Bile acid regulation of hepatic physiology III. Regulation of bile acid synthesis: Past progress and future challenges

American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology

Volumn 284, Issue 4 47-4, 2003, Pages

  Fuchs, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Steroid acute response; Sterol carrier protein 2; Transcription factors

Indexed keywords

BILE ACID; CHOLESTEROL; DETERGENT; LIPID; VITAMIN;

ARTICLE; BILE ACID SYNTHESIS; BILE FLOW; BILE SECRETION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION; FATTY ACID METABOLISM; LIPID ABSORPTION; LIVER; LIVER DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM;

EID: 0037377403     PISSN: 01931857     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00468.2002     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Agellon LB, Drover VA, Cheema SK, Gbaguidi GF, and Walsh A. Dietary cholesterol fails to stimulate the human cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 277: 20131-20134, 2002.
2. Alam K, Meidell RS, and Spady DK. Effect of up-regulating individual steps in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway on reverse cholesterol transport in normolipidemic mice. J Biol Chem 276:15641-15649, 2001.
3. Björkhem I. Do oxysterols control cholesterol homeostasis? J Clin Invest 110: 725-730, 2002.
4. Björkhem I, Andersson U, Ellis E, Alvelius G, Ellegard L, Diczfalusy U, Sjövall J, and Einarsson C. From brain to bile. Evidence that conjugation and omega-hydroxylation are important for elimination of 24S-hydroxycholesterol (cerebrosterol) in humans. J Biol Chem 276: 37004-37010, 2001.
5. Cerf C and Navasky V. The Experts Speak. New York: Villard, 1998, p. 1-445.
6. Chiang JYL. Bile Acid Regulation of Hepatic Physiology. III. Bile acids and nuclear receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284: G349-G356, 2003.
7. Duane WC and Javitt NB. 27-hydroxycholesterol: production rates in normal human subjects. J Lipid Res 40: 1194-1199, 1999.
8. Duane WC, Pooler PA, and Hamilton JN. Bile acid synthesis in man. In vivo activity of the 25-hydroxylation pathway. J Clin Invest 82: 82-85, 1988.
9. Del Castillo-Olivares A, and Gil G. Differential effects of sterol regulatory binding proteins 1 and 2 on sterol 12α-hydroxylase SREBP-2 suppresses the sterol 12α-hydroxylase promoter. J Biol Chem 277: 6750-6757, 2002.
10. Duane WC and Javitt NB. Conversion of 7α-hydroxycholesterol to bile acid in human subjects: is there an alternate pathway favoring cholic acid synthesis? J Lab Clin Med 139: 109-115, 2002.
11. Fuchs M and Stange EF. Metabolism of bile acids. In: Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology, edited by Bircher J, Benhamou JP, McIntyre N, Rizzetto M, and Rodes J. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999.
12. Gallegos AM, Schoer JK, Starodub O, Kier AB, Billheimer JT, and Schroeder F. A potential role for sterol carrier protein-2 in cholesterol transfer to mitochondria. Chem Phys Lipids 105: 9-29, 2000.
13. Hayhurst GP, Lee YH, Lambert G, Ward JM, and Gonzalez FJ. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (nuclear receptor 2A1) is essential for maintenance of hepatic gene expression and lipid homeostasis. Mol Cell Biol 21: 1393-1403, 2001.
14. Hunt MC, Yang YZ, Eggertsen G, Carneheim CM, Gafvels M, Einarsson C, and Alexson SE. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) regulates bile acid biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 275: 28947-28953, 2000.
15. Kannenberg F, Ellinghaus P, Assmann G, and Seedorf U. Aberrant oxidation of the cholesterol side chain in bile acid synthesis of sterol carrier protein-2/sterol carrier protein-x knockout mice. J Biol Chem 274: 35455-35460, 1999.
16. Li-Hawkins J, Lund EG, Bronson AD, and Russell DW. Expression cloning of an oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase selective for 24-hydroxycholesterol. J Biol Chem 275: 16543-16549, 2000.
17. Lund EG, Guileyardo JM, and Russell DW. cDNA cloning of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, a mediator of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 7238-7243, 1999.
18. Meir K, Kitsberg D, Alkalay I, Szafer F, Rosen H, Shpitzen S, Avi LB, Staels B, Fievet C, Meiner V, Björkhem I, and Leitersdorf E. Human sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27) overexpressor transgenic mouse model. Evidence against 27-hydroxycholesterol as a critical regulator of cholesterol homeostasis. J Biol Chem 277: 34036-34041, 2002.
19. Miyake JH, Duong-Polk XT, Taylor JM, Du EZ, Castellani LW, Lusis AJ, and Davis RA. Transgenic expression of cholesterol-7-α-hydroxylase prevents atherosclerosis in C57BL/6J mice. Transgenic expression of cholesterol-7-α-hydroxylase prevents atherosclerosis in C57BL/6J mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22: 121-126, 2002.
20. Miinch C, Katzberg N, Seedorf U, Scheibner J, Stange EF, and Fuchs M. Impaired feedback inhibition of oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase in mice with homozygous disruption of the sterol carrier protein 2 (Scp2) gene (Abstract). Hepatology 34: A353, 2001.
21. Norlin M, Andersson U, Björkhem I, and Wikvall K. Oxysterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity by cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A). J Biol Chem 275: 34046-34053, 2000.
22. Pandak WM, Ren S, Marques D, Hall E, Redford K, Mallonee D, Bohdan P, Heuman D, Gil G, and Hylemon P. Transport of cholesterol into mitochondria is rate limiting for bile acid synthesis via the alternative pathway in primary rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 277: 48158-48164, 2002.
23. Pullinger CR, Eng C, Salen G, Shefer S, Batta AK, Erickson SK, Verhagen A, Rivera CR, Mulvihill SJ, Malloy MJ, and Kane JP. Human cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) deficiency has a hypercholesterolemic phenotype. J Clin Invest 110:109-117, 2002.
24. Rausa FM, Tan Y, Zhou H, Yoo KW, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Franks RR, Unterman TG, and Costa RH. Elevated levels of hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β in mouse hepatocytes influence expression of genes involved in bile acid and glucose homeostasis. Mol Cell Biol 20: 8264-8282, 2000.
25. Repa JJ, Liang G, Ou J, Bashmakov Y, Lobaccaro JM, Shimomura I, Shan B, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, and Mangelsdorf DJ. Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory elementbinding protein-1c gene (SREBP-1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXRα and LXRβ. Genes Dev 14: 2819-2830, 2000.
26. Root C, Smith CD, Sundseth SS, Pink HM, Wilson JG, and Lewis MC. Ileal bile acid transporter inhibition, CYP7A1 induction, and antilipemic action of 264W94. J Lipid Res 43: 1320-1330, 2002.
27. Schwarz M, Wright AC, Davis DL, Nazer H, Björkhem I, and Russell DW. The bile acid synthetic gene 3β-hydroxy-δ(5)-c(27)-steroid oxidoreductase is mutated in progressive intrahepatic cholestasis. J Clin Invest 106: 1175-1184, 2000.
28. Setchell KD, Schwarz M, O'Connell NC, Lund EG, Davis DL, Lathe R, Thompson HR, Weslie Tyson R, Sokol RJ, and Russell DW. Identification of a new inborn error in bile acid synthesis: mutation of the oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase gene causes severe neonatal liver disease. J Clin Invest 102: 1690-1703, 1998.
29. Shih DQ, Bussen M, Sehayek E, Ananthanarayanan M, Shneider BL, Suchy FJ, Shefer S, Bollileni JS, Gonzalez FJ, Breslow JL, and Stoffel M. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-la is an essential regulator of bile acid and plasma cholesterol metabolism. Nat Genet 27: 375-382, 2001.
30. Soccio RE, Adams RM, Romanowski MJ, Sehayek E, Burley SK, and Breslow JL. The cholesterol-regulated StarD4 gene encodes a StAR-related lipid transfer protein with two closely related homologues, StarD5 and StarD6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 6943-6948, 2002.
31. Spady DK, Cuthbert JA, Willard MN, and Meidell RS. Overexpression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A) in mice lacking the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene: LDL transport and plasma LDL concentrations are reduced. J Biol Chem 273: 126-132, 1998.
32. Stahlberg D, Reihner E, Rudling M, Berglund L, Einarsson K, and Angelin B. Influence of bezafibrate on hepatic cholesterol metabolism in gallstone patients: reduced activity of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase. Hepatology 21: 1025-1030, 1995.
33. Sugawara T, Lin D, Holt JA, Martin KO, Javitt NB, Miller WL, and Strauss 3rd JF. Structure of the human steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene: StAR stimulates mitochondrial cholesterol 27-hydroxylase activity. Biochemistry 34: 12506-12512, 1995.
34. Swell L, Gustafsson J, Schwartz CC, Halloran LG, Danielsson H, and Vlahcevic ZR. An in vivo evaluation of the quantitative significance of several potential pathways to cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids from cholesterol in man. JLipid Res 21: 455-466, 1980.
35. Yamagata K, Furuta H, Oda N, Kaisaki PJ, Menzel S, Cox NJ, Fajans SS, Signorini S, Stoffel M, and Bell GI. Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha gene in maturityonset diabetes of the young (MODY1). Nature 384: 458-460, 1996.
36. Yu C, Wang F, Kan M, Jin C, Jones RB, Weinstein M, Deng CX, and McKeehan WL. Elevated cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis in mice lacking membrane tyrosine kinase receptor FGFR4. J Biol Chem 275: 15482-15489, 2000.
37. Zanlungo S, Amigo L, Mendoza H, Miquel JF, Vio C, Glick JM, Rodriguez A, Kozarsky K, Quinones V, Rigotti A, and Nervi F. Sterol carrier protein 2 gene transfer changes lipid metabolism and enterohepatic sterol circulation in mice. Gastroenterology 119: 1708-1719, 2000.
38. Zhang M and Chiang JY. Transcriptional regulation of the human sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP8B1): roles of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha in mediating bile acid repression. J Biol Chem 276: 41690-41699, 2001.