메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 46, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 729-739

Is schizophrenia a neurodegenerative disorder? A clinical and neurobiological perspective

Author keywords

Kraepelin; Neurobiology; Neurodegeneration; Neurodevelopment; Pathophysiology; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

COGNITION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 0032821589     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00147-X     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (395)

References (91)
  • 1
    • 0032498818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absence of neurodegeneration and neural injury in the cerebral cortex in a sam ple of elderly patients with schizophrenia
    • Arnold S.E., Trojanowski J.Q., Gur R.E., Blackwell P., Han L., Choi C. Absence of neurodegeneration and neural injury in the cerebral cortex in a sam ple of elderly patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:1998;225-232.
    • (1998) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 225-232
    • Arnold, S.E.1    Trojanowski, J.Q.2    Gur, R.E.3    Blackwell, P.4    Han, L.5    Choi, C.6
  • 2
    • 0029156747 scopus 로고
    • Childhood behavioural precursors of adult symptom dimensions in schizophrenia
    • Baum K.M., Walker E.F. Childhood behavioural precursors of adult symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 16:1995;111-120.
    • (1995) Schizophr Res , vol.16 , pp. 111-120
    • Baum, K.M.1    Walker, E.F.2
  • 3
    • 84970312243 scopus 로고
    • Is there a neuroanatomic basis for schizophrenia? An old question revisited
    • Benes F.M. Is there a neuroanatomic basis for schizophrenia? An old question revisited. The Neurosci. 1:1995;104-115.
    • (1995) The Neurosci , vol.1 , pp. 104-115
    • Benes, F.M.1
  • 5
    • 0027408221 scopus 로고
    • Advancing a neurodevelopmental origin for schizophrenia
    • Bloom F.E. Advancing a neurodevelopmental origin for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 50:1993;224-227.
    • (1993) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 224-227
    • Bloom, F.E.1
  • 6
    • 0027283411 scopus 로고
    • Recent advances in the neuropathology of schizophrenia
    • Bogerts B. Recent advances in the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 19:1993;431-445.
    • (1993) Schizophr Bull , vol.19 , pp. 431-445
    • Bogerts, B.1
  • 7
    • 0029614765 scopus 로고
    • Neural apoptosis
    • Bredesen D.E. Neural apoptosis. Ann Neurol. 38:1995;839-851.
    • (1995) Ann Neurol , vol.38 , pp. 839-851
    • Bredesen, D.E.1
  • 10
    • 0010273867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studies of first episode schizophrenia: A comprehensive review
    • (in press): In: McGorry P, Jackson H, editors: Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press
    • Chatterjee and Lieberman (in press): Studies of first episode schizophrenia: A comprehensive review. In: McGorry P, Jackson H, editors: The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
    • The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis
    • Chatterjee1    Lieberman2
  • 11
    • 0024392902 scopus 로고
    • Increased frontal and reduced parietal glucose metabolism in acute untreated schizophrenia
    • Cleghorn J.M., Garnett E.S., Nahmias C., Firnau G., Brown G.M., Kaplan R., et al. Increased frontal and reduced parietal glucose metabolism in acute untreated schizophrenia. Psych Res. 28:1989;119-133.
    • (1989) Psych Res , vol.28 , pp. 119-133
    • Cleghorn, J.M.1    Garnett, E.S.2    Nahmias, C.3    Firnau, G.4    Brown, G.M.5    Kaplan, R.6
  • 12
    • 0027686249 scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders
    • Coyle J.T., Puttfarcken P. Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders. Science. 262:1993;689-695.
    • (1993) Science , vol.262 , pp. 689-695
    • Coyle, J.T.1    Puttfarcken, P.2
  • 13
    • 0028854590 scopus 로고
    • Severity of symptoms in chronically institutionalized geriatric schizophrenic patients
    • Davidson M., Harvey P.D., Powchik P., Parella M., White L., Knobler H.Y., et al. Severity of symptoms in chronically institutionalized geriatric schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry. 152:1995;197-207.
    • (1995) Am J Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 197-207
    • Davidson, M.1    Harvey, P.D.2    Powchik, P.3    Parella, M.4    White, L.5    Knobler, H.Y.6
  • 15
    • 0022591309 scopus 로고
    • The natural course of schizophrenia and effective maintenance drug treatment
    • Davis J.M., Andriukaitis S. The natural course of schizophrenia and effective maintenance drug treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 6:1986;2S-10S.
    • (1986) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.6
    • Davis, J.M.1    Andriukaitis, S.2
  • 16
    • 0028856246 scopus 로고
    • A prospective follow-up study of brain morphology and cognition in first-episode schizophrenic patients: Preliminary findings
    • DeLisi L.E., Twe W., Xie S.-H., Hoff A.L., Sakuma M., Kushner M., et al. A prospective follow-up study of brain morphology and cognition in first-episode schizophrenic patients Preliminary findings . Biol Psychiatry. 38:1995;349-360.
    • (1995) Biol Psychiatry , vol.38 , pp. 349-360
    • Delisi, L.E.1    Twe, W.2    Xie, S.-H.3    Hoff, A.L.4    Sakuma, M.5    Kushner, M.6
  • 17
    • 0027965383 scopus 로고
    • Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: Social adjustment at ages 7 and 11
    • Done D.J., Crow T.J., Johnstone E.C., Sacker A. Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness Social adjustment at ages 7 and 11 . BMJ. 309:1994;699-703.
    • (1994) BMJ , vol.309 , pp. 699-703
    • Done, D.J.1    Crow, T.J.2    Johnstone, E.C.3    Sacker, A.4
  • 18
    • 0028293198 scopus 로고
    • Antecedents, symptom progression, and long-term outcome of the deficit syndrome in schizophrenia
    • Fenton W.S., McGlashan T.H. Antecedents, symptom progression, and long-term outcome of the deficit syndrome in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 151:1994;351-356.
    • (1994) Am J Psychiatry , vol.151 , pp. 351-356
    • Fenton, W.S.1    McGlashan, T.H.2
  • 19
    • 0016839104 scopus 로고
    • Absence of activation in frontal structures during psychological testing of chronic schziophrenics
    • Franzen G, Ingvar DH (1975): Absence of activation in frontal structures during psychological testing of chronic schziophrenics. J of Neurol, Neurosurg and Psych 1027-1032.
    • (1975) J of Neurol, Neurosurg and Psych , pp. 1027-1032
    • Franzen, G.1    Ingvar, D.H.2
  • 21
    • 0001010603 scopus 로고
    • Neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia
    • S.R. Hirsch, & D.R. Weinberger. Oxford: Blackwell
    • Goldberg T.E., Gold J.M. Neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Hirsch S.R., Weinberger D.R. Schizophrenia. 1995;146-162 Blackwell, Oxford.
    • (1995) Schizophrenia , pp. 146-162
    • Goldberg, T.E.1    Gold, J.M.2
  • 22
    • 0030858125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional and anatomical aspects of prefrontal pathology in schizophrenia
    • Goldman-Rakic P.S., Selemon L.D. Functional and anatomical aspects of prefrontal pathology in schizophrenia. Schiz Bull. 23:1997;437-458.
    • (1997) Schiz Bull , vol.23 , pp. 437-458
    • Goldman-Rakic, P.S.1    Selemon, L.D.2
  • 23
    • 0028132609 scopus 로고
    • Minor physical abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, bipolar patients and their siblings
    • Green M., Satz P., Christenson C. Minor physical abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, bipolar patients and their siblings. Schizophrenia Bull. 20:1994;433-449.
    • (1994) Schizophrenia Bull , vol.20 , pp. 433-449
    • Green, M.1    Satz, P.2    Christenson, C.3
  • 24
    • 0031934466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A follow-up magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia: Relationship of neuroanatomical changes to clinical and neurobehavioral measures
    • Gur R.E., Cowell P., Turetsky B.I., Gallacher N., Cannon T., Bilker W., et al. A follow-up magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia Relationship of neuroanatomical changes to clinical and neurobehavioral measures . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:1998;145-152.
    • (1998) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 145-152
    • Gur, R.E.1    Cowell, P.2    Turetsky, B.I.3    Gallacher, N.4    Cannon, T.5    Bilker, W.6
  • 25
    • 0032491408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic classification of primary neurodegenerative disease
    • Hardy J., Gwinn-Hardy K. Genetic classification of primary neurodegenerative disease. Science. 282:1998;1075-1079.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 1075-1079
    • Hardy, J.1    Gwinn-Hardy, K.2
  • 26
    • 0016335295 scopus 로고
    • The changing content of psychiatric illness
    • Hare E.H. The changing content of psychiatric illness. J Psychosom Res. 18:1974;283-289.
    • (1974) J Psychosom Res , vol.18 , pp. 283-289
    • Hare, E.H.1
  • 27
    • 78651129913 scopus 로고
    • Pneumoencephalographic studies in mental health
    • Haug O.J. Pneumoencephalographic studies in mental health. Acta Psychiatry Scand Suppl. 165:1962;1-114.
    • (1962) Acta Psychiatry Scand Suppl , vol.165 , pp. 1-114
    • Haug, O.J.1
  • 29
  • 30
    • 0026735244 scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological functioning in first-episode schizophreniform patients
    • Hoff A.L., Riordan H., O'Donnel D.W., Morris L., Delisi L.E. Neuropsychological functioning in first-episode schizophreniform patients. Am J Psychiatry. 149:1992;898-903.
    • (1992) Am J Psychiatry , vol.149 , pp. 898-903
    • Hoff, A.L.1    Riordan, H.2    O'Donnel, D.W.3    Morris, L.4    Delisi, L.E.5
  • 32
    • 0019200123 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal studies of schizophrenic patients
    • Huber G., Gross G., Shuttler R., Linz M. Longitudinal studies of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Bull. 6:1980;592-605.
    • (1980) Schizophr Bull , vol.6 , pp. 592-605
    • Huber, G.1    Gross, G.2    Shuttler, R.3    Linz, M.4
  • 35
    • 0345156508 scopus 로고
    • Zur Frage der Spratschadigungen nach Encephalographie
    • Jacobi W., Winkler H. Zur Frage der Spratschadigungen nach Encephalographie. Deutsche Ztschr. f. Nervenh. 112:1930;266-280.
    • (1930) Deutsche Ztschr. F. Nervenh , vol.112 , pp. 266-280
    • Jacobi, W.1    Winkler, H.2
  • 36
    • 0027940408 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophreniform disorder does not progress. A seven year follow-up study
    • Jaskiw G.E., Juliano D.M., Goldberg T.E., Hertzman M., Urow-Harnell E., Weinberger D.R. Cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophreniform disorder does not progress. A seven year follow-up study. Schizopr Res. 14:1994;23-28.
    • (1994) Schizopr Res , vol.14 , pp. 23-28
    • Jaskiw, G.E.1    Juliano, D.M.2    Goldberg, T.E.3    Hertzman, M.4    Urow-Harnell, E.5    Weinberger, D.R.6
  • 37
    • 0026079464 scopus 로고
    • Disabilities and circumstances of schizophrenic patients: A follow-up study
    • Johnstone E.C. Disabilities and circumstances of schizophrenic patients A follow-up study . Br J Psychiatry. 159:1991;5-46.
    • (1991) Br J Psychiatry , vol.159 , pp. 5-46
    • Johnstone, E.C.1
  • 38
    • 0028171814 scopus 로고
    • Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort
    • Jones P., Rodgers B., Murray R., Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet. 344:1994;1398-1402.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 1398-1402
    • Jones, P.1    Rodgers, B.2    Murray, R.3    Marmot, M.4
  • 39
    • 0024463101 scopus 로고
    • Ventricle-to-brain ratio in schizophrenia: A controlled follow-up study
    • Kemali D., Maj M., Galderisi S., Milici N., Salvati A. Ventricle-to-brain ratio in schizophrenia a controlled follow-up study . Biol Psychiatry. 26:1989;756-759.
    • (1989) Biol Psychiatry , vol.26 , pp. 756-759
    • Kemali, D.1    Maj, M.2    Galderisi, S.3    Milici, N.4    Salvati, A.5
  • 40
    • 0027216273 scopus 로고
    • The genetics of schizophrenia: A current, genetic-epidemiologic perspective
    • Kendler K.S., Diehl S.R. The genetics of schizophrenia a current, genetic-epidemiologic perspective . Schizophr Bull. 19:1993;261-285.
    • (1993) Schizophr Bull , vol.19 , pp. 261-285
    • Kendler, K.S.1    Diehl, S.R.2
  • 42
    • 0028109517 scopus 로고
    • Temporal lobe sulco-gyral pattern anomalies in schizophrenia: An in vivo MR three-dimensional surface rendering study
    • Kikinis R., Shenton M.E., Gerig G., et al. Temporal lobe sulco-gyral pattern anomalies in schizophrenia An in vivo MR three-dimensional surface rendering study . Neurosci Lett. 182:1994;7-12.
    • (1994) Neurosci Lett , vol.182 , pp. 7-12
    • Kikinis, R.1    Shenton, M.E.2    Gerig, G.3
  • 45
    • 0030923288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence: Insights into vulnerable neural circuits in schizophrenia
    • Lewis D.A. Development of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence Insights into vulnerable neural circuits in schizophrenia . Neuropsychopharmacology. 16:1997;358-398.
    • (1997) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.16 , pp. 358-398
    • Lewis, D.A.1
  • 47
    • 0026643240 scopus 로고
    • Qualitative assessment of brain morphology in acute and chronic schizophrenia
    • Lieberman J.A., Bogerts B., Degreef G., Ashtari M., Alvir J. Qualitative assessment of brain morphology in acute and chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 149:1992;784-794.
    • (1992) Am J Psychiatry , vol.149 , pp. 784-794
    • Lieberman, J.A.1    Bogerts, B.2    Degreef, G.3    Ashtari, M.4    Alvir, J.5
  • 49
    • 0030774502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: Deficits and dysfunction in neuronal regulation and plasticity
    • Lieberman J.A., Sheitman B.B., Kinon B.J. Neurochemical sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia Deficits and dysfunction in neuronal regulation and plasticity . Neuropsychopharmacology. 17:1997;205-229.
    • (1997) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.17 , pp. 205-229
    • Lieberman, J.A.1    Sheitman, B.B.2    Kinon, B.J.3
  • 50
    • 0031918239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of treatment resistance in patients with schizophrenia: A clinical and pathophysiological perspective
    • Lieberman J.A., Sheitman B., Chakos M., Robinson D., Schooler N., Keith S. The development of treatment resistance in patients with schizophrenia A clinical and pathophysiological perspective . J Clin Psychopharmacol. 18:1998;20S-24S.
    • (1998) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.18
    • Lieberman, J.A.1    Sheitman, B.2    Chakos, M.3    Robinson, D.4    Schooler, N.5    Keith, S.6
  • 53
    • 0026324107 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen radicals and neuropsychiatric illness: Some speculations
    • Lohr J.B. Oxygen radicals and neuropsychiatric illness Some speculations . Arch Gen Psych. 48:1991;1097-1106.
    • (1991) Arch Gen Psych , vol.48 , pp. 1097-1106
    • Lohr, J.B.1
  • 54
    • 0028240526 scopus 로고
    • Programmed cell death: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders
    • Margolis R.L., Chuang D.M., Post R.M. Programmed cell death Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders . Biol Psychiatry. 35:1994;946-956.
    • (1994) Biol Psychiatry , vol.35 , pp. 946-956
    • Margolis, R.L.1    Chuang, D.M.2    Post, R.M.3
  • 57
    • 0024242021 scopus 로고
    • A selective review of recent North American long-term follow-up studies of schizophrenia
    • McGlashan T.H. A selective review of recent North American long-term follow-up studies of schizophrenia. Schiz Bull. 14:1988;515-542.
    • (1988) Schiz Bull , vol.14 , pp. 515-542
    • McGlashan, T.H.1
  • 58
    • 0027392835 scopus 로고
    • Subtype progression and pathophysiologic deterioration in early schizophrenia
    • McGlashan T.H., Fenton W.S. Subtype progression and pathophysiologic deterioration in early schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 19:1993;71-84.
    • (1993) Schizophr Bull , vol.19 , pp. 71-84
    • McGlashan, T.H.1    Fenton, W.S.2
  • 59
    • 0016233296 scopus 로고
    • Changes in subtype diagnosis of schizophrenia: 1920-1966
    • Morrison J.R. Changes in subtype diagnosis of schizophrenia 1920-1966 . Am J Psychiatry. 131:1974;674-677.
    • (1974) Am J Psychiatry , vol.131 , pp. 674-677
    • Morrison, J.R.1
  • 60
    • 0023638471 scopus 로고
    • Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?
    • Murray R.M., Lewis S.W. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? BMJ. 296:1987;681-682.
    • (1987) BMJ , vol.296 , pp. 681-682
    • Murray, R.M.1    Lewis, S.W.2
  • 62
    • 0028850552 scopus 로고
    • Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia
    • Olney J.W., Farber N.B. Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52:1995;998-1007.
    • (1995) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.52 , pp. 998-1007
    • Olney, J.W.1    Farber, N.B.2
  • 63
    • 0020080705 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous involuntary disorders of movement: Their prevalence, severity, and distribution in chronic schizophrenics with and without treatment with neuroleptics
    • Owens D.G., Johnstone E.C., Frith C.D. Spontaneous involuntary disorders of movement Their prevalence, severity, and distribution in chronic schizophrenics with and without treatment with neuroleptics . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 39:1982;452-461.
    • (1982) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.39 , pp. 452-461
    • Owens, D.G.1    Johnstone, E.C.2    Frith, C.D.3
  • 64
    • 0025769846 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in brain high-energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism in first-episode, drug-naïve schizophrenics
    • Pettegrew J.A., Keshavan J.S., Panchalingam K., Strychor S., Kaplan D.B., Tretta M.G., et al. Alterations in brain high-energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism in first-episode, drug-naïve schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 48:1991;563-568.
    • (1991) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 563-568
    • Pettegrew, J.A.1    Keshavan, J.S.2    Panchalingam, K.3    Strychor, S.4    Kaplan, D.B.5    Tretta, M.G.6
  • 65
    • 0020398449 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of symptoms in institutionialized hebephrenic/catatonic schizophrenics
    • Pfohl B., Winokur G. The evolution of symptoms in institutionialized hebephrenic/catatonic schizophrenics. Br J Psychiatry. 141:1982;567-572.
    • (1982) Br J Psychiatry , vol.141 , pp. 567-572
    • Pfohl, B.1    Winokur, G.2
  • 66
    • 0032498945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer disease and related neurodegenerative diseases in elderly patients with schizophrenia: A postmortem neuropathologic study of 100 cases
    • Purohit D.P., Perl D.P., Haroutunian V., Powchik P., Davidson M., Davis K.L. Alzheimer disease and related neurodegenerative diseases in elderly patients with schizophrenia A postmortem neuropathologic study of 100 cases . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:1998;205-211.
    • (1998) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 205-211
    • Purohit, D.P.1    Perl, D.P.2    Haroutunian, V.3    Powchik, P.4    Davidson, M.5    Davis, K.L.6
  • 68
    • 0031468540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood-onset schizophrenia: Progressive ventricular change during adolescence
    • Rapoport J.L., Giedd J., Kumra S., Jacobsen L., Smith A., Lee P., et al. Childhood-onset schizophrenia Progressive ventricular change during adolescence . Arch Gen Psych. 54:1997;897-903.
    • (1997) Arch Gen Psych , vol.54 , pp. 897-903
    • Rapoport, J.L.1    Giedd, J.2    Kumra, S.3    Jacobsen, L.4    Smith, A.5    Lee, P.6
  • 72
    • 0032908294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of treatment response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
    • Robinson D., Woerner M., Alvir J., Bilder R., Goldman R., Geisler S., et al. Predictors of treatment response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 156:1999;544-549.
    • (1999) Am J Psychiatry , vol.156 , pp. 544-549
    • Robinson, D.1    Woerner, M.2    Alvir, J.3    Bilder, R.4    Goldman, R.5    Geisler, S.6
  • 74
    • 0013155802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI studies in schizophrenia
    • In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM, editors: New York: Marcel Dekker
    • Shenton ME, Wible CG, McCarley RW. MRI studies in schizophrenia. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM, editors: Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker, pp 297-380.
    • Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry , pp. 297-380
    • Shenton, M.E.1    Wible, C.G.2    McCarley, R.W.3
  • 76
    • 0000512864 scopus 로고
    • On the topographical distribution of cortex lesions and anomalies in dementia praecox, with some account of their functional significance
    • Southard E.E. On the topographical distribution of cortex lesions and anomalies in dementia praecox, with some account of their functional significance. Am J Insanity. 71:1915;603-671.
    • (1915) Am J Insanity , vol.71 , pp. 603-671
    • Southard, E.E.1
  • 77
    • 0029054654 scopus 로고
    • An in vivo study of the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients at different stages of illness via phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • Stanley J.A., Williamson P.C., Drost D.J., Carr T.J., Rylett R.J., Malla A., et al. An in vivo study of the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients at different stages of illness via phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52:1995;399-406.
    • (1995) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.52 , pp. 399-406
    • Stanley, J.A.1    Williamson, P.C.2    Drost, D.J.3    Carr, T.J.4    Rylett, R.J.5    Malla, A.6
  • 78
    • 0029959563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of schizophrenia patients
    • Stanley J.A., Williamson P.C., Drost D.J., Rylett R.J., Carr T.J., Malla A., et al. An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of schizophrenia patients. Schiz Bull. 22:1996;597-609.
    • (1996) Schiz Bull , vol.22 , pp. 597-609
    • Stanley, J.A.1    Williamson, P.C.2    Drost, D.J.3    Rylett, R.J.4    Carr, T.J.5    Malla, A.6
  • 79
    • 0023933150 scopus 로고
    • Effect of neuroleptics on altered cerebral glucose metabolism in schizophrenia
    • Szechtman H., Nahmias C., Garnett E.S., Firnauy G., Brown G.M. Effect of neuroleptics on altered cerebral glucose metabolism in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psych. 45:1988;523-532.
    • (1988) Arch Gen Psych , vol.45 , pp. 523-532
    • Szechtman, H.1    Nahmias, C.2    Garnett, E.S.3    Firnauy, G.4    Brown, G.M.5
  • 80
    • 0023716329 scopus 로고
    • Brain morphology in schizophrenia: A 2-to-5-year CT scan follow-up study
    • Vita A., Sacchetti E., Valvassori G., Cazzullo C.L. Brain morphology in schizophrenia A 2-to-5-year CT scan follow-up study . Acta Psychiatr Scan. 78:1988;618-621.
    • (1988) Acta Psychiatr Scan , vol.78 , pp. 618-621
    • Vita, A.1    Sacchetti, E.2    Valvassori, G.3    Cazzullo, C.L.4
  • 83
    • 0031557146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental trajectory and disease progression in schizophrenia: The conundrum, and insights from a 12-year prospective study in the Monaghan 101
    • Waddington J.L., Scully P.J., Youssef H.A. Developmental trajectory and disease progression in schizophrenia The conundrum, and insights from a 12-year prospective study in the Monaghan 101 . Schiz Res. 23:1997;107-118.
    • (1997) Schiz Res , vol.23 , pp. 107-118
    • Waddington, J.L.1    Scully, P.J.2    Youssef, H.A.3
  • 84
    • 0029083458 scopus 로고
    • Sequential cross-sectional and 10-year prospective study of severe negative symptoms in relation to duration of initially untreated psychosis in chronic schizophrenia
    • Waddington J.L., Yuossef H.A., Kinsella A. Sequential cross-sectional and 10-year prospective study of severe negative symptoms in relation to duration of initially untreated psychosis in chronic schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 25:1995;849-857.
    • (1995) Psychol Med , vol.25 , pp. 849-857
    • Waddington, J.L.1    Yuossef, H.A.2    Kinsella, A.3
  • 85
    • 0028092753 scopus 로고
    • Neuromotor precursors of schizophrenia
    • Walker E., Savoie T., Davis D. Neuromotor precursors of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 20:1994;441-451.
    • (1994) Schizophr Bull , vol.20 , pp. 441-451
    • Walker, E.1    Savoie, T.2    Davis, D.3
  • 86
    • 0029119055 scopus 로고
    • From neuropathology to neurodevelopment
    • Weinberger D.R. From neuropathology to neurodevelopment. Lancet. 346:1995;552-557.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 552-557
    • Weinberger, D.R.1
  • 87
    • 0023215296 scopus 로고
    • Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia
    • Weinberger D.R. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 44:1987;660-669.
    • (1987) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.44 , pp. 660-669
    • Weinberger, D.R.1
  • 88
    • 0031734725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary Pathogenetic mechanism
    • Woods B.T. Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary Pathogenetic mechanism. Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;1661-1670.
    • (1998) Am J Psychiatry , vol.155 , pp. 1661-1670
    • Woods, B.T.1
  • 89
    • 0025062555 scopus 로고
    • Progressive ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: Comparison to bipolar affective disorder and correlation with clinical course
    • Woods B.T., Yurgelun-Todd D., Benes F.M., Frankenburg F.R., Pope H.G. Jr, McSparren J. Progressive ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia Comparison to bipolar affective disorder and correlation with clinical course . Biol Psychiatry. 27:1990;341-352.
    • (1990) Biol Psychiatry , vol.27 , pp. 341-352
    • Woods, B.T.1    Yurgelun-Todd, D.2    Benes, F.M.3    Frankenburg, F.R.4    Pope H.G., Jr.5    McSparren, J.6
  • 90
    • 0026040246 scopus 로고
    • Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia
    • Wyatt R.J. Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 17:1991;325-351.
    • (1991) Schizophr Bull , vol.17 , pp. 325-351
    • Wyatt, R.J.1
  • 91
    • 0029339575 scopus 로고
    • Early intervention for schizophrenia: Can the course of the illness be altered?
    • Wyatt R.J. Early intervention for schizophrenia can the course of the illness be altered? Biol Psychiatry. 38:1995;1-3.
    • (1995) Biol Psychiatry , vol.38 , pp. 1-3
    • Wyatt, R.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.