Neurotrophins and the immune system

Journal of Anatomy

Volumn 203, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 1-19

  Vega, José A ^a   García Suárez, Olivia ^a,b   Hannestad, Jonas ^c   Pérez Pérez, Marta ^a   Germanà, Antonino ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OVIEDO   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

^c DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Immunocompetent cells; Lymphoid organs; Neurotrophins; p75NTR; Trk receptors

Indexed keywords

GROWTH FACTOR; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; NEUROTROPHIN; NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTOR;

ALLERGY; ANHIDROSIS; ASTHMA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; B LYMPHOCYTE; BONE MARROW CELL; BURSA FABRICII; CELL SURVIVAL; CONGENITAL ANALGESIA; FIBROMYALGIA; GENE MUTATION; HEADACHE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOREGULATION; LYMPH NODE; MONOCYTE; MOUSE; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NONHUMAN; PALATINE TONSIL; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SKIN DISEASE; SPLEEN; T LYMPHOCYTE; THYMOCYTE; THYMUS; TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; VERTEBRATE;

ANIMALS; BURSA OF FABRICIUS; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHOCYTES; MICE; MICE, TRANSGENIC; NERVE GROWTH FACTORS; PEYER'S PATCHES; RECEPTORS, NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; RNA, MESSENGER; SPLEEN; THYMUS GLAND; TONSIL; VERTEBRATES;

MUS MUSCULUS; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0038795014     PISSN: 00218782     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00203.x     Document Type: Review

References (252)

1. Abramchik SS, Yermakova VN, Kaliunov RM, Tanina RM, Tumilovich MK (1988) The immunomodulatory effect of nerve growth factor. J. Neurosci. Res. 19, 349-356.
2. Aloe L, Levi-Montalcini R (1977) Mast cell increase in tissues of neonatal rats injected with the nerve growth factor. Brain Res. 133, 358-366.
3. Aloe L (1988) The effect of nerve growth factor and its antibody on mast cells in vivo. J. Neuronimmunol. 18, 1-12.
4. Aloe L, De Simone R (1989) NGF primed spleen cells injected in brain of developing rats differentiate into mast cells. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 7, 565-573.
5. Aloe L, Tuveri MA, Carcassi U, Levi-Montalcini R (1992) Nerve growth factor in the synovial fluid of patients with chronic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatism 35, 351-355.
6. Aloe L, Micer A, Bracci-Lauderio L, Vigneti E, Turrini P (1997) Presence of nerve growth factor in the thymus of prenatal, postnatal and pregnant rats. Thymus 24, 221-231.
7. Aloe L, Tuveri MA (1997) Nerve growth factor and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Clinics Exp. Rheumatol. 15, 433-438.
8. Aloe L, Fiore M (1998) Neuroinflammatory implications of Schistosoma mansoni infection: new information from the mouse model. Parasitol. Today 14, 314-318.
9. Aloe L, de Simone M, Properzi F (1999) Nerve growth factor: a neurotrophin with activity on cells of the immune system. Microscope Res. Technique 45, 285-291.
10. Aloe L (2001) Nerve growth factor and neuroimmune responses: basic and clinical observations. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 109, 354-356.
11. Apfel SC (2002) Nerve growth factor for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy: what went wrong, what went right, and what does future hold? Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 50, 393-413.
12. Auffray I, Chevalier S, Froger J, Izac B, Vainchenke W, Gascasn H, et al. (1996) Nerve growth factor is involved in the supportive effect by bone marrow-derived stromal cells of the factor-dependent human cell line UT-7. Blood 88, 1608-1618.
13. Baig MA, Khan MA (1996) The induction of neurotrophin and TRK receptor mRNA expression during early avian embryogenesis. Int. J. Dev Neuroscience 14, 55-60.
14. Barbacid M (1995) Structural and functional properties of the TRK family of neurotrophin receptors. Ann. New York Acad. Sciences 766, 442-458.
15. Barker PA, Lomen-Hoerth C, Gensch EM, Meakin SO, Glass DJ, Shooter EM (1993) Tissue-specific alternative splicing generates two isoforms of the trkA receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 15150-15157.
16. Barouch R, Appel E, Kazimirsky G, Brodie C (2001a) Macrophages express neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors. Regulation of nitric oxide production by NT-3. J. Neuroimmunol. 112, 72-77.
17. Barouch R, Kazimirsky G, Appel E, Brodie C (2001b) Nerve growth factor regulates TNF-alpha production in mouse macrophages via MAP kinase activation. J. Leukaemia Biol. 69, 1019-1026.
18. Batchelor PE, Liberatore GT, Wong JY, Porritt MJ, Frerichs GA, Donnan GA, et al. (1999) Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. J. Neurosci. 19, 1708-1716.
19. Bayas A, Kruse N, Moriabadi NF, Weber F, Hummel V, Wohleben G, et al. (2003) Modulation of cytokine mRNA expression by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in human immune cells. Neurosci. Lett. 335, 155-158.
20. Bellinger DL, Felten SY, Ackerman KD, Lorton D, Madden KS, Felten DL (1997) Noradrenergic sympathetic innervation of lymphoid organs during development, aging and autoimmune disease. In Aging of the Autonomic Nervous System (ed. Amenta F), pp. 243-284. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
21. Bentley CA, Lee KF (2000) p75 is important for axon growth and Schwann cell migration during development. J. Neurosci. 20, 7706-7715.
22. Besser M, Wank R (1999) Cutting-edge: clonally restricted production of the neurotrophins brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNA by human immune cells and Th1/Th2-polarized expression of their receptors. J. Immunol. 162, 6303-6306.
23. Bischoff SC, Dahinden DC (1992) Effect of nerve growth factor on the release of inflammatory mediators by mature human basophils. Blood 79, 2662-2669.
24. Blesch A, Lu P, Tuszynski MH (2002) Neurotrophic factor, gene therapy, and neural stem cells for spinal cord repair. Brain Res. Bull. 57, 833-838.
25. Bonini S, Lambiase A, Bonini S, Angelucci F, Magrini L, Manni L, et al. (1996) Circulating nerve growth factor levels are increased in humans with allergic diseases and asthma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 10955-10960.
26. Bonini S, Lambiase A, Bonini S, Levi-Schaffer F, Aloe L (1999) Nerve growth factor: an important molecule in allergic inflammation and tissue remodelling. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 118, 159-162.
27. NTR: a receptor after all. Science 272, 506-507.
28. Boven LA, Middel J, Portegies P, Verhoef J, Jansen GH, Nottet HS (1999) Overexpression of nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in AIDS dementia complex. J. Neuroimmunol. 97, 154-162.
29. Boyle MDP, Lawman MJP, Gee AP, Young M (1985) Nerve growth factor: a chemotactic factor for polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vivo. J. Immunol. 134, 564-568.
30. Bracci-Laudiero L, Vigneti E, Aloe L (1991) In vivo and in vitro effect of NGF on bursa of Fabricius cells during chick embryo development. Int. J. Neurosci. 59, 189-198.
31. Bracci-Laudiero L, Vigneti E, Iannicola C, Aloe L (1993a) NGF retards apoptosis in chick embryo bursal cell in vitro. Differentiation 53, 61-66.
32. Bracci-Laudiero L, Aloe L, Levi-Montalcini R, Galeazzi M, Schilter D, et al. (1993b) Increased levels of NGF in sera of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Neuroreport 4, 563-565.
33. Bracci-Laudiero L, Aloe L, Stenfors C, Tirassa P, Theodorsson E, Lundberg T (1996) Nerve growth factor stimulates production of neuropeptide Y in human lymphocytes. Neuroreport 7, 485-488.
34. Bracci-Laudiero L, Aloe L, Buanne P, Finn A, Stenfors C, Vigneti E, et al. (2002) NGF modulates CGRP synthesis in human B-lymphocytes: a possible anti-inflammatory action of NGF?. J. Neuroimmunol. 123, 58-65.
35. Braun A, Appel E, Baruch R, Herz U, Botchkarev V, Paus R, et al. (1998) Role of nerve growth factor in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation and asthma. Eur. J. Immunol. 28, 3240-3251.
36. Braun A, Lommatzsch M, Mannsfeldt A, Neuhaus-Steinmetz U, Fischer A, Schnoy N, et al. (1999) Cellular sources of enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor production in a mouse model of allergic inflammation. Am. J. Respiratory Cell Mol. Biol. 21, 537-546.
37. Bregman BS, Coumans JV, Dai HN, Kuhn PL, Lynskey J, McAtee M, et al. (2002) Transplants and neurotrophic factors increase regeneration and recovery of function after spinal cord injury. Prog. Brain Res. 137, 257-273.
38. Brodie C, Gelfand EW (1992) Functional nerve growth factor receptors on human B lymphocytes. Interactions with IL-2. J. Immunol. 148, 3492-3497.
39. Brodie C, Oshiba A, Renz H, Bradley K, Gelfand EW (1996) Nerve growth factor and anti-CD40 provide opposite signals for the production of IgE in interleukin-4-treated lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 26, 171-178.
40. Bruni A, Bigon E, Boarato E, Mietto L, Leon A, Toffano G (1982) Interaction between nerve growth factor and lysophosphatidylserine on rat peritoneal mast cells. FEBS Lett. 138, 190-192.
41. Bullock ED, Johnson EM Jr (1996) Nerve growth factor induces the expression of certain cytokine and bcl-2 in mast cells. Potential role in survival promotion. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27500-27508.
42. Burgi B, Brunner T, Dahinden CA (1994) The degradation products of the C5a anaphylatoxin C5adesarg retains basophil-activating properties. Eur. J. Immunol. 24, 1583-1589.
43. Burgi B, Otten UH, Ochensberger B, Rihs S, Heese K, Ehrhard PB, et al. (1996) Basophil priming by neurotrophic factors. Activation through the trk receptor. J. Immunol. 157, 5582-5588.
44. Caneva L, Soligo D, Cattoretti G, De Harven E, Deliliers GL (1995) Immuno-electron microscopy characterization of human bone marrow stromal cells with anti-NGFR antibodies. Blood Cells Mol Dis 21, 73-85.
45. Carlson SL, Albers KM, Beiting DJ, Parish M, Conner JM, Davis BM (1995) NGF modulates sympathetic innervation of lymphoid tissues. J. Neurosci. 15, 5892-5899.
46. Carlson SL, Johnson S, Parrish ME, Cass WA (1998) Development of immune hyperinnervation in NGF-transgenic mice. Exp. Neurol. 149, 209-220.
47. Caroleo MC, Costa N, Bracci-Laudiero L, Aloe L (2001) Human monocyte/macrophages activated by exposure to LPS over-express NGF and NGF receptors. J. Neuroimmunol. 113, 193-201.
48. NTR decide?. Neuron 18, 187-190.
49. Casaccia-Bonnefil P, Kong H, Chao MV (1998) Neurotrophins: the biological paradox of survival factors eliciting apoptosis. Cellular Death Differentiation 5, 357-364.
50. Cattoreti G, Schiro R, Orazi A, Soligo D, Colombo M (1993) Bone marrow stroma in humans: anti-nerve growth factor receptor antibodies selectively stain reticular cells in vivo and in vitro. Blood 81, 1726-1738.
51. Cavallotti C, Artico M, Cavallotti D (1999) Occurrence of adrenergic nerve fibers and of adrenaline in thymus gland of juvenile and aged rats. Immunol. Lett. 70, 53-62.
52. Cavallotti D, Artico M, Iannetti G, Cavallotti C (2002) Occurrence of adrenergic nerve fibers in human thymus during immune response. Neurochem. Int. 40, 211-221.
53. Chaldakov GN, Stankulov IS, Fiore M, Ghenev PI, Aloe L (2001) Nerve growth factor levels and mast cell distribution in human coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 159, 57-66.
54. Chao M, Bothwell M (2002) Neurotrophins: to cleave or not to cleave. Neuron 33, 9-12.
55. Chesa PG, Rettig WJ, Thomson TM, Old LJ, Melamed MR (1988) Immunohistochemical analysis of nerve growth factor receptor in normal and malignant human tissues. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 36, 383-389.
56. Chevalier S, Praloran V, Smith C, Macgrogan D, Ip NY, Yancopoulos GD, et al. (1994) Expression and functionality of the trkA proto-oncogene product/NGF receptor in undifferentiated hematopoietic cells. Blood 83, 1479-1485.
57. Ciriaco E, Dall'Aglio C, Hannestad J, Huerta JJ, Laura R, Germana G, Vega JA (1996) Localization of Trk neurotrophin receptor-like proteins in avian primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius). J. Neuroimmunol. 69, 73-78.
58. Ciriaco E, García-Suárez O, Ricci A, Abbate F, Piedimonte G, Vega JA (1997) Trk-like proteins during post-hatching growth of the avian bursa of Fabricius. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 55, 313-320.
59. D'Onofrio M, de Grazia U, Morrone S, Cuomo L, Spinsanti P, Frati L, et al. (2000) Expression of neurotrophin receptors in normal and malignant B lymphocytes. Eur. Cytokine Network 11, 283-291.
60. Dean DH, Hiramoto RN, Ghanta VK (1987) Modulation of immune responses. A possible role for murine salivary epidermal and nerve growth factors. J. Periodontol. 58, 498-500.
61. Dechant G, Barde YA (1997) Signalling through the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. Current Opinion Neurobiol. 7, 413-418.
62. Dechant G, Barde YA (2002) The neurotrophin receptor p75 (NTR): novel functions and implications for diseases of the nervous system. Nature Neurosci. 5, 1131-1136.
63. Dicou E, Masson C, Jabbour W, Nerriere V (1993) Increased frequency of NGF in sera of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Neuroreport 5, 321-324.
64. Dicou E, Perrot S, Menkes CJ, Masson C, Nerriere V (1996) Nerve growth factor (NGF) autoantibodies and NGF in the synovial fluid: implications in spondylarthropathies. Autoimmunity 24, 1-9.
65. Dubus P, Parrens M, El-Mokhtari Y, Ferrer J, Groppi A, Merlio JP (2000) Identification of novel trkA variants with deletions in leucine-rich motifs of the extracellular domain. J. Neuroimmunol. 107, 42-49.
66. Ehrhard PB, Ganter U, Bauer J, Otten U (1993a) Expression of functional trk protooncogene in human monocytes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 5423-5427.
67. Ehrhard PB, Erb P, Graumann U, Otten U (1993b) Expression of nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase Trk in activated CD4-positive T-cell clones. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 10984-10988.
68. Ehrhard PB, Erb P, Graumann U, Schmutz B, Otten U (1994) Expression of functional trk tyrosine kinase receptors after T cell activation. J. Immunol. 152, 2705-2709.
69. Ernfors P, Hallbook F, Ebendal T, Shooter EM, Radeke MJ, Misko TP, et al. (1988) Developmental and regional expression of beta-nerve growth factor receptor mRNA in the chick and rat. Neuron 1, 983-996.
70. Esposito D, Patel P, Stephens RM, Perez P, Chao MV, Kaplan DR, et al. (2001) The cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of p75 and TrkA receptors regulate high affinity binding to nerve growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 32687-32695.
71. Fariñas I (1999) Neurotrophin actions during the development of the peripheral nervous system. Microsc. Res. Techniques 45, 233-242.
72. rsk in human B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 154, 4965-4972.
73. Friedman WJ, Greene LA (1999) Neurotrophins signaling via Trks and p75. Exp. Cell Res. 253, 131-142.
74. Garaci E, Caroleo MC, Aloe L, Aquaro S, Piacentini M, Costa N, et al. (1999) Nerve growth factor is an autocrine factor essential for the survival of macrophages infected with HIV. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 14013-14018.
75. Garcia-Suarez O, Hannestad J, Esteban I, Martinez Del Valle M, Naves FJ, Vega JA (1997) Neurotrophin receptor-like protein immunoreactivity in human lymph nodes. Anat. Record 249, 226-232.
76. García-Suárez O, Hannestad J, Esteban I, Sainz R, Naves FJ, Vega JA (1998) Expression of the TrkB neurotrophin receptor by thymic macrophages. Immunology 94, 235-241.
77. García-Suárez O, Germanà A, Hannestad J, Ciriaco E, Laurà R, Naves J, et al. (2000a) TrkA is necessary for the normal development of the murine thymus. J. Neuroimmunol. 108, 11-21.
78. LNFR in the rat thymus with ageing and increased nerve growth factor plama levels. Cell Tissue Res. 301, 225-234.
79. García-Suárez O, Germana A, Hannestad J, Ciriaco E, Silos-Santiago I, Germanà G, et al. (2001) Involvement of the NGF receptors (TrkA and p75Ingfr) in the development and maintenance of the thymus. Italian J. Anat. Embryol. 106, 279-285.
80. García-Suárez O, Blanco-Gelaz MA, López ML, Germanà A, Cabo R, Diaz-Esnal B, et al. (2002) Massive lymphocyte apoptosis in the thymus of functionally deficient TrkB mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 129, 25-34.
81. Gee AP, Boyle MD, Munger KL, Lawman MJ, Young M (1983) Nerve growth factor: stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 80, 7215-7218.
82. Giovengo SL, Russell IJ, Larson AA (1999) Increased concentrations of nerve growth factor in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with fibromyalgia. J. Rheumatol. 26, 1564-1569.
83. Glass DJ, Yancopoulos GD (1993) The neurotrophins and their receptors. Trends Cell Biol. 3, 262-268.
84. Glick B (1991) Historical perspective: the bursa of Fabricius and its influence on B-cell development, past and present. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol 30, 3-12.
85. Glick B, Olah J (1993) A bursal secretory dendritic cell and its contributions to the microenvironment of the developing bursal follicle. Res. Immunol. 144, 446-447.
86. Götz R, Koster R, Winkler C, Raulf F, Lottspeich F, Schartl M, Thoenen H (1994) Neurotrophin-6 is a new member of the nerve growth factor family. Nature 372, 266-269.
87. Grills BL, Schuijers JA (1998) Immunohistochemical localization of nerve growth factor in fractured and unfractured rat bone. Acta Orthopaedica Scand. 69, 415-419.
88. Gudat F, Laubscher A, Otten U, Pletscher A (1981) Shape changes induced by biologically active peptides and NGF in blood platelets of rabbits. Br. J. Pharmacol. 74, 533-538.
89. Hallböök F (1999) Evolution of the vertebrate neurotrophin and Trk receptor gene families. Current Opinion Neurobiol. 9, 616-621.
90. Halliday DA, Zettler C, Rush RA, Scicchitano R, McNeil JD (1998) Elevated nerve growth factor levels in the synovial fluid of patients with inflammatory joint disease. Neurochem. Res. 23, 919-922.
91. Hamada A, Watanabe N, Ohtomo H, Matsuda H (1996) Nerve growth factor enhances survival and cytotoxic activity of human eosinophils. Br. J. Haematol. 93, 299-302.
92. Hannestad J, Levanti B, Vega JA (1995) Distribution of neurotrophin receptors in human palatine tonsils: an immunohistochemical study. J. Neuroinmmunol. 58, 131-137.
93. Hannestad J, García-Suárez O, Huerta JJ, Esteban I, Naves FJ, Vega JA (1997) TrkA neurotrophin receptor protein in the rat and human thymus. Anat. Record 249, 373-379.
94. Hannestad J, Germana A, Catania S, Laura R, Ciriaco E, Vega JA (1998) Neurotrophins and their receptors in the pigeon caecal tonsil. An immunohistochemical study. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol 61, 359-367.
95. Hannestad J, Marino F, Germana A, Catania S, Abbate F, Ciriaco E, et al. (2000) Trk neurotrophin receptor-like proteins in the teleost Dicentrarchus labrax. Cell Tissue Res. 300, 1-9.
96. Haynes BF, Hale LP (1998) The human thymus: a chimeric organ of central and peripheral lymphoid components. Immunol. Res. 18, 61-78.
97. Heinrich G, Lum T (2000) Fish neurotrophins and Trk receptors. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 18, 1-27.
98. NTR. Current Opinion Neurobiol. 12, 260-267.
99. Hollander GA, Wang B, Nuchogiannopoulou A, plantenburg PP, Van Ewijk W, Burakoff SJ, et al. (1995) Developmental control point in induction of thymic cortex regulated by a subpopulation of prothymocytes. Nature 373, 350-353.
100. Horigome K, Pryor JC, Bullock ED, Johson EM (1993) Mediator release from mast cells by nerve growth factor. Neurotrophin specificity and receptor mediation. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 1481-1487.
101. Horigome K, Bullock ED, Johnson EM Jr (1994) Effectcs of nerve growth factor on rat peritoneal mast cells. Survival promotion and intermediate gene-early gene induction. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 2695-2702.
102. Huang EJ, Reichardt LF (2001) Neurotrophins: roles in neuronal development and function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 677-736.
103. Indo Y, Tsurata M, Karim MA, Ohta K, Kawano T, Tonoki H, et al. (1996) Mutations in the TrkA/NGF receptor gene in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Nature Genet. 13, 485-488.
104. Innominato PF, Libbrecht L, Van Den Oord JJ (2001) Expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in pigment cell lesion of the skin. J. Pathol. 194, 95-100.
105. Ip NY, Ibanez CF, Nye SH, Mcclain J, Jones PF, Gies DR, et al. (1992) Mammalian neurotrophin-4: structure, chromosomal localization, tissue distribution, and receptor specificity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3060-3064.
106. Ip NY, Stitt TN, Tapley P, Klein R, Glass DJ, Greene LA, et al. (1993) Similarities and differences in the way neurotrophins interact with the Trk receptors in neuronal and nonneuronal cells. Neuron 10, 137-149.
107. Johansson O, Liang Y, Emtestam L (2002) Increased nerve growth factor- and tyrosine kinase A-like immunoreactivities in prurigo nodularis skin - an exploration of the cause of neurohyperplasia. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 293, 614-619.
108. Kanbe N, Kurosawa M, Miyachi Y, Kanbe M, Saitoh H, Matsuda H (2000) Nerve growth factor prevents apoptosis of cord blood-derived human cultured mast cells synergistically with stem cell factor. Clin. Exp. Allergy 30, 1113-1120.
109. Kannan Y, Ushio H, Koyama H, Okada M, Oikawa M, Yoshihara T, et al. (1991) 2.55 nerve growth factor enhances survival, phagocytosis, and superoxide production of murine neutrophils. Blood 77, 1320-1325.
110. Kannan Y, Usami K, Okada M, Shimizu S, Matsuda H (1992) Nerve growth factor suppresses apoptosis of murine neutrophils. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186, 1050-1056.
111. Kannan Y, Matsuda H, Ushio K, Kawamoto K, Shimada Y (1993) Murine granulocyte-macrophage and mast cell colony formation promoted by nerve growth factor. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 102, 362-367.
112. Kannan Y, Stead RH, Goldsimith CH, Bienenstock J (1994) Lymphoid tissues induce NGF-dependet and NGF-independent neurite outgrowth from rat superior cervical ganglia explants in culture. J. Neurosci. Res. 37, 374-383.
113. Kannan Y, Bienenstock J, Ohta M, Stanisz AM, Stead RH (1996) Nerve growth factor and cytokines mediate lymphoid tissue-induced neurite outgrowth from mouse superior cervical ganglia in vitro. J. Immunol. 175, 313-320.
114. Kaplan DR, Martin-Zanca D, Parada LF (1991) Tyrosine phosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity of the trk protooncogene product induced by NGF. Nature 350, 158-160.
115. Katoh-Semba R, Kashiwamata S, Kato K (1993) An acceleration of age-related increases in levels of the beta-subunit of nerve growth factor in selected tissues form senescence-accelerated mice (SAM-P/8). J. Mol. Neurosci. 4, 107-115.
116. Katoh-Semba R, Kaisho Y, Shintani A, Nagahama M, Kato K (1996) Tissue distribution and immunocytochemical localization of neurotrophin-3 in the brain and peripheral tissues of rats. J. Neuroschem. 66, 330-337.
117. Kawamoto K, Okada T, Kannan Y, Ushio H, Matsumoto M, Matsuda H (1995) Nerve growth factor prevents apoptosis of rat peritoneal mast cells through the trk protooncogene receptor. Blood 86, 4638-4644.
118. Kawamoto K, Aoki J, Tanaka A, Itakura A, Hosono H, Arai H, et al. (2002) Nerve growth factor activates mast cells through the collaborative interaction with lysophosphatidylserine expressed on the membrane surface of activated platelets. J. Immunol. 168, 6412-6419.
119. NTR signaling protein, which regulates cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Mechanism Dev. 117, 187-200.
120. Kerschensteiner M, Gallmeier E, Behrens L, Leal VV, Misgeld T, Klinkert WE, et al. (1999) Activated human T cells, B cells, and monocytes produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor in vitro and in inflammatory brain lesions: a neuroprotective role of inflammation?. J. Exp. Med. 189, 865-870.
121. van Kesteren RE, Fainzilber M, Hauser G, van Minnen J, Vreugdenhil E, Smit AB, et al. (1998) Early evolutionary origin of the neurotrophin receptor family. EMBO J. 17, 2534-2542.
122. Kimata H, Yoshida A, Ishioka C, Mikawa H (1991a) Stimulation of Ig production and growth of human lymphoblastoid B-cell lines by nerve growth factor. Immunology 72, 451-452.
123. Kimata H, Yoshida A, Ishioka C, Kusunoki T, Hosoi T, Mikawa H (1991b) Nerve growth factor specifically induces human IgG4 production. Eur. J. Immunol. 21, 137-141.
124. Kinoshita Y, Hato F (2001) Cellular and molecular interactions of thymus with endocrine organs and nervous system. Cellular Mol. Biol. 47, 103-117.
125. Kittur SD, Song L, Endo H, Adler WH (1992) Nerve growth factor receptor gene expression in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in aging. J. Neurosci. Res. 32, 444-448.
126. Klein R, Jing S, Nanduri V, O'Rourke E, Barbacid M (1991) The trk proto-oncogen encodes a receptor for nerve growth factor. Cell 65, 189-197.
127. Kobayashi H, Mizisin AP (2001) Nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 promote chemotaxis of mouse macrophages in vitro. Neurosci. Letter 305, 157-160.
128. Kobayashi H, Gleich GJ, Butterfield JH, Kita H (2002) Human eosinophils produce neurotrophins and secrete nerve growth factor on immunologic stimuli. Blood 99, 2214-2220.
129. Kronfeld I, Kazimirsky G, Gelfand EW, Brodie C (2002) NGF rescues human B lymphocytes from anti-IgM induced apoptosis by activation of PKCζ. Eur. J. Immunol. 32, 136-143.
130. Kuner P, Hertel C (1998) NGF induces apoptosis in a human neuroblastoma cell line expressing the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. J. Neurosci. Res. 54, 465-474.
131. La Sala A, Corinti S, Federici M, Saragovi HU, Girolomoni G (2000) Ligand activation of nerve growth factor receptor TrkA protects monocytes from apoptosis. J. Leukocyte Biol. 68, 104-110.
132. Labouyrie E, Parrens M, de Mascarel A, Vbloch B, Merlio JP (1997) Distribution of NGF receptors in normal and pathological human lymphoid tissues. J. Neuroimmunol. 77, 161-173.
133. Labouyrie E, Dubus P, Groppi A, Mahon FX, Ferrer J, Parrens M, et al. (1999) Expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in human bone marrow. Am. J. Pathol 154, 405-415.
134. Lai KO, Fu WY, Ip FCF, IPNY (1998) Cloning and expression of a novel neurotrophin, NT-7. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 11, 64-76.
135. Lamballe F, Klein R, Barbacid M (1991) TrkC a new member of the trk family of tyrosine protein kinases, is a receptor for neurotrophin-3. Cell 66, 967-979.
136. Lamballe F, Tapley P, Barbacid M (1993) TrkC encodes multiple neurotrophin-3 receptors with distinct biological properties, and substrate specifities. EMBO J. 12, 3083-3094.
137. Lambiase A, Bracci-Lauderio L, Bonini S, Starace G, Délios MM, de Carli M, et al. (1997) Human CD4+ T cell clones produce and release nerve growth factor and express high-affinity nerve growth factor receptors. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 100, 408-414.
138. Lambiase A, Manni L, Bonnini S, Rama P, Micera A, Aloe L (2000) Nerve growth factor promotes corneal healing: structural, biochemical, and molecular analysis of rat and human corneas. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vision Sci. 41, 1063-1069.
139. Laurenzi MA, Barbany G, Timmusk T, Lindgren JA, Persson H (1994) Expression of mRNA encoding neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors in rat thymus, spleen tissues and immunocompetent cells. Regulation of neurotrophin-4 mRNA expression by mitogens and leukotriene B4. Eur. J. Biochem. 223, 733-741.
140. Laurenzi MA, Beccari T, Stenke L, Sjolinder M, Stinchi S, Lindgren JA (1998) Expression of mRNA encoding neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors in human granulocytes and bone marrow cells-enhanced neurotrophin-4 expression induced by LTB4. J. Leukocyte Biol. 64, 228-234.
141. Lee FS, Kim AH, Khursigara G, Chao MV (2001) The uniqueness of being a neurotrophin receptor. Current Opinion Neurobiol. 11, 281-286.
142. Leon A, Buriani A, Dal Toso R, Fabris M, Romanello S, Aloe L, et al. (1994) Mast cells synthesize, store and release nerve growth factor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3739-3743.
143. Levanti B, Hannestad J, Esteban I, Ciriaco E, Germana G, Vega JA (1997) Neurotrophin receptor-like proteins in Peyer's patches. Anat. Record 249, 365-372.
144. Levanti MB, Germana A, Catania S, Germana GP, Gauna-Anasco L, Vega JA, et al. (2001) Neurotrophin receptor-like proteins in the bovine (Bos taurus) lymphoid organs, with special reference to thymus and spleen. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 30, 193-198.
145. Levi-Montalcini R (1952) Effects of mouse tumor transplantation on the nervous system. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 55, 330-343.
146. Lewin GR, Barde Y-A (1996) Physiology of neurotrophins. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 289-317.
147. Liuzzo JP, Petancesca SS, Devi LA (1999) Neurotrophic factors regulate cathepsin S in macrophages and microglia: a role in the degradation of myelin basic protein and amyloid beta peptide. Mol. Med. 5, 334-343.
148. Lomen-Hoerth C, Shooter EM (1995) Widespread neurotrophin receptor expression in the immune system and other non-neuronal rat tissues. J. Neurochem. 64, 1780-1789.
149. Lopez-Sanchez N, Frade JM (2002) Control of the cell cycle by neurotrophins: lessons from the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Histol. Histopathol 17, 1227-1237.
150. Ma QP, Woolf CJ (1997) The progressive tactile hyperalgesia induced by peripheral inflammation is nerve growth factor dependent. Neuroreport 8, 807-810.
151. Maisonpierre PC, Bellusco L, Squinto S, Ip NY, Furt ME, Lindsay RM, et al. (1990) Neurotrophin-3. A neurotrophin factor related to NGF and BDNF. Science 247, 1446-1451.
152. Manning PT, Russel JH, Simmons B, Johnson EM Jr (1985) Protection from guanethidine-induced neuronal destruction by NGF: effects of NGF on immune function. Brain Res. 340, 61-69.
153. Mardy S, Muira Y, Endo F, Matsuda I, Sztriha L, Frossard P, et al. (1999) Congenital insensitivity to pain which anhidrosis: novel mutations in the TRKA (NTRK1) gene encoding a high-affinity receptor for nerve growth factor. Am. J. Human Genet. 64, 1570-1579.
154. Maroder M, Bellavia D, Meco D, Napolitano M, Stigliano A, Alesse E, et al. (1996) Expression of trkB neurotrophin receptor during T cell development. J. Immunol. 157, 2864-2872.
155. Marshall JS, Stead RH, Mcsharry C, Nielsen L, Bienenstock J (1990) The role of mast cell degranulation products in mast cell hyperplasia. I. Mechanism of action of nerve growth factor. J. Immunol. 144, 1886-1892.
156. Marshall JS, Gomi K, Blennerhassett MG, Bienenstock J (1999) Nerve growth factor modifies the expression of inflammatory cytokines by mast cells via a prostanoid-dependent mechanism. J. Immunol. 162, 4271-4276.
157. Matsuda H, Coughlin MD, Bienenstock J, Denburg JA (1988a) Nerve growth factor promotes human hematopoietic colony growth and differentiation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85, 6508-6512.
158. Matsuda H, Switzer J, Coughlin MD, Bienenstock J, Denburg JA (1988b) Human basophilic cell differentiation promoted by 2.5S nerve growth factor. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 86, 453-457.
159. Matsuda H, Kannan Y, Ushio H, Kiso Y, Kanemoto T, Suzuki H, et al. (1991) Nerve growth factor induces development of connective tissue-type mast cells in vitro from murine bone marrow cells. J. Exp. Med. 174, 7-14.
160. Matsuda H, Koyama H, Sato H, Sawada J, Itakura A, Tanaka A, et al. (1998) Role of nerve growth factor in cutaneous wound healing: accelerating effects in normal and healing-impaired diabetic mice. J. Exp. Med. 187, 297-306.
161. Mazurek W, Weskamp G, Erne P, Otten U (1986) Nerve growth factor induces mast cell degranulation without chaining intracellular calcium. FEBS Lett. 198, 315-320.
162. Meakin SO, Shooter EM (1992) The nerve growth factor family of receptors. Trends Neurosci. 15, 323-331.
163. Melamed I, Kelleher CA, Franklin RA, Brodie C, Hempstead B, Kaplan D, et al. (1996) Nerve growth factor signal transduction in human B lymphocytes is mediated by gp140trk. Eur. J. Immunol. 26, 1985-1992.
164. Meldolesi J, Sciorati C, Clementi E (2000) The p75 receptor: first insights into the transduction mechanisms leading to either cell death or survival. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 21, 242-243.
165. Mendell LM, Albers KM, Davis BM (1999) Neurotrophins, nociceptors, and pain. Microsc. Res. Techniques 45, 252-261.
166. Mentlein R, Kendall MD (2000) The brain and thymus have much in common: a functional analysis of their microenvironments. Immunol. Today 21, 133-140.
167. Middelmas DS, Lindberg RA, Hunter T (1991) trkB, a neural receptor protein-tyrosine kinase: evidence for a full length and two truncated receptors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 143-153.
168. Miknyoczki SJ, Lang D, Huang L, Klei-Szanto AJ, Dionne CA, Ruggeri BA (1999) Neurotrophins and Trk receptors in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: expression patterns and effects on in vitro invasive behaviour. Int. J. Cancer 81, 417-427.
169. Miknyoczki SJ, Wang W, Chang H, Dobrzanski P, Ruggeri BA, Dionne CA, et al. (2002) The neurotrophin-trk receptor axes are critical for the growth and progression of human prostatic carcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 1924-1931.
170. Miller FD, Kaplan DR (2001) On Trk for retrograde signaling. Neuron 32, 767-770.
171. Miura K, Saini SS, Gauvreau G, Macglashan DW Jr (2001) Differences in functional consequences and signal transduction induced by IL-3, IL-5, and nerve growth factor in human basophils. J. Immunol. 167, 2282-2291.
172. Moalem G, Gdalyahu A, Shani Y, Otten U, Lazarovici P, Cohen IR, et al. (2000) Production of neurotrophins by activated T cells: implications for neuroprotective autoimmunity. J. Autoimmunity 15, 331-345.
173. Murray M, Kim D, Liu Y, Tobias C, Tessler A, Fischer I (2002) Transplantation of genetically modified cells contributes to repair and recovery from spinal injury. Brain Res. Rev. 40, 292-300.
174. Nilsson AS, Fainzilber M, Falck P, Ibanez CF (1998) Neurotrophin-7: a novel member of the neurotrophin family from the zebrafish. FEBS Lett. 424, 285-290.
175. Oderfeld-Nowak B, Zaremba M, Micera A, Aloe L (2001) The upregulation of nerve growth factor receptors in reactive astrocytes of rat spinal cord during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurosci. Lett. 308, 165-168.
176. Otten U, Baumann B, Girad J (1984) Nerve growth factor induces plasma extravasation in rat skin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 106, 199-201.
177. Otten U, Ehrhard P, Peck R (1989) Nerve growth factor induces growth and differentiation of human B lymphocytes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 10059-10063.
178. Otten U, Gadient RA (1995) Neurotrophins and cytokines-intermediaries between the immune and nervous systems. Int. J. Dev Neurosci. 13, 147-151.
179. Otten U, Marz P, Heese K, Hock C, Kunz D, Rose-John S (2000) Cytokines and neurotrophins interact in normal and diseased states. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 917, 322-330.
180. Parrens M, Labouyrie E, Groppi A, Dubus P, Carles D, Velly JF, et al. (1998) Expression of NGF receptors in normal and pathological human thymus. J. Neuroimmunol. 85, 11-21.
181. Parrens M, Dubus P, Groppi A, Velly JF, Labouyrie E, De Mascarel A, et al. (1999) Differential expression of NGF receptors in human thymic epithelial tumors. Pathol. Res. Prac. 195, 549-553.
182. Pearce L, Thompson A (1986) Some characteristics of histamine secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with nerve growth factor. J. Physiol. 372, 379-393.
183. Pérez-Pérez M, Esteban I, García-Suárez O, Hannestad J, Naves FJ, Vega JA (1999) Expression of neurotrophin recetor TrkB in rat spleen macrophages. Cell Tissue Res. 298, 75-84.
184. NTR-Deficient Mice. Anat. Record 270, 117-128.
185. Pescarmona E, Pisacane A, Pignatelli E, Baroni CD (1993) Expression of epidermal and nerve growth factor receptors in human thymus and thymomas. Histopathology 23, 39-44.
186. Pezzati P, Stainsz AM, Marshall JS, Bienenstock J, Stead RH (1992) Expression of nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity on follicular dendritic cells from human mucosa associated lymphoid tissues. Immunology 76, 485-490.
187. Pica F, Volpi A, Barillari G, Fraschetti M, Franzese O, Vullo V, et al. (1998) Detection of high nerve growth factor serum levels in AIDS-related and -unrelated Kaposi's sarcoma patients. AIDS 12, 2025-2029.
188. Pradat PF, Kennel P, Naimi-Sadaoui S, Finiels S, Scherman D, Orsini C, et al. (2002) Viral and non-viral gene therapy partically prevents experimental cisplatin-induced neuropathy. Gene Therapy 9, 1333-1339.
189. Raychaudhuri SP, Jiang WY, Farber EM (1998) Psoriatic keratinocytes express high levels of nerve growth factor. Acta Dermato-Venereol. 78, 84-86.
190. Renz H (2001) The role of the neurotrophins in bronchial asthma. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 429, 231-237.
191. Ricci A, Greco S, Mariotta S, Felici L, Bronzetti E, Cavazzana A, et al. (2001) Neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors in human lung cancer. Am. J. Respiratory Cell Mol. Biol. 25, 439-446.
192. Riikonen RS, Soderstrom S, Korhonen LT, Lindholm DB (1998) Overstimulation of nerve growth factors in postinfectious and autoimmune diseases. Pediatric Neurol. 18, 231-235.
193. Ritter MA, Boyd RL (1993) Development in the thymus: it takes two to tango. Immunol. Today 14, 462-468.
194. Rodríguez-Tebar A, Dechant G, Götz G, Barde YA (1992) Binding of neurotrophin 3 to its neuronal receptors and interactions with nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. EMBO J. 11, 917-922.
195. Rodríguez-Tebar A, Dechant G, Barde Y (1990) Binding of brain derived neurotrophic factor to the nerve growth factor receptor. Neuron 4, 487-492.
196. Roux PP, Barker PA (2002) Neurotrophin signaling through the p75 neurotrophin recepotor. Prog. Neurobiol. 67, 203-233.
197. Ruberti F, Capsoni S, Comparini A, Di Daniel E, Franzot J, Gonfloni S, et al. (2000) Phenotypic knockout of nerve growth factor in adult transgenic mice reveals severe deficits in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, cell death in the spleen, and skeletal muscle dystrophy. J. Neurosci. 20, 2589-2601.
198. Rubin JB, Segal RA (2003) Growth, survival and migration: the Trk to cancer. Cancer Treatment Res. 115, 1-18.
199. Ruggeri BA, Miknyoczki SJ, Singh J, Hundkins RL (1999) Role of neurotrophin-trk interactions in oncology: the antitumor efficacy of potent and selective trk tyrosine kinase inhibitors in pre-clinical tumor models. Current Med. Chem. 6, 845-857.
200. Sanico AM, Koliatsos VE, Stanisz AM, Bienenstock J, Togias A (1999) Neural hyperresponsiveness and nerve growth factor in allergic rhinitis. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 118, 154-158.
201. Santambrogio L, Benedetti M, Chao MV, Muzaffar R, Kuling K, Gabellini N, et al. (1994) Nerve growth factor production by lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 153, 4488-4495.
202. Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Floridi A, Gallai V (2001) Levels of nerve growth factor in cerebrospinal fluid of chronic daily headache patients. Neurology 57, 132-134.
203. Sariola H (2001) The neurotrophic factors in non-neuronal tissues. Cellular Mol. Life Sci. 58, 1061-1066.
204. Satoh F, Mimata H, Nomura T, Fujita Y, Shin T, Sakamoto S, et al. (2001) Autocrine expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in prostate cancer. Int. J. Urol. 8, S28-S34.
205. Sawada J, Itakura A, Tanaka A, Furusaka T, Matsuda H (2000) Nerve growth factor functions as a chemoattractant for mast cells through both mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathways. Blood 95, 2052-2058.
206. NTR causes defects both in the nervous and the vascular system. Nature Neurosci. 4, 977-978.
207. Schenone A, Gill JS, Zacharias DA, Windebank AJ (1996) Expression of high- and low-affinity neurotrophin receptors on human transformed B lymphocytes. J. Neuroimmunol. 64, 141-149.
208. Schober A, Huber K, Fey J, Unsicker K (1998) Distincts populations of macrophages in the adult rat adrenal gland: a subpopulation with neurotrophin-4-like immunoreactivity. Cell Tissue Res. 291, 365-373.
209. Screpanti I, Meco S, Scarpa S, Morrone S, Frati L, Gulino A, et al. (1992) Neuromodulatory loop mediated by nerve growth factor and interleukin-6 in thymic stromal cell cultures. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3209-3212.
210. Screpanti I, Modesti A, Gulino A (1993) Heterogeneity of thymic stromal cells and thymocyte differentiation: a cell culture approach. J. Cell Sci. 105, 601-606.
211. Shelton DL, Sutherland J, Gripp J, Camerato T, Armanini MP, Philips HS, et al. (1995) Human trks: molecular, cloning, tissues distribution, and expression of extramolecular domain inmunoadhesins. J. Neurosci. 15, 477-491.
212. Shibayama E, Koizumi H (1996) Cellular localization of the Trk neurotrophin receptor family in human non-neuronal tissues. Am. J. Pathol. 148, 1807-1817.
213. Shores EW, Van Ewijk W, Singer A (1994) Maturation of medullary thymic epithelium requires thymocytes expressing fully assembled CD3-TCR complexes. Int. Immunol. 6, 1393-1402.
214. Shu XQ, Llinas A, Mendell LM (1999) Effects of trkB and trkC neurotrophin receptor agonists on thermal nociception: a behavioral and electrophysiological study. Pain 80, 463-470.
215. Shu X, Mendell LM (1999) Neurotrophins and hyperalgesia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 7693-7696.
216. Simone MD, De Santis S, Vigneti E, Papa G, Amadori S, Aloe L (1999) Nerve growth factor: a survey of activity on immune and hematopoietic cells. Hematol. Oncol. 17, 1-10.
217. Sin AZ, Roche EM, Togias A, Lichtenstein LM, Schroeder JT (2001) Nerve growth factor or IL-3 induces more IL-13 production from basophils of allergic subjects than from basophils of nonallergic subjects. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108, 387-393.
218. Smeyne RJ, Klein R, Schnapp A, Long LK, Bryant S, Lewin SA, et al. (1994) Severe sensory and sympathetic neuropathies in mice carrying a disrupted Trk/NGF receptor gene. Nature 368, 246-249.
219. Soilu-Hanninen M, Epa R, Shipham K, Butzkueven H, Bucci T, Barret G, et al. (2000) Treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with antisense oligonucleotides against the low affinity neurotrophin receptor. J. Neurosci. Res. 59, 712-721.
220. Solomon A, Aloe L, Pe'Er J, Frucht-Pery J, Bonini S, Bonini S, et al. (1998) Nerve growth factor is preformed in and activates human peripheral blood eosinophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 102, 454-460.
221. Stanisz AM, Stanisz JA (2000) Nerve growth factor and neuroimmune interactions in inflammatory diseases. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 917, 268-272.
222. Sternberg EM (2001) Neuroendocrine regulation of autoimmune/inflammatory disease. J. Endocrinol. 169, 429-435.
223. Susaki Y, Shimizu S, Katakura K, Watanabe N, Kawamoto K, Matsumoto M, et al. (1996) Functional properties of murine macrophages promoted by nerve growth factor. Blood 88, 4630-4637.
224. Susaki Y, Tanaka A, Honda E, Matsuda H (1998) Nerve growth factor modulates Fc gamma receptor expression on murine macrophages J774A. 1 cells. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 60, 87-91.
225. Takafuji S, Bischoff SC, De Weck AL, Dahinden CA (1992) Opposing effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nerve growth factor upon leukotriene C4 production by human eosinophils triggered with N-formyl-methionyl-leucylphenylalanine. Eur. J. Immunol. 22, 969-974.
226. Tam SY, Tsai M, Yamaguchi M, Yano K, Butterfield JH, Galli SJ (1997) expression of functional TrkA receptor tyrosine kinase in the HMC-1 human mast cell line and in human mast cells. Blood 90, 1807-1820.
227. Tessarollo L (1998) Pleiotropic functions of neurotrophins in development. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 9, 125-137.
228. Thorpe LW, Pérez-Polo JR (1987) The influence of nerve growth factor on the in vitro proliferative response of rat spleen lymphocytes. J. Neurosci. Res. 18, 134-139.
229. Thorpe LW, Werrbach-Perez K, Perez-Polo JR (1987), Effects of nerve growth factor on the expression of interleukin-2 receptors on cultured human lymphocytes. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 496, 310-311.
230. Timmusk T, Belluardo N, Metsis M, Persson H (1993) Wide-spread and developmentally regulated expression of neurotrophin-4 mRNA in rat brain and peripheral tissues. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5, 605-613.
231. Timmusk T, Palm K, Lendahl U, Metsis M (1999) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in vivo is under the control of neuron-restrictive silencer element. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 1078-1084.
232. Tokuoka S, Takahashi Y, Masuda T, Tanaka H, Furukawa S, Nagai H (2001) Disruption of antigen-induced airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 gene deficient mice. Br. J. Pharmacol. 134, 1580-1586.
233. Torcia M, Bracci-Lauderio L, Lucibello M, Nencioni L, Labardi D, et al. (1996) Nerve growth factor is an autocrine survival factor for memory B lymphocytes. Cell 85, 345-356.
234. Tsoulfas P, Stepehens RM, Kaplan DR, Parada LR (1996) TrkC isoforms with insert in the kinase domain show impaired signaling responses. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 5691-5697.
235. Tsuda T, Switzer J, Bienenstock J, Denburg JA (1990) Interactions of hemopoietic cytokines on differentiation of HL-60 cells. Nerve growth factor is a basophilic lineage-specific cofactor. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunology 91, 15-21.
236. Tsuda T, Wong D, Dolovich J, Bienenstock J, Marshall J, Denburg JA (1991) Synergistic effects of nerve growth factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on human basophilic cell differentiation. Blood 77, 971-979.
237. Turrini P, Tirassa P, Vigneti E, Aloe L (1998) A role of the thymus and thymosin-alpha1 in brain NGF levels receptor expression. J. Neuroimmunol. 82, 64-72.
238. Turrini P, Sacaría ML, Aloe L (2001) Presence and posible functional role of nerve growth factor in the thymus. Cell. Mol. Biol. 47, 55-64.
239. Tuveri M, Generini S, Matucci-Cerinic AM, Aloe L (2000) NGF, a useful tool in the treatment of chronic vasculitic ulcers in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 356, 1739-1740.
240. Valenzuela DM, Maisonpierre PC, Glass Dj Rojas E, Nuñez L, Kong Y, et al. (1993) Alternative forms of rat TrkC with different functional capacities. Neuron 10, 963-974.
241. Van Eden W, Van Der Zee R, Van Kooten P, Berlo SE, Cobelens PM, Kavelaars A, et al. (2002) Balancing the immune system. Ann. Reumatol. Dis. 61 (Suppl. 11), ii25-ii28.
242. de Vries A, Dessing MC, Engels F, Henricks PA, Nijkamp FP (1999) Nerve growth factor induces a neurokinin-1 receptor-mediated airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs. Am. J. Respirative Crit. Care Med. 159, 1541-1544.
243. de Vries A, Engels F, Henricks PA, Leusink-Muis T, Fischer A, Nijkamp FP (2002) Antibodies directed against nerve growth factor inhibit the acute bronchoconstriction due to allergen challenge in guinea-pigs. Clin. Exp. Allergy 32, 325-328.
244. Wang X, Bauer JH, Li Y, Shao Z, Zetoune FS, Cattaneo E, Vincenz C (2001) Characterization of a p75 (NTR) apoptotic signalling pathway using a novel cellular model. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 33812-33820.
245. NTR mediates neurotrophin-induced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Pathol. 157, 1247-1258.
246. Welker P, Grabbe J, Grutzkau A, Henz BM (1998) Effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and other fibroblast-derived growth factors on immature mast cells (HMC-1). Immunology 94, 310-317.
247. Welker P, Grabbe J, Gibbs B, Zuberbier T, Henz BM (2000) Nerve growth factor-beta induces mast cell marker expression during in vitro culture of human umbilical cord blood cells. Immunology 99, 418-426.
248. Woolf CJ, Ma QP, Allchorne A, Poole S (1996) Peripheral cell types contributing to the hyperalgesic action of nerve growth factor in inflammation. J. Neurosci. 16, 2716-2723.
249. Woolf CJ, Allchorne A, Safieh-Garabedian B, Poole S (1997) Cytokines, nerve growth factor and inflammatory hyperalgesia: the contribution of tumour necrosis factor alpha. Brain J. Pharmacol. 121, 417-424.
250. NGFR, TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC in the adult human peripheral nervous system and nonneuroral tissues. Neurochem. Res. 21, 929-993.
251. Yoon S, Lee HW, Baek SY, Kim BS, Kim JB, Lee SA (2003) Upregulation of TrkA neurotrophin receptor expression in the thymic subcapsular, periseptal, perivascular, and cortical epithelial cells during thymus regeneration. Histochem. Cell Biol. 119, 55-68.
252. Zhou X-F, Rush R (1993) Localization of neurotrophin-3-like immunoreactivity in peripheral tissues of the rat. Brain Res. 621, 189-199.