith FO, Rauch C, Williams DE, March CJ, Arthur D, Hilden J, Lampkin BC, Buckley JD, Buckley CV, Woods WG, Dinndorf PA, Sorensen P, Kersey J, Hammond D, Bernstein ID. The human homologue of rat NG2, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, is not expressed on the cell surface of normal hematopoietic cells but is expressed by acute myeloid leukemia blasts from poor-prognosis patients with abnormalities of chromosome band 11q23. Blood 1996; 87:1123-1133.
80. Borkhardt A, Wuchter C, Viehmann S, Pils S, Teigler-Schlegel A, Stanulla M, Zimmermann M, Ludwig WD, Janka-Schaub G, Schrappe M, Harbott J. Infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia-combined cytogenetic, immunophenotypical and molecular analysis of 77 cases. Leukemia 2002; 16:1685-1690.
81. Mauvieux L, Delabesse E, Bourquelot P, Radford-Weiss I, Bennaceur A, Flandrin G, Valensi F, MacIntyre EA. NG2 expression in MLL rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia is restricted to monoblastic cases. Br J Haematol 1999; 107:674-676.
82. Wuchter C, Harbott J, Schoch C, Schnittger S, Borkhardt A, Karawajew L, Ratei R, Ruppert V, Haferlach T, Creutzig U, Dorken B, Ludwig WD. Detection of acute leukemia cells with mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangements by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibody 7.1. Leukemia 2000; 14:1232-1238.
83. Schneider S, Bosse F, D'Urso D, Muller H, Sereda MW, Nave K, Niehaus A, Kempf T, Schnolzer M, Trotter J. The AN2 protein is a novel marker for the Schwann cell lineage expressed by immature and nonmyelinating Schwann cells. J Neurosci 2001; 21:920-933.
84. Staub E, Hinzmann B, Rosenthal A. A novel repeat in the melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan defines a new protein family. FEBS Lett 2002; 527:114-118.
85. Diers-Fenger M, Kirchhoff F, Kettenmann H, Levine JM, Trotter J. AN2/NG2 protein-expressing glial progenitor cells in the murine CNS: isolation, differentiation, and association with radial glia. Glia 2001; 34:213-228.
86. Stegmuller J, Schneider S, Hellwig A, Garwood J, Trotter J. AN2, the mouse homologue of NG2, is a surface antigen on glial precursor cells implicated in control of cell migration. J Neurocytol 2002; 31:497-505.
87. Imai K, Ng AK, Glassy MC, Ferrone S. ADCC of cultured human melanoma cells: analysis with monoclonal antibodies to human melanoma associated antigens. Scand J Immunol 1981; 14:369-377.
88. Imai K, Pellegrino MA, Wilson BS, Ferrone S. Higher cytolytic efficiency of an IgG2a than of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody reacting with the same (or spatially close) determinant on a human high molecular weight melanoma associated antigen. Cell Immunol 1982; 72:239-247.
89. Harper JR, Reisfeld RA. Inhibition of anchorage-independent growth of human melanoma cells by a monoclonal antibody to a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71:259-263.
90. de Vries JE, Keizer GD, te Velde AA, Voordouw A, Ruiter D, Rumke P, Spits H, Figdor CG. Characterization of melanoma-associated surface antigens involved in the adhesion and motility of human melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 1986; 38:465-473.
91. Iida J, Meijne AM, Spiro RC, Roos E, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB. Spreading and focal contact formation of human melanoma cells in response to the stimulation of both melanoma-associated proteoglycan (NG2) and alpha 4 beta 1 integrin. Cancer Res 1995; 55:2177-2185.
92. Burg MA, Grako KA, Stallcup WB. Expression of the NG2 proteoglycan enhances the growth and metastatic properties of melanoma cells. J Cell Physiol 1998; 177:299-312.
93. Fang X, Burg MA, Barritt D, Dahlin-Huppe K, Nishiyama A, Stallcup WB. Cytoskeletal reorganization induced by engagement of the NG2 proteoglycan leads to cell spreading and migration. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:3373-3387.
94. Garrigues HJ, Lark MW, Lara S, Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE, Wight TN. The melanoma proteoglycan: restricted expression on microspikes, a specific microdomain of the cell surface. J Cell Biol 1986; 103:1699-1710.
95. Weed SA, Parsons JT. Cortactin: coupling membrane dynamics to cortical actin assembly. Oncogene 2001; 20:6418-6434.
96. Iida J, Milius RP, Oegema TR, Furcht LT, McCarthy JM. Role of cell surface proteoglycans in tumor cell recognition of fibronectin. Trends Glycosci Glycotechnol 1994; 27:1-16.
97. Iida J, Meijne AM, Knutson JR, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB. Cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in tumor cell adhesion, motility and invasion. Semin Cancer Biol 1996; 7:155-162.
98. Eisenmann KM, McCarthy JB, Simpson MA, Keely PJ, Guan JL, Tachibana K, Lim L, Manser E, Furcht LT, Iida J. Melanoma chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan regulates cell spreading through Cdc42, Ack-1 and p130cas. Nat Cell Biol 1999; 1:507-513.
99. Bokoch GM. Biology of the p21-activated kinases. Annu Rev Biochem 2003; 72:743-781.
100. Liu S, Calderwood DA, Ginsberg MH. Integrin cytoplasmic domain-binding proteins. J Cell Sci 2000; 113:3563-3571.
101. Parsons JT. Focal adhesion kinase: the first ten years. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:1409-1416.
102. Iida J, Meijne AM, Spiro RC, Roos E, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB. Spreading and focal contact formation of human melanoma cells in response to the stimulation of both melanoma-associated proteoglycan (NG2) and alpha 4 beta 1 integrin. Cancer Res 1995; 55:2177-2185.
103. 1 integrin-mediated melanoma cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:5955-5962.
104. Sieg DJ, Hauck CR, Ilic D, Klingbeil CK, Schaefer E, Damsky CH, Schlaepfer DD. FAK integrates growth-factor and integrin signals to promote cell migration. Nat Cell Biol 2000; 2:249-256.
105. Etoh T, Byers HR, Mihm MC Jr. Integrin expression in malignant melanoma and their role in cell attachment and migration on extracellular matrix proteins. J Dermatol 1992; 19:841-846.
106. Faassen AE, Schrager JA, Klein DJ, Oegema TR, Couchman JR, McCarthy JB. A cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, immunologically related to CD44, is involved in type I collagen-mediated melanoma cell motility and invasion. J Cell Biol 1992; 116:521-531.
107. Yoshinaga IG, Vink J, Dekker SK, Mihm MC Jr, Byers HR. Role of alpha 3 beta 1 and alpha 2 beta 1 integrins in melanoma cell migration. Melanoma Res 1993; 3:435-441.
108. Knutson JR, Iida J, Fields GB, McCarthy JB. CD44/ chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and alpha 2 beta 1 integrin mediate human melanoma cell migration on type IV collagen and invasion of basement membranes. Mol Biol Cell 1996; 7:383-396.
109. Schon M, Schon MP, Kuhrober A, Schirmbeck R, Kaufmannn R, Klein CE. Expression of the human alpha2 integrin subunit in mouse melanoma cells confers the ability to undergo collagen-directed adhesion, migration and matrix reorganization. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 106:1175-1181.
110. Lundell BI, McCarthy JB, Kovach NL, Verfaillie CM. Activation of beta1 integrins on CML progenitors reveals cooperation between betal integrins and CD44 in the regulation of adhesion and proliferation. Leukemia 1997; 11:822-829.
111. Kraal G, Mebius RE. High endothelial venules: lymphocyte traffic control and controlled traffic. Adv Immunol 1997; 65:347-395.
112. Tillet E, Gential B, Garrone R, Stallcup WB. NG2 proteoglycan mediates betal integrin-independent cell adhesion and spreading on collagen VI. J Cell Biochem 2002; 86:726-736.
113. Smalley KS. A pivotal role for ERK in the oncogenic behaviour of malignant melanoma? Int J Cancer 2003; 104:527-532.
114. Iida J, Skubitz AP, Furcht LT, Wayner EA, McCarthy JB. Coordinate role for cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and alpha 4 beta 1 integrin in mediating melanoma cell adhesion to fibronectin. J Cell Biol 1992; 118:431-444.
115. Lin XH, Dahlin-Huppe K, Stallcup W. Interaction of the NG2 proteoglycan with the actin cytoskeleton. J Cell Biochem 1996; 63:463-477.
116. Burg M, Tillet E, Timpl R, Stallcup W. Binding of the NG2 proteoglycan to type VI collagen and other extracellular matrix molecules. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:26110-26116.
117. Tillet E, Ruggiero F, Nishiyama A, Stallcup W. The membrane-spanning proteoglycan NG2 binds to collagens V and VI through the central nonglobular domain of its core protein. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:10769-10776.
118. Chen WT. Surface changes during retraction-induced spreading of fibroblasts. J Cell Sci 1981; 49:1-13.
119. Mitchison TJ. Actin-based motility on retraction fibers in mitotic PtK2 cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 1992; 22:135-151.
120. Sheetz, MP. Cell migration by graded attachment to substrates and contraction. Semin Cell Biol 1994; 5:149-155.
121. Grako KA, Stallcup W. Participation of the NG2 proteoglycan in rat aortic smooth muscle cell responses to platelet-derived growth factor. Exp Cell Res 1995; 221:231-240.
122. Grako KA, Ochiya T, Barritt D, Nishiyama A, Stallcup W. PDGF-receptor is unresponsive to PDGF-AA in aortic smooth muscle cells from the NG2 knockout mouse. J Cell Sci 1999; 112:905-915.
123. Nishiyama A, Lin XH, Giese N, Heldin C, Stallcup W. Interaction between NG2 proteoglycan and PDGF alpha-receptor on O2A progenitor cells is required for optimal response to PDGF. J Neurosci Res 1996; 43:315-330.
124. Goretzki L, Burg M, Grako KA, Stallcup W. High affinity binding of bFGF and PDGF-AA to the core protein of the NG2 proteoglycan. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:16831-16837.
125. Kirsch M, Schackert G, Black PM. Metastasis and angiogenesis. Cancer Treat Res. 2004; 117:285-304.
126. Chekenya M, Hjuelstuen M, Enger PO, Thorsen F, Jacob AL, Probst B, Haraldseth O, Pilkington G, Butt A, Levine JM, Bjerkvig R. NG2 proteoglycan promotes angiogenesis-dependent tumor growth in CNS by sequestering angiostatin. FASEB J 2002; 16:586-588.
127. Ozerdem U, Grako KA, Dahlin-Huppe K, Monosov E, Stallcup WB. NG2 proteoglycan is expressed exclusively by mural cells during vascular morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2001; 222:218-227.
128. Ranson M, Andronicos NM. Plasminogen binding and cancer: promises and pitfalls. Front Biosci 2003; 8:8294-304.
129. Polette M, Birembaut P. Membrane-type metalloproteinases in tumor invasion. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1998; 30:1195-1202.
130. Iida J, Pei D, Kang T, Simpson MA, Herlyn M, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB. Melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan regulates matrix metalloproteinase- dependent human melanoma invasion into type I collagen. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:18786-18794.
131. Crabbe T, Ioannou C, Docherty AJ. Human progelatinase A can be activated by autolysis at a rate that is concentration-dependent and enhanced by heparin bound to the C-terminal domain. Eur J Biochem 1993; 218:431-438.
132. Wainwright BD, Reynolds SR, Ferrone S, Shapiro RL, Roses DF, Harris MN, Zenleniuch-Jacquotte A, Bystryn J. Changes in serum levels of high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen (HMW-MAA) correlates with clinical outcome in vaccine-treated melanoma patients. Submitted.
133. Kang NV, Hamilton S, Sanders R, Wilson GD, Kupsch JM. Efficient in vivo targeting of malignant melanoma by single-chain Fv antibody fragments. Melanoma Res 1999; 9:545-556.
134. Kang N, Hamilton S, Odili J, Wilson G, Kupsch J. In vivo targeting of malignant melanoma by 125Iodine- and 99mTechnetium-labeled single-chain Fv fragments against high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:4921-4931.
135. Ghesani M, Belgraier A, Hasni S. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) scan in the diagnosis of recurrent colorectal carcinoma in a patient with increasing CEA levels and inconclusive computed tomographic findings. Clin Nucl Med 2003; 28:608-609.
136. Schroff RW, Foon KA, Beatty SM, Oldham RK, Morgan AC Jr. Human anti-murine immunoglobulin responses in patients receiving monoclonal antibody therapy. Cancer Res. 1985; 45:879-885.
137. Spitler LE, del Rio M, Khentigan A, Wedel NI, Brophy NA, Miller LL, Harkonen WS, Rosendorf LL, Lee HM, Mischak RP, et al. Therapy of patients with malignant melanoma using a monoclonal anti-melanoma antibody-ricin A chain immunotoxin. Cancer Res 1987; 47:1717-1723.
138. Bumol TF, Wang QC, Reisfeld RA, Kaplan NO. Monoclonal antibody and an antibody-toxin conjugate to a cell surface proteoglycan of melanoma cells suppress in vivo tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:529-533.
139. Matsui M, Nakanishi T, Noguchi T, Imai K, Yachi A, Ferrone S. Suppression of human melanoma growth in nude mice injected with anti high-molecular-weight melanoma-associated antigen monoclonal antibody 225.28S conjugated to purothionin. Jpn J Cancer Res 1985; 76:119-123.
140. Morgan AC Jr, Bordonaro J, Pearson JW, Sivam G. Immunotoxins to a human melanoma-associated antigen: resistance to pokeweed antiviral protein conjugates in vitro. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 78:1101-1106.
141. Ghose T, Ferrone S, Blair AH, Kralovec Y, Temponi M, Singh M, Mammen M. Regression of human melanoma xenografts in nude mice injected with methotrexate linked to monoclonal antibody 225.28 to human high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1991; 34:90-96.
142. Bender H, Grapow M, Schomburg A, Reinhold U, Biersack HJ. Effects of diagnostic application of monoclonal antibody on survival in melanoma patients. Hybridoma 1997; 16:65-68.
143. Pride MW, Shuey S, Grillo-Lopez A, Braslawsky G, Ross M, Legha SS, Eton O, Buzaid A, Ioannides C, Murray JL. Enhancement of cell-mediated immunity in melanoma patients immunized with murine anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies (MELIMMUNE) hat mimic the high molecular weight proteoglycan antigen. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4:2363-2370.
144. Murray JL, Gillogly M, Kawano K, Efferson CL, Lee JE, Ross M, Wang X, Ferrone S, Ioannides C. Fine specificity of high molecular weight-melanoma- associated antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes elicited by anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies in patients with melanoma. Cancer Res 2004; 15:5481-5488.
145. Chen, ZJ, Yang H, Ferrone S. Human high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen mimicry by mouse antiidiotypic monoclonal antibody MK2-23. Characterization of the immunogenicity in syngeneic hosts. J Immunol 1991; 147:1082-1090.
146. Chen ZJ, Yang H, Liu CC, Hirai S, Ferrone S. Modulation by adjuvants and carriers of the immunogenicity in xenogeneic hosts of mouse anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody MK2-23, an internal image of human high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen. Cancer Res 1993; 53:112-119.
147. Basak S, Birebent B, Purev E, Somasundaram R, Maruyama H, Zaloudik J, Swoboda R, Strittmatter W, Li W, Luckenbach A, Song H, Li J, Sproesser K, Guerry D, Nair S, Furukawa K, Herlyn D. Induction of cellular immunity by anti-idiotypic antibodies mimicking GD2 ganglioside. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003; 52:145-154.