Pathobiology, Prognosis, and Targeted Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Exploiting the Hypoxia-Induced Pathway

Clinical Cancer Research

Volumn 9, Issue 13, 2003, Pages 4641-4652

  Pantuck, Allan J ^a   Zeng, Gang ^a   Belldegrun, Arie S ^a   Figlin, Robert A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1 BENZYL 3 (5 HYDROXYMETHYL 2 FURYL)INDAZOLE; ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; ALPHA INTERFERON; BEVACIZUMAB; BORTEZOMIB; CARBONATE DEHYDRATASE; CARBONATE DEHYDRATASE IX; GENE PRODUCT; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR CARBONATE ANHYDRATASE 9 FUSION PROTEIN; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 1; HYBRID PROTEIN; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 2; MOLECULAR MARKER; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY G250; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; RAPAMYCIN DERIVATIVE; SUNITINIB; TEMSIROLIMUS; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VON HIPPEL LINDAU HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA;

ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE MARKER; DRUG TARGETING; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE FUSION; GENE INACTIVATION; GENE TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; GENETIC LINKAGE; GLYCOLYSIS; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MULTIGENE FAMILY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SHORT SURVEY; SIDE EFFECT; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; VON HIPPEL LINDAU GENE;

ALGORITHMS; ANOXIA; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; APOPTOSIS; CARBONIC ANHYDRASES; CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL; GLYCOLYSIS; HUMANS; HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1, ALPHA SUBUNIT; IMMUNOTHERAPY; KIDNEY NEOPLASMS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; PROGNOSIS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS; UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A; VON HIPPEL-LINDAU TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN;

EID: 0142219359     PISSN: 10780432     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Short Survey

References (101)

1. Jemal, A., Thomas, A., Murray, T., and Thun, M. Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin., 52: 23-47, 2002.
2. Pantuck, A. J., Zisman, A., and Belldegrun, A. S. The changing natural history of renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol., 166: 1611-1623, 2001.
3. Chow, W. H., Devesa, S. S., Warren, J. L., and Fraumeni, J. F. J. Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 281: 1628-1631, 1999.
4. Jayson, M., and Sanders, H. Increased incidence of serendipitously discovered renal cell carcinoma. Urology, 51: 203-205, 1998.
5. Ries, L., Eisner, M., Kosary, C., Hankey, B., Miller, B., Clegg, L., and Edwards, B. K. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1999. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2002.
6. Flanigan, R. C., Salmon, S. E., Blumenstein, B. A., Bearman, S. I., Roy, V., McGrath, P. C., Caton, J. R., Munshi, N., and Crawford, E. D. Nephectomy followed by interferon α-2b compared with interferon α-2b alone for metastatic renal cell cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 345: 1655-1659, 2001.
7. Mickisch, G. H., Garin, A., van Poppel, H., de Prijck, L., and Sylvester, R. Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-α-based immunotherapy compared with interferon α alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet, 358: 966-970, 2001.
8. Bukowski, R. M. Natural history and therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the role of interleukin-2. Cancer (Phila.), 80: 1198-1220, 1997.
9. Figlin, R. A. Renal cell carcinoma: management of advanced disease. J. Urol., 161: 381-387, 1999.
10. Motzer, R. J., and Russo, P. Systemic therapy for renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol., 163: 408-417, 2000.
11. Motzer, R., Mazumbar, M., Bacik, J., Berg, W., Amsterdam, A., and Ferrara, J. Survival and prognostic stratification of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol., 17: 2530-2540, 1999.
12. Fisher, R. I., Rosenberg, S. A., and Fyfe, G. Long-term survival update for high dose interleukin-2 in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Sci. Am., 6 (Suppl 1): S55-S57, 2000.
13. McDermott, D., Flahertry, J., Clark, G., Weiss, T., Logan, T., Gordon, M., Sosman, M., Ernstoff, M., Urba, W., Margolin, K., and Atkins, M. A randomized phase III trial of high-dose interleukin-2 versus subcutaneous IL-2/interferon in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Proc. ASCO, 20: 685a, 2001.
14. Yang, J. C., and Rosenberg, S. A. A 3-arm randomized comparison of high and low dose intravenous and subcutaneous interleukin-2 in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Immunother., 25: S33, 2002.
15. Kovacs, G., Akhtar, M., Beckwith, B. J., Bugert, P., Cooper, C. S., Delahunt, B., Eble, J. N., Fleming, S., Ljungberg, B., Medeiros, L. J., Moch, H., Reuter. V. E., Ritz, E., Roos, G., Schmidt, D., Srigley, J. R., Störkel, S., van den Berg, E., and Zbar, B. The Heidelberg classification of renal cell tumours (Editorial). J. Pathol., 183: 131-133, 1997.
16. Jakobsen, M. K., Restifo, N. P., Cohen, P. A., Marincola, F. M., Cheshire, L. B., Linehan, W. M., Rosenberg, S. A., and Alexander, R. B. Defective major histocompatibility complex class I expression in a sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma cell line. J. Immunother., 17: 222-228, 1995.
17. Ljungberg, B., Alamdari, F. I., Stenling, R., and Roos, G. Prognostic significance of the Heidelberg classification of renal cell carcinoma. Eur. Urol., 36: 565-569, 1999.
18. Storkel, S., Eble, J. N., Adlakha, K., Amin, M., Blute, M. L., Bostwick, D. G., Darson, M., Delahunt, B., and Iczkowski, K. Classification of renal cell carcinoma: Workgroup No. 1. Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Cancer (Phila.), 80: 987-989, 1997.
19. Kovacs, G., Wilkens, L., and Papp, T. Nondisjunction reduplication of chromosome 3 is not a common mechanism in the development of human renal cell tumors. Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 48: 242-243, 1988.
20. Anglard, P., Tory, K., Brauch, H., Weiss, G. H., Latif, F., Merino, M. J., Lerman, M. I., Zbar, B., and Linehan, W. M. Molecular analysis of genetic changes in the origin and development of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res., 51: 1071-1077, 1991.
21. Gnarra, J. R., Tory, K., Weng, Y., Schmidt, L., Wei, M. H., Li, H., Latif, F., Liu, S., Chen, F., Duh, F. M., et al. Mutations of the VHL tumour suppressor gene in renal carcinoma. Nat. Genet., 7: 85-90, 1994.
22. Amin, M. B., Corless, C. L., Renshaw, A. A., Tickoo, S. K., Kubus, J., and Schultz, D. S. Papillary (chromophil) renal cell carcinoma: histomorphologic characteristics and evaluation of conventional pathologic prognostic parameters in 62 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol., 21: 621-635, 1997.
23. Kattan, M. W., Reuter, V., Motzer, R. J., Katz, J., and Russo, P. A postoperative prognostic nomogram for renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol., 166: 63-67, 2001.
24. Zambrano, N. R., Lubensky, I. A., Merino, M. J., Linehan, W. M., and Walther, M. M. Histopathology and molecular genetics of renal tumors toward unification of a classification system. J. Urol., 162: 1246-1258, 1999.
25. Lindor, N. M., Dechet, C. B., Greene, M. H., Jenkins, R. B., Zincke, M. T., Weaver, A. L., Wilson, M., Zincke, H., and Liu, W. Papillary renal cell carcinoma: analysis of germline mutations in the MET proto-oncogene in a clinic-based population. Genet. Test., 5: 101-106, 2001.
26. Launonen, V., Vierimaa, O., Kiuru, M., Isola, J., Roth, S., Pukkala, E., Sistonen, P., Herva, R., and Aaltonen, L. A. Inherited susceptibility to uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98: 3387-3392, 2001.
27. Storkel, S., Rhoenes, W., Jacobi, G., and Lippold, R. Prognostic parameters in renal cell carcinoma-a new approach. Eur. Urol., 16: 416-422, 1989.
28. Fleming, S., and Lewi, H. J. Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney. Histopathology, 10: 1131-1141, 1986.
29. Zbar, B., Alvord, W. G., Glenn, G., Turner, M., Pavlovich, C. P., Schmidt, L., Walther, M., Choyke, P., Weirich, G., Hewitt, S. M., Duray, P., Gabril, F., Greenberg, C., Merino, M. J., Toro, J., and Linehan, W. M. Risk of renal and colonic neoplasms and spontaneous pneumothorax in the Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 11: 393-400, 2002.
30. Zisman, A., Pantuck, A. J., Dorey, F., Said, J. W., Shvarts, O., Quintana, D., Gitlitz, B. J., deKernion, J. B., Figlin, R. A., and Belldegrun, A. S. Improved prognostication of renal cell carcinoma using an integrated staging system. J. Clin. Oncol., 19: 1649-1657, 2001.
31. Yao, M., Yoshida, M., Kishida, T., Nakaigawa, N., Baba, M., Kobayashi, K., Miura, T., Moriyama, M., Nagashima, Y., Nakatani, Y., Kubota, Y., and Kondo, K. VHL tumor suppressor gene alterations associated with good prognosis in sporadic clear-cell renal carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 94: 1569-1575, 2002.
32. Klugo, M., Detmers, M., Stiles, R., Talley, R. and Cerny, J. Aggressive versus conservative management of stage IV renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol., 118: 244-246, 1977.
33. deKernion, J., Ramming, K., and Smith, R. The natural history of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a computer analysis. J. Urol., 120: 148-152, 1978.
34. Maldazys, J. D., and deKernion, J. B. Prognostic factors in metastatic renal carcinoma. J. Urol., 136: 376-379, 1986.
35. Elson, P. J., Witte, R. S., and Trump, D. L. Prognostic factors for survival in patients with recurrent or metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res., 48: 7310-7313, 1988.
36. Belldegrun, A., Shvarts, O., and Figlin, R. Expanding the indications for surgery and adjuvant IL-2-based immunotherapy in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cancer J. Sci. Am., 6: S88-S92, 2000.
37. Frank, I., Blute, M. L., Cheville, J. C., Lohse, C. M., Weaver, A. L., and Zincke, H. An outcome prediction model for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy based on tumor stage, size, grade and necrosis: the SSIGN score. J. Urol., 168: 2395-2400, 2002.
38. Fuhrman, S., Lasky, C., and Limas, C. Prognostic significance of morphologic parameters in renal cell carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol., 6: 655-663, 1982.
39. Zisman, A., Pantuck, A. J., Figlin, R. A., and Belldegrun, A. S. Validation of the ucla integrated staging system for patients with renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol., 19: 3792-3793, 2001.
40. Slaton, J. W., Zisman, A., Belldegrun, A., Dinney, C. P., and Swanson, D. A. Validation of UCLA integrated staging system (UISS) as a predictor for survival in patients undergoing nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol., 167: 192a, 2002.
41. Han, K. R., Bleumer, I., Pantuck, A. J., Zisman, A., Janzen, N., Kim, H. L., Mulder, P. H., Dorey, F., Dinney, C. P., Wood, C. G., Swanson, D. A., Figlin, R., and Belldegrun, A. International prognostication of renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol., 169: 897a, 2003.
42. Zisman, A., Pantuck, A. J., Dorey, F., Chao, D. H., Gitlitz, B. J., Moldawer, N., Lazarovici, D., deKernion, J. B., Figlin, R. A., and Belldegrun, A. S. Mathematical model to predict individual survival for patients with renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol., 20: 1368-1374, 2002.
43. Zisman, A., Pantuck, A. J., Wieder, J., Chao, D. H., Dorey, F., Said, J. W., deKernion, J. B., Figlin, R. A., and Belldegrun, A. S. Risk group assessment and clinical outcome algorithm to predict the natural history of patients with surgically resected renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol., 4559-4566, 2002.
44. Gelb, A. B. Renal cell carcinoma: current prognostic factors. Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Cancer (Phila.), 80: 981-986, 1997.
45. Sejima, T., and Miyagawa, I. Expression of bcl-2, p53 oncoprotein, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in renal cell carcinoma. Eur. Urol., 35: 242-248, 1999.
46. Aaltomaa, S., Lipponen, P., Vesalainen, S., Ala Opas, M., Eskelinen, M., and Syrjanen, K. Value of Ki-67 immunolabelling as a prognostic factor in prostate cancer. Eur. Urol., 32: 410-415, 1997.
47. Yasunaga, Y., Shin, M., Miki, T., Okuuyama, A., and Aozasa, K. Prognostic factors of renal cell carcinoma: a multivariate analysis. J. Surg. Oncol., 68: 11-18, 1998.
48. Delahunt, B., Ribas, J., Nacey, J., and Bethwaite, P. Nucleolar organizer regions and prognosis in renal cell carcinoma. J. Pathol., 163: 31-37, 1991.
49. Bui, M. H., Seligson, D., Han, K. R., Pantuck, A. J., Dorey, F. J., Huang, Y., Horvath, S., Leibovich, B. C., Chopra, S., Liao, S. Y., Stanbridge, E., Lerman, M. I., Palotie, A., Figlin, R. A., and Belldegrun, A. S. Carbonic anhydrase IX is an independent predictor of survival in advanced renal clear cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis and therapy. Clin. Cancer Res., 9: 802-811, 2003.
50. Visapaa, H., Bui, M., Huang, Y., Seligson, D., Tsai, H., Pantuck, A., Figlin, R., Rao, J. Y., Belldegrun, A., Horvath, S., and Palotie, A. Correlation of Ki-67 and gelsolin expression to clinical outcome in renal clear cell carcinoma. Urology, 61: 845-850, 2003.
51. Pantuck, A. J., Seligson, D., Huang, Y., Horvath, S., Bui, M., Zisman, A., Han, K. R., Janzen, N., Figlin, R., and Belldegrun, A. KSA (EpCAM) expression is an independent predictor of survival in renal cell carcinoma, pp. 231-232a. Chicago: American Urological Association, 2003. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Onc., 399A, 2003.
52. Pastorek, J., Pastorekova, S., Callebaut, I., Mornon, J. P., Zelnik, V., Opavsky, R., Zat ovicova, M., Liao, S., Portetelle, D., and Stanbridge, E. J. Cloning and characterization of MN, a human tumor-associated protein with a domain homologous to carbonic anhydrase and a putative helix-loop-helix DNA binding segment. Oncogene, 9: 2877-2888, 1994.
53. Wykoff, C. C., Beasley, N. J., Watson, P. H., Turner, K. J., Pastorek, J., Sibtain, A., Wilson, G. D., Turley, H., Talks, K. L., Maxwell, P. H., Pugh, C. W., Ratcliffe, P. J., and Harris, A. L. Hypoxia-inducible expression of tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases. Cancer Res., 60: 7075-7083, 2000.
54. Oosterwijk, E., Ruiter, D. J., Hoedemaeker, P. J., Pauwels, E. K., Jonas, U., Zwartendijk, J., and Warnaar, S. O. Monoclonal antibody G 250 recognizes a determinant present in renal-cell carcinoma and absent from normal kidney. Int. J. Cancer, 38: 489-494, 1986.
55. Opavsky, R., Pastorekova, S., Zelnik, V., Gibadulinova, A., Stanbridge, E. J., Zavada, J., Kettmann, R., and Pastorek, J. Human MN/CA9 gene, a novel member of the carbonic anhydrase family: structure and exon to protein domain relationships. Genomics, 33: 480-487, 1996.
56. Ivanov, S., Liao, S. Y., Ivanova, A., Danilkovitch Miagkova, A., Tarasova, N., Weirich, G., Merrill, M. J., Proescholdt, M. A., Oldfield, E. H., Lee, J., Zavada, J., Waheed, A., Sly, W., Lerman, M. I., and Stanbridge, E. J. Expression of hypoxia-inducible cell-surface transmembrane carbonic anhydrases in human cancer. Am. J. Pathol., 158: 905-919, 2001.
57. Uemura, H., Nakagawa, Y., Yoshida, K., Saga, S., Yoshikawa, K., Hirao, Y., and Oosterwijk, E. MN/CA IX/G250 as a potential target for immunotherapy of renal cell carcinomas. Br. J. Cancer, 81: 741-746, 1999.
58. Oosterwijk, E., Bander, N. H., Divgi, C. R., Welt, S., Wakka, J. C., Finn, R. D., Carswell, E. A., Larson, S. M., Warnaar, S. O., and Fleuren, G. J. Antibody localization in human renal cell carcinoma: a phase I study of monoclonal antibody G250. J. Clin. Oncol., 11: 738-750. 1993.
59. Divgi, C. R., Bander, N. H., Scott, A. M., O Donoghue, J. A., Sgouros, G., Welt, S., Finn, R. D., Morrissey, F., Capitelli, P., Williams, J. M., Deland, D., Nakhre, A., Oosterwijk, E., Gulec, S., Graham, M. C., Larson, S. M., and Old, L. J. Phase I/II radioimmunotherapy trial with iodine-131-labeled monoclonal antibody G250 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res., 4: 2729-2739, 1998.
60. Ivanov, S. V., Kuzmin, I., Wei, M. H., Pack, S., Geil, L., Johnson, B. E., Stanbridge, E. J., and Lerman, M. I. Down-regulation of transmembrane carbonic anhydrases in renal cell carcinoma cell lines by wild-type von Hippel-Lindau transgenes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95: 12596-12601, 1998.
61. Chia, S. K., Wykoff, C. C., Watson, P. H., Han, C., Leek, R. D., Pastorek, J., Gatter, K. C., Ratcliffe, P., and Harris, A. L. Prognostic significance of a novel hypoxia-regulated marker, carbonic anhydrase IX, in invasive breast carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol., 19: 3660-3668, 2001.
62. Beasley, N. J., Wykoff, C. C., Watson, P. H., Leek, R., Turley, H., Gatter, K., Pastorek, J., Cox, G. J., Ratcliffe, P., and Harris, A. L. Carbonic anhydrase IX, an endogenous hypoxia marker, expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship to hypoxia, necrosis, and microvessel density. Cancer Res., 67: 5262-5267, 2001.
63. Swinson, D. E., Jones, J. L., Richardson, D., Wykoff, C., Turley, H., Pastorek, J., Taub, N., Harris, A. L. and O'Byrne, K. J. Carbonic anhydrase IX expression, a novel surrogate marker of tumor hypoxia, is associated with a poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 21: 473-482, 2003.
64. Loncaster, J. A., Harris, A. L., Davidson, S. E., Logue, J. P., Hunter, R. D., Wycoff, C. C., Pastorek, J., Ratcliffe, P. J., Stratford, I. J., and West, C. M. Carbonic anhydrase (CA IX) expression, a potential new intrinsic marker of hypoxia: correlations with tumor oxygen measurements and prognosis in locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Cancer Res., 67: 6394-6399, 2001.
65. Hockel, M., and Vaupel, P. Tumor hypoxia: definitions and current clinical, biologic, and molecular aspects. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93: 266-276, 2001.
66. Thomlinson, R. Tumour anoxia and the response to radiation. Sci. Basis Med. Annu. Rev., 1965: 74-90, 1965.
67. Gray, L., Conger, A., Ebert, M., Hornsey, S., and Scott, O. The concentration of oxygen dissolved in tissues at the time of irradiation as a factor in radiotherapy. Br. J. Radiol., 26: 638-648, 1953.
68. Vaupel, P., and Hockel, M. Blood supply, oxygenation status and metabolic micromilieu of breast cancers: characterization and therapeutic relevance. Int. J. Oncol., 17: 869-879, 2000.
69. Lorentz, A., Jendrissek, A., Eckardt, K. U., Schipplick, M., Osswald, P. M., and Kurtz, A. Serial immunoreactive erythropoietin levels in autologous blood donors. Transfusion, 31: 650-654, 1991.
70. Harris, A. L. Hypoxia-a key regulatory factor in tumour growth. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2: 38-47, 2002.
71. Semenza, G. L. HIF-1 and tumor progression: pathophysiology and therapeutics. Trends Mol. Med., 8: S62-67, 2002.
72. Laughner, E., Taghavi, P., Chiles, K., Mahon, P. C., and Semenza, G. L. HER2 (neu) signaling increases the rate of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) synthesis: novel mechanism for HIF-1-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Mol. Cell. Biol., 21: 3995-4004, 2001.
73. Zhong, H., Chiles, K., Feldser, D., Laughner, E., Hanrahan, C., Georgescu, M. M., Simons, J. W., and Semenza, G. L. Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression by the epidermal growth factor/ phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/PTEN/AKT/FRAP pathway in human prostate cancer cells: implications for tumor angiogenesis and therapeutics. Cancer Res., 60: 1541-1545, 2000.
74. Zhong, H., De Marzo, A. M., Laughner, E., Lim, M., Hilton, D. A., Zagzag, D., Buechler, P., Isaacs, W. B., Semenza, G. L., and Simons, J. W. Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in common human cancers and their metastases. Cancer Res., 59: 5830-5835, 1999.
75. Maxwell, P. H., Wiesener, M. S., Chang, G. W., Clifford, S. C., Vaux, E. C., Cockman, M. E., Wykoff, C. C., Pugh, C. W., Maher, E. R., and Ratcliffe, P. J. The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis. Nature (Lond.), 399: 271-275, 1999.
76. Ohh, M., Park, C. W., Ivan, M., Hoffman, M. A., Kim, T. Y., Huang, L. E., Pavletich, N., Chau, V., and Kaelin, W. G. Ubiquitination of hypoxia-inducible factor requires direct binding to the beta-domain of the von Hippel-Lindau protein. Nat. Cell Biol., 2: 423-427, 2000.
77. Maranchie, J. K., Vasselli, J. R., Riss, J., Bonifacino, J. S., Linehan, W. M., and Klausner, R. D. The contribution of VHL substrate binding and HIF1-α to the phenotype of VHL loss in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell, 1: 247-255, 2002.
78. Kondo, K., Klco, J., Nakamura, E., Lechpammer, M., and Kaelin, W. G. J. Inhibition of HIF is necessary for tumor suppression by the von Hippel-Lindau protein. Cancer Cell, 1: 237-246, 2002.
79. Grabmaier, K., Vissers, J. L., De Weijert, M. C., Oosterwijk-Wakka, J. C., Van Bokhoven, A., Brakenhoff, R. H., Noessner, E., Mulders, P. A., Merkx, G., Figdor, C. G., Adema, G. J., and Oosterwijk, E. Molecular cloning and immunogenicity of renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen G250. Int. J. Cancer, 85: 865-870, 2000.
80. Zavada, J., Zavadova, Z., Pastorek, J., Biesova, Z., Jezek, J., and Velek, J. Human tumour-associated cell adhesion protein MN/CA IX: identification of M75 epitope and of the region mediating cell adhesion. Br. J. Cancer, 82: 1808-1813, 2000.
81. Giatromanolaki, A., Koukourakis, M. I., Sivridis, E., Pastorek, J., Wykoff, C. C., Gatter, K. C., and Harris, A. L. Expression of hypoxia-inducible carbonic anhydrase-9 relates to angiogenic pathways and independently to poor outcome in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res., 61: 7992-7998, 2001.
82. Birner, P., Schindl, M., Obermair, A., Breitenecker, G., and Oberhuber, G. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in epithelial ovarian tumors: its impact on prognosis and on response to chemotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res., 7: 1661-1668, 2001.
83. Fukuda, R., Hirota, K., Fan, F., Jung, Y. D., Ellis, L. M., and Semenza, G. L. Insulin-like growth factor 1 induces hypoxia-inducible factor 1-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor expression, which is dependent on MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in colon cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem., 277: 38205-38211, 2002.
84. Neshat, M. S., Mellinghoff, I. K., Tran, C., Stiles, B., Thomas, G., Petersen, R., Frost, P., Gibbons, J. J., Wu, H., and Sawyers, C. L. Enhanced sensitivity of PTEN-deficient tumors to inhibition of FRAP/ mTOR. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98: 10314-10319, 2001.
85. Bonneau, D., and Longy, M. Mutations of the human PTEN gene. Hum. Mutat., 16: 109-122, 2000.
86. Vlietstra, R. J., van Alewijk, D. C., Hermans, K. G., van Steenbrugge, G. J., and Trapman, J. Frequent inactivation of PTEN in prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts. Cancer Res., 58: 2720-2723, 1998.
87. Gnarra, J. R., Ward, J. M., Porter, F. D., Wagner, J. R., Devor, D. E., Grinberg, A., Emmert-Buck, M. R., Westphal, H., Klausner, R. D., and Linehan, W. M. Defective placental vasculogenesis causes embryonic lethality in VHL-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94: 9102-9107, 1997.
88. Haigh, J. J., Gerber, H. P., Ferrara, N., and Wagner, E. F. Conditional inactivation of VEGF-A in areas of collagen2al expression results in embryonic lethality in the heterozygous state. Development. 127: 1445-1453, 2000.
89. Yang, J. C., Hawarth, L., Steinberg, S. M., Rosenberg, S. A., and Novotny, W. A. A Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of bevacizumab (anti-VEGF antibody) demonstrating a prolongation in time to progression in patients with metastatic renal cancer. Proc. ASCO, 21: 5a, 2002.
90. Yeo, E. J., Chun, Y. S., Cho, Y. S., Kim, J., Lee, J. C., Kim, M. S., and Park, J. W. YC-1: a potential anticancer drug targeting hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 95: 516-525, 2003.
91. Pajonk, F., and McBride, W. H. The proteasome in cancer biology and treatment. Radiat. Res., 156: 447-459, 2001.
92. Prchal, J. T. Delivery on demand-a new era of gene therapy? N. Engl. J. Med., 348: 1282-1283, 2003.
93. Kaluz, S., Kaluzova, M., and Stanbridge, E. Expression of the hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase IX is critically dependent on SP1 activity. Identification of a novel type of hypoxia-responsive enhancer. Cancer Res., 63: 917-922, 2003.
94. Kugler, A., Stuhler, G., Walden, P., Zoller, G., Zobywalski, A., Brossart, P., Trefzer, U., Ullrich, S., Muller, C. A., Becker, V., Gross, A. J., Hemmerlein, B., Kanz, L., Muller, G. A., and Ringert, R. H. Regression of human metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with tumor cell-dendritic cell hybrids. Nat. Med., 6: 332-336, 2000.
95. Marten, A., Flieger, D., Renoth, S., Weineck, S., Albers, P., Compes, M., Schottker, B., Ziske, C., Engelhart, S., Hanfland, P., Krizek, L., Faber, C., von Ruecker, A., Muller, S., Sauerbruch, T., and Schmidt Wolf, I. G. Therapeutic vaccination against metastatic renal cell carcinoma by autologous dendritic cells: preclinical results and outcome of a first clinical phase I/II trial. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 51: 637-644, 2002.
96. Antonia, S. J., Seigne, J., Diaz, J., Muro Cacho, C., Extermann, M., Farmelo, M. J., Friberg, M., Alsarraj, M., Mahany, J. J., Pow Sang, J., Cantor, A., and Janssen, W. Phase I trial of a B7-1 (CD80) gene modified autologous tumor cell vaccine in combination with systemic interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol., 167: 1995-2000, 2002.
97. Childs, R., Chernoff, A., Contentin, N., Bahceci, E., Schrump, D., Leitman, S., Read, E. J., Tisdale, J., Dunbar, C., Linehan, W. M., Young, N. S., and Barrett, A. J. Regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma after nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med., 343: 750-758, 2000.
98. Vissers, J. L., De Vries, I. J., Schreurs, M. W., Engelen, L. P., Oosterwijk, E., Figdor, C. G., and Adema, G. J. The renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen G250 encodes a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2.1-restricted epitope recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cancer Res., 59: 5554-5559, 1999.
99. Vissers, J. L., De Vries, I. J., Engelen, L. P., Scharenborg, N. M., Molkenboer, J., Figdor, C. G., Oosterwijk, E., and Adema, G. J. Renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen G250 encodes a naturally processed epitope presented by human leukocyte antigen-DR molecules to CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Int. J. Cancer, 100: 441-444, 2002.
100. Tso, C. L., Zisman, A., Pantuck, A., Calilliw, R., Hernandez, J. M., Paik, S., Nguyen, D., Gitlitz, B., Shintaku. P. I., de Kernion, J., Figlin, R., and Belldegrun, A. Induction of G250-targeted and T-cell-mediated antitumor activity against renal cell carcinoma using a chimeric fusion protein consisting of G250 and granulocyte/monocyte-colony stimulating factor. Cancer Res., 61: 7925-7933, 2001.
101. Hernandez, J., Bui, M., Han, K., Mukouyama, H., Freitas, D. G., Nguyen, D., Caliliw, R., Shintaku, P., Paik, S., Tso, C. L., Figlin, R. A., and Belldegrun, A. Novel kidney cancer immunotherapy based on the granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and carbonic anhydrase IX fusion protein. Clin. Cancer Res., 9: 1906-1916, 2003.