Migration and T-lymphocyte effector function

Current Opinion in Immunology

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 343-348

  Bradley, Linda M ^a  

^a SIDNEY KIMMEL CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN;

CELL ACTIVATION; CELL ASSAY; CELL FUNCTION; CELL LINE; CELL MIGRATION; CELLULAR PARAMETERS; EFFECTOR CELL; IMMUNITY; LYMPHOID TISSUE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE;

EID: 0038731005     PISSN: 09527915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0952-7915(03)00043-8     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Kunkel E.J., Butcher E.C. Chemokines and tissue-specific migration of lymphocytes. Immunity. 16:2002;1-4.
2. + T cell differentiation: Initial antigen encounter triggers a developmental program in naive cells. Nat. Immunol. 2:2001;415-422.
3. van Stipdonk M.J., Lemmens M.J., Schoenberger S.P. Naive CTLs require a single brief period of antigenic stimulation for clonal expansion and differentiation. Nat. Immunol. 2:2001;423-429.
4. Foulds K.E., Zenewicz L.A., Shedlock D.J., Jiang J., Troy A.E., Shen H. Cutting edge: CD4 and CD8 T cells are intrinsically different in their proliferative responses. J. Immunol. 168:2002;1528-1532.
5. Linton PJ, Bautista B, Biederman E, Bradley ES, Harbertson J, Kondrack RM, Padrick RC, Bradley LM: Costimulation via OX40L expressed by B cells is sufficient to determine the extent of primary CD4 cell expansion and Th2 cytokine secretion in vivo. J Exp Med 2003, 197: in press.
6. Cyster J.G. Chemokines and cell migration in secondary lymphoid organs. Science. 286:1999;2098-2102.
7. Reif K., Ekland E.H., Ohl L., Nakano H., Lipp M., Forster R., Cyster J.C. Balanced responsiveness to chemoattractants from adjacent zones determines B-cell position. Nature. 416:2002;94-99 A seminal study that defines a CCR7-dependent mechanism of B-cell migration to the T-cell zone through controlled responsiveness to the ligands CCL19 and CCL21. The data show regulation of lymphocyte position by chemoattractants produced in adjacent areas of lymphoid tissue.
8. Yoneyama H., Narumi S., Zhang Y., Murai M., Baggiolini M., Lanzavecchia A., Ichida T., Asadura H., Matsushima K. Pivotal role of dendritic cell-derived CXCL10 in the retention of T helper cell 1 lymphocytes in secondary lymph nodes. J. Exp. Med. 195:2002;1257-1266 IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10)/CXCL10, a chemokine that is typically associated with inflammation in non-lymphoid tissues, is shown to be produced by mature DCs and functions to maintain T cell-DC contact during a Th1 effector response. The paper provides a chemokine-dependent mechanism for retention of responding T cells to promote development of cytokine polarized effectors.
9. Mackay C.R., Marston W., Dudler L. Altered patterns of T cell migration through lymph nodes and skin following antigen challenge. Eur. J. Immunol. 22:1992;2205-2210.
10. + T cells. J. Exp. Med. 194:2001;1711-1719.
11. Luther S.A., Cyster J.C. Chemokines as regulators of T cell differentiation. Nat. Immunol. 2:2001;102-107.
12. + effector cell response and the frequency of memory cells, the onset and kinetics of effector expansion and contraction were independent of Ag dose. The data indicate that loss of TCR signaling is not essential for the initiation of contraction of the effector populations.
13. Hildeman D.A., Zhu Y., Mitchell T.C., Bouillet P., Strasser A., Kappler J., Marrack P. Activated T cell death in vivo mediated by proapoptotic bcl-2 family member bim. Immunity. 16:2002;759-767.
14. + T cell subsets during virus infection: protective capacity depends on effector cytokine secretion and on migratory capability. J. Exp. Med. 191:2000;2159-2170.
15. + T cells. J. Exp. Med. 189:1999;1765-1776.
16. Hamann A., Klugewitz K., Austrup F., Jablonski-Westrich J. Activation induces rapid and profound alterations in the trafficking of T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 11:2000;3207-3218.
17. Kedl R.M., Rees W.A., Hildeman D.A., Schaefer B., Mitchell T., Kappler J., Marrack P. T cells compete for access to antigen-bearing antigen presenting cells. J. Exp. Med. 192:2000;1105-1113.
18. Sallustro F., Lenig D., Forster R., Lipp M., Lanzavecchia A. Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions. Nature. 140:1999;708-712.
19. Sallusto F., Mackay C.R., Lanzavecchia A. The role of chemokine receptors in primary, effector, and memory immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18:2000;593-620.
20. Kim C.H., Rott L., Kunkel E.J., Genovese M.C., Andrew D.P., Wu L., Butcher E.C. Rules of chemokine receptor association with T cell polarization in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 108:2001;1331-1339.
21. Nanki T., Lipsky P.E. Lack of correlation between chemokine receptor and Th1/Th2 cytokine expression by individual memory T cells. Int. Immunol. 12:2000;1659-1667.
22. + effectors that arise in mesenteric lymph nodes. In addition, effectors from MLNs but not PLNs migrate towards the intestine associated chemokine, thymus-expressed cytokine (TECK). The data suggest that the microenvironment in which effectors develop determines homing and chemokine receptor expression.
23. Masopust D., Vezts V., Marzo A.L., Lefrancois L. Preferential localization of effector memory cells in non-lymphoid tissue. Science. 291:2001;2413-2417.
24. Cauley L.S., Cookenham T., Miller T.B., Adams P.S., Vignali K.M., Vignali D.A., Woodland D.L. Cutting edge: virus-specific CD4+ memory T cells in non-lymphoid tissues express a highly activated phenotype. J. Immunol. 169:2002;6655-6658.
25. + T cells persist in the lungs following recovery from respiratory virus infections. J. Immunol. 166:2001;1813-1822.
26. + T cells that persist in the lung. J. Exp. Med. 193:2001;981-986.
27. + cells to migrate into lymphoid tissue, effector cytokine secretion did not partition with cells that express this receptor.
28. - subsets, but both populations exhibited equivalent levels of effector function, as measured by cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity.
29. Bradley L.M., Duncan D.D., Yoshimoto K., Swain S.L. Memory effectors: a potent, IL-4-secreting helper T cell population that develops in vivo after restimulation with antigen. J. Immunol. 150:1993;3119-3130.
30. Kundig T.M., Bachmann M.F., Oehen S., Hoffmann U.W., Simard J.J., Kalberer C.P., Pircher H., Ohashi P.S., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R.M. On the role of antigen in maintaining cytotoxic T-cell memory. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA. 93:1996;9716-9723.
31. Iezzi G., Scheidegger D., Lanzavecchia A. Migration and function of antigen-primed nonpolarized T lymphocytes in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 193:2001;987-993.
32. + T cells. J. Exp. Med. 194:2001;953-966.
33. Lauvau G., Vijh S., Kong P., Horng T., Kerksiek K., Serbina N., Tuma R.A., Pamer E.G. Priming of memory but not effector CD8 cells by a killed bacterial vaccine. Science. 294:2001;1735-1739.
34. Manjunath N., Shankar P., Wan J., Weninger W., Crowley M.A., Hieshima K., Springer T.A., Fan X., Shen H., Lieberman J., von Andrian U.H. Effector differentiation is not prerequisite for generation of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 108:2001;871-878.
35. Busch D.H., Pilip I., Pamer E.G. Evolution of a complex TCR repertoire during primary and recall bacterial infection. J. Exp. Med. 188:1998;61-70.
36. McHeyzer-Williams L.J., Panus J.F., Mikszta J.A., McHeyzer-Williams M.G. Evolution of antigen-specific T cell receptors in vivo: Preimmune and antigen-driven selection of preferred complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) motifs. J. Exp. Med. 189:1999;1823-1837.
37. + T cells. J. Immunol. 164:2000;265-272.
38. Suresh M., Whitmire J.K., Harrington L.E., Larsen C.P., Pearson T.C., Altman J.D., Ahmed R. Role of CD28-B7 interactions in the generation and maintenance of CD8 T cell memory. J. Immunol. 167:2001;5565-5573.
39. Kaech S.M., Wherry E.J., Ahmed R. Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: Implications for vaccine development. Nat. Immunol. 2:2002;251-262.
40. Lanzavecchia A., Sallustro F. Dynamics of T lymphocyte responses: intermediates, effectors, and memory cells. Science. 290:2000;92-97.
41. + T cells. J. Exp. Med. 186:1997;757-766.
42. Harbertson J., Biederman E., Bennett K.E., Kondrack R.M., Bradley L.M. Withdrawal of stimulation may initiate the transition of effector to memory CD4 cells. J. Immunol. 168:2002;1095-1102 Both Th1 and Th2 cells survive growth factor withdrawal without apoptosis, return to rest and acquire features associated with memory, including a capacity for in vivo persistence. The results suggest that loss of signaling may initiate the transition of a responding T cell to a memory cell. The data raise the possibility that memory development in CD4 cells can be stochastic.
43. + T cell effectors can become memory cells with high efficiency and without further division. Nat. Immunol. 2:2001;705-710 A surprisingly high frequency of Th2 effectors that are activated and then returned to rest in vitro exhibit a capacity for persistence as memory cells after adoptive transfer in the absence of Ag. The results suggest that any effector cells may have the potential to become memory cells without undergoing further differentiation.
44. •].
45. Hayashi N., Liu D., Min B., Ben-Sasson S.Z., Paul W.E. Antigen challenge leads to in vivo activation and elimination of highly polarized Th1 memory cells. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA. 99:2002;6187-6191.
46. Wu C., Kirman J.R., Rotte M.J., Davey D.F., Perfetto S.P., Rhee E.G., Freidag B.L., Hill B.J., Douek D.C., Seder R.A. Distinct lineages of Th1 cells have differential capacities for memory cell generation in vivo. Nat. Immunol. 3:2002;852-858 IFN-γ secreting Th1 cells survive poorly as memory cells compared to less mature Th1 effectors that have yet to initiate production of this effector cytokine. The data imply that transition of differentiating effector cells to memory cells can occur before development of overt effector function, and suggest that late stage effectors can be irreversibly fated for death.
47. Zinkernagel R., Hengartner H. Regulation of the immune response by antigen. Science. 293:2001;251-253.
48. + effectors stimulated under non-polarizing conditions become memory cells that can be further selected in terms of cytokine secretion following secondary stimulation. The results confirm earlier work with memory cells generated from polyclonal populations and suggest that memory responses can be modulated at the time of Ag challenge.
49. + T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA. 98:2001;6313-6318.
50. Reinhardt R.L., Khoruts A., Merica R., Zell T., Jenkins M.K. Visualizing the generation of memory CD4 T cells in the whole body. Nature. 410:2001;101-105.
51. Chen H.D., Fraire A.E., Joris I., Brehm M.A., Welsh R.M., Selin L.K. Memory CD8+ T cells in heterologous antiviral immunity and immunopathology in the lung. Nat. Immunol. 2:2001;1067-1076.
52. Selin L.K., Lin M.Y., Kraemer K.A., Pardoll D.M., Schneck J.P., Varga S.M., Santolucito P.A., Pinto A.K., Welsh R.M. Attrition of T cell memory: selective loss of LCMV epitope-specific memory CD8 T cells following infections with heterologous viruses. Immunity. 11:1999;733-742.
53. Williams M.B., Butcher E.C. Homing of naive and memory T lymphocyte subsets to Peyer's patches, lymph nodes, and spleen. J. Immunol. 159:1997;1746-1752.
54. Cerwenka A., Morgon T.M., Dutton R.W. Naive, effector, and memory CD8 T cells in protection against pulmonary influenza virus infection: homing properties rather than initial frequencies are crucial. J. Immunol. 163:1999;5535-5543.
55. + T cells to the lung during influenza pneumonia. J. Immunol. 167:2001;6983-6990.
56. Kim S.-K., Brehm M.A., Welsh R.M., Selin L.K. Dynamics of memory T cell proliferation under conditions of heterologous immunity and bystander stimulation. J. Immunol. 169:2002;90-98.
57. lo) from the spleen had similar effector functions, as measured by cytokine secretion and cytotoxic activity. However, central memory cells had a greater capacity to proliferate and to mediate protective antiviral immunity than effector memory cells. Importantly, effector memory cells decayed due to conversion to a central memory phenotype. The data suggest that central memory cells can arise from fully differentiated effectors after a response has subsided, not only from early intermediates that have yet to become effectors as previously proposed. The results support the concept that memory cells emerge throughout a response and suggest that continued maturation can occur in the absence of further encounter with Ag long afterwards.
58. + cells can differentiate into Th1 and Th2 cells after secondary stimulation, as measured by histone acetylation of the IFN-γ and IL-4 promoters, respectively. Remarkably, Th1 cells, and most Th2 cells, were capable of further chromatin remodeling and of acquiring the opposing phenotype under strongly polarizing conditions.