Aryl hydrocarbon receptors: Diversity and evolution

Chemico-Biological Interactions

Volumn 141, Issue 1-2, 2002, Pages 131-160

  Hahn, Mark E ^a  

^a WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

Author keywords

Ah receptor; AHR repressor; bHLH PAS; Dioxin; Fundulus; Zebrafish

Indexed keywords

AROMATIC HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR1; AROMATIC HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR2; AROMATIC HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR3; DIOXIN; RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; EVOLUTION; GENE DUPLICATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; INVERTEBRATE; MAMMAL; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLLUSC; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VERTEBRATE;

ANIMALS; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; HUMANS; PHYLOGENY; RECEPTORS, ARYL HYDROCARBON; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

ANIMALIA; AVES; DANIO RERIO; FUNDULUS; INVERTEBRATA; MAMMALIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0037145023     PISSN: 00092797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0009-2797(02)00070-4     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. Mombaerts P. Seven-transmembrane proteins as odorant and chemosensory receptors. Science. 286:1999;707-711.
2. Nebert D.W., Gonzalez F.J. P450 genes: structure, evolution, and regulation. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56:1987;945-993.
3. Gonzalez F.J., Nebert D.W. Evolution of the P450 gene superfamily. Trends Genet. 6:1990;182-186.
4. Brattsten L.B. Ecological significance of mixed-function oxidations. Drug. Metabol. Rev. 10:1979;35-58.
5. Dean M., Hamon Y., Chimini G. The human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. J. Lipid Res. 42:2001;1007-1017.
6. Waxman D.J. P450 gene induction by structurally diverse xenochemicals: central role of nuclear receptors CAR, PXR, and PPAR. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 369:1999;11-23.
7. Savas U., Griffin K.J., Johnson E.F. Molecular mechanisms of cytochrome P-450 induction by xenobiotics: an expanded role for nuclear hormone receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 56:1999;851-857.
8. Kliewer S.A., Lehmann J.M., Willson T.M. Orphan nuclear receptors: shifting endocrinology into reverse. Science. 284:1999;757-760.
9. Kliewer S.A., Lehmann J.M., Milburn M.V., Willson T.M. The PPARs and PXRs: nuclear xenobiotic receptors that define novel hormone signaling pathways. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 54:1999;345-367.
10. Honkakoski P., Negishi M. Regulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes by nuclear receptors. Biochem. J. 347:2000;321-337.
11. Higginbotham G.R., Huang A., Firestone D., Verrett J., Ress J., Campbell A.D. Chemical and toxicological evaluations of isolated and synthetic chloro derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxin. Nature. 220:1968;702-703.
12. Schwetz B.A., Norris J.M., Sparschu G.L., Rowe V.K., Gehring P., Emerson J.L., Gerbig C.G. Toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Environ. Health Perspect. 5:1973;87-89.
13. Poland A., Glover E. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: potent inducer of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. Science. 179:1973;476-477.
14. Poland A., Glover E. Comparison of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, a potent inducer of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, with 3-methyl-cholanthrene. Mol. Pharmacol. 10:1974;349-359.
15. Poland A., Glover E. Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: potent inducers of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. II. A study of the structure-activity relationship. Mol. Pharmacol. 9:1973;736-747.
16. Poland A., Glover E. Chlorinated biphenyl induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity: a study of the structure-activity relationship. Mol. Pharmacol. 13:1977;924-938.
17. Goldstein J.A., Hickman P., Bergman H., McKinney J.D., Walker M.P. Separation of pure polychlorinated biphenyl isomers into two types of inducers on the basis of induction of cytochrome P-450 or P-448. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 17:1977;69-87.
18. Poland A., Glover E., Robinson J.R., Nebert D.W. Genetic expression of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Induction of monooxygenase activities and cytochrome P1-450 formation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in mice genetically 'nonresponsive' to other aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Biol. Chem. 248:1974;5599-5606.
19. Nebert D.W., Goujon F.M., Gielen J.E. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by polycyclic hydrocarbons: simple autosomal trait in the mouse. Nature New Biol. 236:1972;107-110.
20. Poland A., Glover E. Genetic expression of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: evidence for a receptor mutation in genetically non-responsive mice. Mol. Pharmacol. 11:1975;389-398.
21. Poland A., Glover E., Kende A.S. Stereospecific, high-affinity binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by hepatic cytosol. J. Biol. Chem. 251:1976;4936-4946.
22. Whitlock J.P. Induction of cytochrome P4501A1. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 39:1999;103-125.
23. Poland A., Knutson J.C. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: examination of the mechanism of toxicity. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 22:1982;517-554.
24. Denison M.S., Seidel S.D., Rogers W.J., Ziccardi M., Winter G.M., Heath-Pagliuso S. Natural and synthetic ligands for the Ah receptor. Puga A., Wallace K., Molecular Biology of the Toxic Response. 1998;393-410 Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia. Chapter 23.
25. Pohjanvirta R., Tuomisto J. Short-term toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in laboratory animals: effects, mechanisms, and animal models. Pharmacol. Rev. 46:1994;483-549.
26. Burbach K.M., Poland A., Bradfield C.A. Cloning of the Ah receptor cDNA reveals a distinctive ligand-activated transcription factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;8185-8189.
27. Ema M., Sogawa K., Watanabe N., Chujoh Y., Matsushita N., Gotoh O., Funae Y., Fujii-Kuriyama Y. cDNA cloning and structure of mouse putative Ah receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 184:1992;246-253.
28. Schmidt J.V., Carver L.A., Bradfield C.A. Molecular characterization of the murine Ahr gene. Organization, promoter analysis, and chromosomal assignment. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;22203-22209.
29. Fernandez-Salguero P., Pineau T., Hilbert D.M., McPhail T., Lee S.S.T., Kimura S., Nebert D.W., Rudikoff S., Ward J.M., Gonzalez F.J. Immune system impairment and hepatic fibrosis in mice lacking the dioxin-binding Ah receptor. Science. 268:1995;722-726.
30. Schmidt J.V., Su G.H.-T., Reddy J.K., Simon M.C., Bradfield C.A. Characterization of a murine Ahr null allele: involvement of the Ah receptor in hepatic growth and development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;6731-6736.
31. Fernandez-Salguero P., Hilbert D.M., Rudikoff S., Ward J.M., Gonzalez F.J. Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice are resistant to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 140:1996;173-179.
32. Peters J.M., Narotsky M.G., Elizondo G., Fernandez-Salguero P.M., Gonzalez F.J., Abbott B.D. Amelioration of TCDD-induced teratogenesis in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-null mice. Toxicol. Sci. 47:1999;86-92.
33. Mimura J., Yamashita K., Nakamura K., Morita M., Takagi T., Nakao K., Ema M., Sogawa K., Yasuda M., Katsuki M., Fujii-Kuriyama Y. Loss of teratogenic response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice lacking the Ah (dioxin) receptor. Genes Cells. 2:1997;645-654.
34. Hundeiker C., Pineau T., Cassar G., Betensky R.A., Gleichmann E., Esser C. Thymocyte development in Ah-receptor-deficient mice is refractory to TCDD-inducible changes. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 21:1999;841-859.
35. Thurmond T.S., Silverstone A.E., Baggs R.B., Quimby F.W., Staples J.E., Gasiewicz T.A. A chimeric aryl hydrocarbon receptor knockout mouse model indicates that aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation in hematopoietic cells contributes to the hepatic lesions induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 158:1999;33-40.
36. Thurmond T.S., Staples J.E., Silverstone A.E., Gasiewicz T.A. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor has a role in the in vivo maturation of murine bone marrow B lymphocytes and their response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 165:2000;227-236.
37. Vorderstrasse B.A., Steppan L.B., Silverstone A.E., Kerkvliet N.I. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice generate normal immune responses to model antigens and are resistant to TCDD-induced immune suppression. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 171:2001;157-164.
38. Lahvis G.P., Lindell S.L., Thomas R.S., McCuskey R.S., Murphy C., Glover E., Bentz M., Southard J., Bradfield C.A. Portosystemic shunting and persistent fetal vascular structures in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;10442-10447.
39. Robles R., Morita Y., Mann K.K., Perez G.I., Yang S., Matikainen T., Sherr D.H., Tilly J.L. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor of the PAS gene family, is required for normal ovarian germ cell dynamics in the mouse. Endocrinology. 141:2000;450-453.
40. Fernandez-Salguero P.M., Ward J.M., Sundberg J.P., Gonzalez F.J. Lesions of aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice. Vet. Pathol. 34:1997;605-614.
41. Benedict J.C., Lin T.M., Loeffler I.K., Peterson R.E., Flaws J.A. Physiological role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mouse ovary development. Toxicol. Sci. 56:2000;382-388.
42. Lin T.-M., Ko K., Moore R.W., Buchanan D.L., Cooke P.S., Peterson R.E. Role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the development of control and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-exposed male mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 64A:2001;327-342.
43. Hushka L.J., Williams J.S., Greenlee W.F. Characterization of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran-dependent suppression and AH receptor pathway gene expression in the developing mouse mammary gland. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 152:1998;200-210.
44. Rubin G.M. Drosophila melanogaster as an experimental organism. Science. 240:1988;1453-1459.
45. Rubin G.M., Lewis E.B. A brief history of Drosophila's contributions to genome research. Science. 287:2000;2216-2218.
46. Kenyon C. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Science. 240:1988;1448-1453.
47. Hodgkin J., Plasterk R.H.A., Waterston R.H. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its genome. Science. 270:1995;410-414.
48. Driever W., Solnica-Krezel L., Schier A.F., Neuhauss S.C., Malicki J., Stemple D.L., Stainier D.Y., Zwartkruis F., Abdelilah S., Rangini Z., Belak J., Boggs C. A genetic screen for mutations affecting embryogenesis in zebrafish. Development. 123:1996;37-46.
49. Haffter P., Granato M., Brand M., Mullins M.C., Hammerschmidt M., Kane D.A., Odenthal J., van Eeden F.J., Jiang Y.J., Heisenberg C.P., Kelsh R.N., Furutani-Seiki M., Vogelsang E., Beuchle D., Schach U., Fabian C., Nusslein-Volhard C. The identification of genes with unique and essential functions in the development of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Development. 123:1996;1-36.
50. Brenner S., Elgar G., Sandford R., Macrae A., Venkatesh B., Aparicio S. Characterization of the pufferfish (Fugu) genome as a compact model vertebrate genome. Nature. 366:1993;265-268.
51. Venkatesh B., Gilligan P., Brenner S. Fugu: a compact vertebrate reference genome. FEBS Lett. 476:2000;3-7.
52. Gu Y.-Z., Hogenesch J.B., Bradfield C.A. The PAS superfamily: sensors of environmental and developmental signals. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 40:2000;519-561.
53. Crews S.T. Control of cell lineage-specific development and transcription by bHLH-PAS proteins. Genes Dev. 12:1998;607-620.
54. Hahn M.E. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a comparative perspective. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 121C:1998;23-53.
55. Somers D.E., Schultz T.F., Milnamow M., Kay S.A. ZEITLUPE encodes a novel clock-associated PAS protein from Arabidopsis. Cell. 101:2000;319-329.
56. Ballario P., Talora C., Galli D., Linden H., Macino G. Roles in dimerization and blue light photoresponse of the PAS and LOV domains of Neurospora crassa white collar proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 29:1998;719-729.
57. Pellequer J.L., Wagersmith K.A., Kay S.A., Getzoff E.D. Photoactive yellow protein: a structural prototype for the three-dimensional fold of the PAS domain superfamily. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;5884-5890.
58. Crosthwaite S.K., Dunlap J.C., Loros J.J. Neurospora wc-1 and wc-2: transcription, photoresponses, and the origins of circadian rhythmicity. Science. 276:1997;763-769.
59. Taylor B.L., Zhulin I.B. PAS domains: internal sensors of oxygen, redox potential, and light. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:1999;479-506.
60. Schmidt J.V., Bradfield C.A. Ah receptor signaling pathways. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12:1996;55-89.
61. Hankinson O. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 35:1995;307-340.
62. Rowlands J.C., Gustafsson J.A. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated signal transduction. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 27:1997;109-134.
63. Hahn M.E. Mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to dioxin-like compounds. Rev. Toxicol. 2:1998;395-443.
64. 1-450 by 3-methylcholanthrene. Mol. Pharmacol. 35:1989;823-830.
65. Poland A., Palen D., Glover E. Analysis of the four alleles of the murine aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 46:1994;915-921.
66. Chang C.Y., Smith D.R., Prasad V.S., Sidman C.L., Nebert D.W., Puga A. Ten nucleotide differences, five of which cause amino acid changes, are associated with the Ah receptor locus polymorphism of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Pharmacogenetics. 3:1993;312-321.
67. Ema M., Ohe N., Suzuki M., Mimura J., Sogawa K., Ikawa S., Fujii-Kuriyama Y. Dioxin binding activities of polymorphic forms of mouse and human aryl hydrocarbon receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;27337-27343.
68. Sun W., Zhang J., Hankinson O. A mutation in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in a cultured mammalian cell line identifies a novel region of AHR that affects DNA binding. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;31845-31854.
69. Pohjanvirta R., Viluksela M., Tuomisto J.T., Unkila M., Karasinska J., Franc M.A., Holowenko M., Giannone J.V., Harper P.A., Tuomisto J., Okey A.B. Physicochemical differences in the AH receptors of the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant rat strains. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 155:1999;82-95.
70. Pohjanvirta R., Wong J.M.Y., Li W., Harpur P.A., Tuomisto J., Okey A.B. Point mutation in intron sequence causes altered carboxyl-terminal structure in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor of the most 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-resistant rat strain. Mol. Pharmacol. 54:1998;86-93.
71. Gasiewicz T.A., Rucci G. Cytosolic receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Evidence for a homologous nature among various mammalian species. Mol. Pharmacol. 26:1984;90-98.
72. Henry E.C., Rucci G., Gasiewicz T.A. Characterization of multiple forms of the Ah receptor: comparison of species and tissues. Biochemistry. 28:1989;6430-6440.
73. Bank P.A., Yao E.F., Phelps C.L., Harper P.A., Denison M.S. Species-specific binding of transformed Ah receptor to a dioxin responsive transcriptional enhancer. Eur. J. Pharmacol.-Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. Sect. 228:1992;85-94.
74. Denison M.S., Vella L.M., Okey A.B. Structure and function of the Ah receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: species differences in molecular properties of the receptors from mouse and rat hepatic cytosols. J. Biol. Chem. 261:1986;3987-3995.
75. Sandoz C., Lesca P., Narbonne J.F. Hepatic Ah receptor binding affinity for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: similarity between beagle dog and cynomolgus monkey. Toxicol. Lett. 109:1999;115-121.
76. Okey A.B., Vella L.M., Iverson F. Ah receptor in primate liver: binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 62:1984;1292-1295.
77. Manchester D.K., Gordon S.K., Golas C.L., Roberts E.A., Okey A.B. Ah receptor in human placenta: stabilization by molybdate and characterization of binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 3-methylcholanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene. Cancer Res. 47:1987;4861-4868.
78. Lesca P., Witkamp R., Maurel P., Galtier P. The pig as a model for studying Ah receptor and other PAH-binding proteins inman. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 200:1994;475-481.
79. Korkalainen M., Tuomisto J., Pohjanvirta R. The Ah receptor of the most dioxin-sensitive species, guinea pig, is highly homologous to the human ah receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 285:2001;1121-1129.
80. Korkalainen M., Tuomisto J., Pohjanvirta R. Restructured transactivation domain in hamster AH receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 273:2000;272-281.
81. Kawajiri K., Watanabe J., Eguchi H., Nakachi K., Kiyohara C., Hayashi S.-I. Polymorphisms of human Ah receptor gene are not involved in lung cancer. Pharmacogenetics. 5:1995;151-158.
82. Micka J., Milatovich A., Menon A., Grabowski G.A., Puga A., Nebert D.W. Human Ah receptor (AHR) gene: localization to 7p15 and suggestive correlation of polymorphism with CYP1A1 inducibility. Pharmacogenetics. 7:1997;95-101.
83. Wanner R., Zober A., Abraham K., Kleffe J., Henz B.M., Wittig B. Polymorphism at codon 554 of the human Ah receptor: different allelic frequencies in Caucasians and Japanese and no correlation with severity of TCDD induced chloracne in chemical workers. Pharmacogenetics. 9:1999;777-780.
84. Smart J., Daly A.K. Variation in induced CYP1A1 levels: relationship to CYP1A1, Ah receptor and GSTM1 polymorphisms. Pharmacogenetics. 10:2000;11-24.
85. Anttila S., Lei X.D., Elovaara E., Karjalainen A., Sun W., Vainio H., Hankinson O. An uncommon phenotype of poor inducibility of CYP1A1 in human lung is not ascribable to polymorphisms in the AHR, ARNT, or CYP1A1 genes. Pharmacogenetics. 10:2000;741-751.
86. Anttila S., Tuominen P., Hirvonen A., Nurminen M., Karjalainen A., Hankinson O., Elovaara E. CYP1A1 levels in lung tissue of tobacco smokers and polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and aromatic hydrocarbon receptor. Pharmacogenetics. 11:2001;501-509.
87. Wong J.M., Harper P.A., Meyer U.A., Bock K.W., Morike K., Lagueux J., Ayotte P., Tyndale R.F., Sellers E.M., Manchester D.K., Okey A.B. Ethnic variability in the allelic distribution of human aryl hydrocarbon receptor codon 554 and assessment of variant receptor function in vitro. Pharmacogenetics. 11:2001;85-94.
88. Wong J.M., Okey A.B., Harper P.A. Human aryl hydrocarbon receptor polymorphisms that result in loss of CYP1A1 induction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 288:2001;990-996.
89. Cauchi S., Stucker I., Solas C., Laurent-Puig P., Cenee S., Hemon D., Jacquet M., Kremers P., Beaune P., Massaad-Massade L. Polymorphisms of human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) gene in a French population: relationship with CYP1A1 inducibility and lung cancer. Carcinogenesis. 22:2001;1819-1824.
90. Jensen B.A., Hahn M.E. cDNA cloning and characterization of a high affinity aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a cetacean, the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas. Toxicol. Sci. 64:2001;41-56.
91. E.-Y. Kim, M.E. Hahn, cDNA cloning and characterization of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor from the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): a biomarker of dioxin susceptibility? Aquat. Toxicol. 58 (2002) 57-73.
92. Ivnitski I., Elmaoued R., Walker M.K. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) inhibition of coronary development is preceded by a decrease in myocyte proliferation and an increase in cardiac apoptosis. Teratology. 64:2001;201-212.
93. Heid S.E., Walker M.K., Swanson H.I. Correlation of cardiotoxicity mediated by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons to aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. Toxicol. Sci. 61:2001;187-196.
94. Walker M.K., Catron T.F. Characterization of cardiotoxicity induced by 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related chemicals during early chick embryo development. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 167:2000;210-221.
95. Gilday D., Gannon M., Yutzey K., Bader D., Rifkind A.B. Molecular cloning and expression of two novel avian cytochrome P450 1A enzymes induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;33054-33059.
96. Sinclair P.R., Walton H.S., Gorman N., Jacobs J.M., Sinclair J.F. Multiple roles of polyhalogenated biphenyls in causing increases in cytochrome P450 and uroporphyrin accumulation in cultured hepatocytes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 147:1997;171-179.
97. Giesy J.P., Ludwig J.P., Tillitt D.E. Deformities in birds of the Great Lakes Region: assigning causality. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:1994;128-135.
98. Kennedy S.W., Lorenzen A., Jones S.P., Hahn M.E., Stegeman J.J. Cytochrome P4501A induction in avian hepatocyte cultures: a promising approach for predicting the sensitivity of avian species to toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 141:1996;214-230.
99. Lorenzen A., Shutt L., Kennedy S.W. Sensitivity of common tern (Sterna hirundo) embryo hepatocyte cultures to CYP1A induction and porphyrin accumulation by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and common tern egg extracts. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 32:1997;126-134.
100. Brunstrom B., Reutergardh L. Differences in sensitivity of some avian species to the embryotoxicity of a PCB, 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, injected into the eggs. Environ. Pollut. 42:1986;37-45.
101. Brunstrom B., Lund J. Differences between chick and turkey embryos in sensitivity to 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and in concentration/affinity of the hepatic receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 91C:1988;507-512.
102. Denison M.S., Okey A.B., Hamilton J.W., Bloom S.E., Wilkinson C.F. Ah receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: ontogeny in chick embryo liver. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 1:1986;39-49.
103. Sanderson J.T., Bellward G.D. Hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase-inducing potency in ovo and cytosolic Ah receptor binding affinity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: comparison of four avian species. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 132:1995;131-145.
104. Walker M.K., Heid S.E., Smith S.M., Swanson H.I. Molecular characterization and developmental expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor from the chick embryo. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 126C:2000;305-319.
105. Karchner S.I., Kennedy S.W., Trudeau S., Hahn M.E. Towards a molecular understanding of species differences in dioxin sensitivity: initial characterization of Ah receptor cDNAs in birds and an amphibian. Mar. Environ. Res. 50:2000;51-56.
106. S.I. Karchner, D.G. Franks, S.W. Kennedy, M.E. Hahn, cDNA cloning and molecular characterization of Ah receptors from common tern and chicken, in: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, 2001.
107. Marty J., Lesca P., Jaylet A., Ardourel C., Riviere J.L. In vivo and in vitro metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by the larva of the newt, Pleurodeles waltl. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 93C:1989;213-219.
108. Hahn M.E., Poland A., Glover E., Stegeman J.J. Photoaffinity labeling of the Ah receptor: phylogenetic survey of diverse vertebrate and invertebrate species. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 310:1994;218-228.
109. Walker M.K., Spitsbergen J.M., Olson J.R., Peterson R.E. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity during early life stage development of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48:1991;875-883.
110. Elonen G.E., Spehar R.L., Holcombe G.W., Johnson R.D., Fernandez J.D., Tietge J.E., Cook P.M. Comparative toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to seven freshwater species during early-life-stage development. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:1998;472-483.
111. Hornung M.W., Spitzbergen J.M., Peterson R.E. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters cardiovascular and craniofacial development and function in sac fry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicol. Sci. 47:1999;40-51.
112. Cantrell S.M., Lutz L.H., Tillitt D.E., Hannink M. Embryotoxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): the embryonic vasculature is a physiological target for TCDD-induced DNA damage and apoptotic cell death in Medaka (Orizias latipes). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 141:1996;23-34.
113. Belair C.D., Peterson R.E., Heideman W. Disruption of erythropoiesis by dioxin in the zebrafish. Dev. Dyn. 222:2001;581-594.
114. Wisk J.D., Cooper K.R. The stage specific toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in embryos of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:1990;1159-1169.
115. Hahn M.E. Dioxin toxicology and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor: insights from fish and other non-traditional models. Mar. Biotechnol. 3:2001;S224-S238.
116. Tanguay R.L., Abnet C.C., Heideman W., Peterson R.E. Cloning and characterization of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1444:1999;35-48.
117. Hahn M.E., Karchner S.I., Shapiro M.A., Perera S.A. Molecular evolution of two vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptors (AHR1 and AHR2) and the PAS family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;13743-13748.
118. Karchner S.I., Powell W.H., Hahn M.E. Identification and functional characterization of two highly divergent aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AHR1 and AHR2) in the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus. Evidence for a novel subfamily of ligand-binding basic helix-loop-helix Per-ARNT-Sim (bHLH-PAS) factors. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;33814-33824.
119. Wang W.-D., Chen Y.-M., Hu C.-H. Detection of Ah receptor and Ah receptor nuclear translocator mRNAs in the oocytes and developing embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 18:1998;49-57.
120. E.A. Andreasen, M.E. Hahn, W. Heideman, R.E. Peterson, R.L. Tanguay, The zebrafish (Danio rerio) aryl hydrocarbon receptor type 1 (zfAHR1) is a novel vertebrate receptor, Mol. Pharmacol. 62 (2002) 234-249.
121. I. Yamashita, T. Kawamura, Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor is Required for Prevention of Blood Clotting and the Development of Vasculature and Bone in the Embryos of Medaka Fish, Oryzias latipes, unpublished sequence in GenBank (2001) GenBank Accession Number AB065092.
122. Matsuura K. The pufferfish genus Fugu Abe, 1952, a junior subjective synonym of Takifugu Abe, 1949. Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo Ser. A. 18:1990;15-20.
123. Amores A., Force A., Yan Y.-L., Joly L., Amemiya C., Fritz A., Ho R.K., Langeland J., Prince V., Wang Y.-L., Westerfield M., Ekker M., Postlethwait J.H. Zebrafish hox clusters and vertebrate genome evolution. Science. 282:1998;1711-1714.
124. Taylor J.S., Van de Peer Y., Braasch I., Meyer A. Comparative genomics provides evidence for an ancient genome duplication event in fish. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 356:2001;1661-1679.
125. Force A., Lynch M., Pickett F.B., Amores A., Yan Y.-L., Postlethwait J.H. Preservation of duplicate genes by complementary, degenerative mutations. Genetics. 151:1999;1531-1545.
126. Lynch M., Force A. The probability of duplicate gene preservation by subfunctionalization. Genetics. 154:2000;459-473.
127. Roy N.K., Wirgin I. Characterization of the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor gene and its expression in Atlantic tomcod. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 344:1997;373-386.
128. Hahn M.E., Karchner S.I. Evolutionary conservation of the vertebrate Ah (dioxin) receptor: amplification and sequencing of the PAS domain of a teleost Ah receptor cDNA. Biochem. J. 310:1995;383-387.
129. Besselink H.T., Denison M.S., Hahn M.E., Karchner S.I., Vethaak A.D., Koeman J.H., Brouwer A. Low inducibility of CYP1A activity by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in flounder (Platichthys flesus): characterization of the Ah receptor and the role of CYP1A inhibition. Toxicol. Sci. 43:1998;161-171.
130. Abnet C.C., Tanguay R.L., Hahn M.E., Heideman W., Peterson R.E. Two forms of aryl hydrocarbon receptor type 2 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): evidence for differential expression and enhancer specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;15159-15166.
131. Abnet C.C., Tanguay R.L., Heideman W., Peterson R.E. Transactivation activity of human, zebrafish, and rainbow trout aryl hydrocarbon receptors expressed in COS-7 cells: greater insight into species differences in toxic potency of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 159:1999;41-51.
132. S.I. Karchner, D.G. Franks, W.H. Powell, M.E. Hahn, Regulatory interactions among three members of the vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon receptor family: AHR repressor, AHR1, and AHR2, J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 6949-6959.
133. Bell D.R., Poland A. Binding of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to AhR-interacting protein. The role of hsp90. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;36407-36414.
134. Betka M., Welenc A., Franks D.G., Hahn M.E., Callard G.V. Characterization of two aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mRNA forms in Squalus acanthias and stage-specific expression during spermatogenesis. Bull. Mt. Des. Isl. Biol. Lab. 39:2000;110-112.
135. R.R. Merson, M.E. Hahn, Are sharks susceptible to dioxins? cDNA cloning and characterization of elasmobranch aryl hydrocarbon receptors, in: Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 11), Plymouth, England, 2001.
136. Gee H. Before the Backbone. Views on the Origin of the Vertebrates. 1996;346 Chapman & Hall, London.
137. Hahn M.E., Woodin B.R., Stegeman J.J., Tillitt D.E. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor function in early vertebrates: inducibility of cytochrome P4501A in agnathan and elasmobranch fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 120C:1998;67-75.
138. Wilson R., Ainscough R., Anderson K., et al. 2.2 Mb of contiguous nucleotide sequence from chromosome III of C. elegans. Nature. 368:1994;32-38.
139. C. elegans Sequencing Consortium, Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology. The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium, Science 282 (1998) 2012-2018.
140. Powell-Coffman J.A., Bradfield C.A., Wood W.B. Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its heterodimerization partner the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;2844-2849.
141. Duncan D.M., Burgess E.A., Duncan I. Control of distal antennal identity and tarsal development in Drosophila by spineless-aristapedia, a homolog of the mammalian dioxin receptor. Genes Dev. 12:1998;1290-1303.
142. Butler R.B., Kelley M.L., Powell W.H., Hahn M.E., Van Beneden R.J. An aryl hydrocarbon receptor homologue from the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria: evidence that invertebrate AHR homologues lack TCDD and BNF binding. Gene. 278:2001;223-234.
143. L. Wiesner, W.H. Powell, S.I. Karchner, D.G. Franks, E.L. Cooper, E. Kauschke, M.E. Hahn, cDNA cloning of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) homologues in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), in: Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 11), Plymouth, England, 2001.
144. Livingstone D.R. Organic xenobiotic metabolism in marine invertebrates. Gilles R., Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology. 7:1991;45-185 Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
145. Tijet N., Helvig C., Feyereisen R. The cytochrome P450 gene superfamily in Drosophila melanogaster: annotation, intron-exon organization and phylogeny. Gene. 262:2001;189-198.
146. Snyder M.J. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in aquatic invertebrates: recent advances and future directions. Aquat. Toxicol. 48:2000;529-547.
147. West C.W., Ankley G.T., Nichols J.W., Elonen G.E., Nessa D.E. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in long term tests with the freshwater benthic invertebrates Chironomus tentans and Lumbriculus variegatus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:1997;1287-1294.
148. Dolwick K.M., Schmidt J.V., Carver L.A., Swanson H.I., Bradfield C.A. Cloning and expression of a human Ah receptor cDNA. Mol. Pharmacol. 44:1993;911-917.
149. Poland A., Glover E., Ebetino F.H., Kende A.S. Photoaffinity labeling of the Ah receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 261:1986;6352-6365.
150. Emmons R.B., Duncan D., Estes P.A., Kiefel P., Mosher J.T., Sonnenfeld M., Ward M.P., Duncan I., Crews S.T. The spineless-aristapedia and tango bHLH-PAS proteins interact to control antennal and tarsal development in Drosophila. Development. 126:1999;3937-3945.
151. Panganiban G. Distal-less function during Drosophila appendage and sense organ development. Dev. Dyn. 218:2000;554-562.
152. Godt D., Couderc J.L., Cramton S.E., Laski F.A. Pattern formation in the limbs of Drosophila: bric a brac is expressed in both a gradient and a wave-like pattern and is required for specification and proper segmentation of the tarsus. Development. 119:1993;799-812.
153. Kopp A., Duncan I., Carroll S.B. Genetic control and evolution of sexually dimorphic characters in Drosophila. Nature. 408:2000;553-559.
154. Zerucha T., Ekker M. Distal-less-related homeobox genes of vertebrates: evolution, function, and regulation. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 78:2000;593-601.
155. Ellies D.L., Langille R.M., Martin C.C., Akimenko M.A., Ekker M. Specific craniofacial cartilage dysmorphogenesis coincides with a loss of dlx gene expression in retinoic acid-treated zebrafish embryos. Mech. Develop. 61:1997;23-36.
156. Thomas B.L., Tucker A.S., Qui M., Ferguson C.A., Hardcastle Z., Rubenstein J.L., Sharpe P.T. Role of Dlx-1 and Dlx-2 genes in patterning of the murine dentition. Development. 124:1997;4811-4818.
157. Qiu M., Bulfone A., Ghattas I., Meneses J.J., Christensen L., Sharpe P.T., Presley R., Pedersen R.A., Rubenstein J.L. Role of the Dlx homeobox
158. Kattainen H., Tuukkanen J., Simanainen U., Tuomisto J.T., Kovero O., Lukinmaa P.L., Alaluusua S., Tuomisto J., Viluksela M. In utero/lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure impairs molar tooth development in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 174:2001;216-224.
159. Hovemann B.T., Sehlmeyer F., Malz J. Drosophila melanogaster NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase: pronounced expression in antennae may be related to odorant clearance. Gene. 189:1997;213-219.
160. Robertson H.M., Martos R., Sears C.R., Todres E.Z., Walden K.K., Nardi J.B. Diversity of odourant binding proteins revealed by an expressed sequence tag project on male Manduca sexta moth antennae. Insect. Mol. Biol. 8:1999;501-518.
161. Wang Q., Hasan G., Pikielny C.W. Preferential expression of biotransformation enzymes in the olfactory organs of Drosophila melanogaster, the antennae. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;10309-10315.
162. Mimura J., Ema M., Sogawa K., Fujii-Kuriyama Y. Identification of a novel mechanism of regulation of Ah (dioxin) receptor function. Genes Dev. 13:1999;20-25.
163. Whitelaw M., Gottlicher M., Gustafsson J.A., Poellinger L. Definition of a novel ligand binding domain of a nuclear bHLH receptor: co-localization of ligand and hsp90 binding activities within the regulable inactivation domain of the dioxin receptor. EMBO J. 12:1993;4169-4179.
164. Fukunaga B.N., Probst M.R., Reiszporszasz S., Hankinson O. Identification of functional domains of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;29270-29278.
165. Dolwick K.M., Swanson H.I., Bradfield C.A. In vitro analysis of Ah receptor domains involved in ligand-activated DNA recognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;8566-8570.
166. Baba T., Mimura J., Gradin K., Kuroiwa A., Watanabe T., Matsuda Y., Inazawa J., Sogawa K., Fujii-Kuriyama Y. Structure and expression of the Ah receptor repressor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;33101-33110.
167. Adams M.D., Celniker S.E., Holt R.A., et al. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science. 287:2000;2185-2195.
168. Lander E.S., Linton L.M., Birren B., et al. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature. 409:2001;860-921.
169. Venter J.C., Adams M.D., Myers E.W., et al. The sequence of the human genome. Science. 291:2001;1304-1351.
170. Gates M.A., Kim L., Egan E.S., Cardozo T., Sirotkin H.I., Dougan S.T., Lashkari D., Abagyan R., Schier A.F., Talbot W.S. A genetic linkage map for zebrafish: comparative analysis and localization of genes and expressed sequences. Genome Res. 9:1999;334-347.
171. Sharman A.C., Holland P.W.H. Conservation, duplication, and divergence of developmental genes during chordate evolution. Neth. J. Zool. 46:1996;47-67.
172. Ohno S. Evolution by Gene Duplication. 1970;160 Springer-Verlag, New York.
173. Iwabe N., Kuma K., Miyata T. Evolution of gene families and relationship with organismal evolution: rapid divergence of tissue-specific genes in the early evolution of chordates. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13:1996;483-493.
174. Spring J. Vertebrate evolution by interspecific hybridisation - are we polyploid? FEBS Lett. 400:1997;2-8.
175. Wolfe K.H. Yesterday's polyploids and the mystery of diploidization. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2:2001;333-340.
176. Knoll A.H., Carroll S.B. Early animal evolution: emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Science. 284:1999;2129-2137.
177. Nei M., Xu P., Glazko G. Estimation of divergence times from multiprotein sequences for a few mammalian species and several distantly related organisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98:2001;2497-2502.
178. Holland P.W., Garcia-Fernandez J., Williams N.A., Sidow A. Gene duplications and the origins of vertebrate development. Dev. Suppl. 1994;125-133.
179. Nagase T., Ishikawa K., Kikuno R., Hirosawa M., Nomura N., Ohara O. Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XV. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro. DNA Res. 6:1999;337-345.
180. Watanabe T., Imoto I., Kosugi Y., Fukuda Y., Mimura J., Fujii Y., Isaka K., Takayama M., Sato A., Inazawa J. Human arylhydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) gene: genomic structure and analysis of polymorphism in endometriosis. J. Hum. Genet. 46:2001;342-346.
181. Stegeman J.J., Hahn M.E. Biochemistry and molecular biology of monooxygenases: current perspectives on forms, functions, and regulation of cytochrome P450 in aquatic species. Malins D.C., Ostrander G.K., Aquatic Toxicology: Molecular, Biochemical and Cellular Perspectives. 1994;87-206 CRC/Lewis, Boca Raton.
182. Heilmann L.J., Sheen Y.Y., Bigelow S.W., Nebert D.W. The trout P450IA1: cDNA and deduced protein sequence, expression in liver, and evolutionary significance. DNA. 7:1988;379-387.
183. Morrison H.G., Weil E.J., Karchner S.I., Sogin M.L., Stegeman J.J. Molecular cloning of CYP1A from the estuarine fish Fundulus heteroclitus and phylogenetic analysis of CYP1A genes: update with new sequences. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 121C:1998;231-240.
184. Morrison H.G., Oleksiak M.F., Cornell N.W., Sogin M.L., Stegeman J.J. Identification of cytochrome P-450 1A (CYP1A) genes from two teleost fish, toadfish (Opsanus tau) and scup (Stenotomus chrysops), and phylogenetic analysis of CYP1A genes. Biochem. J. 308:1995;97-104.
185. Berndtson A.K., Chen T.T. Two unique CYP1 genes are expressed in response to 3-methylcholanthrene treatment in rainbow trout. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 310:1994;187-195.
186. Roy N.K., Konkle B., Wirgin I. Characterization of CYP1A1 regulatory elements in cancer-prone Atlantic tomcod. Pharmacogenetics. 6:1996;273-277.
187. Carvan M.J. III, Ponomareva L.V., Solis W.A., Matlib R.S., Puga A., Nebert D.W. Trout CYP1A3 gene: recognition of fish DNA motifs by mouse regulatory proteins. Mar. Biotechnol. 1:1999;155-166.
188. Williams T.D., Lee J.S., Sheader D.L., Chipman J.K. The cytochrome P450 1A gene (CYP1A) from European flounder (Platichthys flesus), analysis of regulatory regions and development of a dual luciferase reporter gene system. Mar. Environ. Res. 50:2000;1-6.
189. James M.O., Bend J.R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon induction of cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidases in marine fish. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 54:1980;117-133.
190. Bend J.R., Pohl R.J., Davidson N.P., Fouts J.R. Response of hepatic and renal microsomal mixed-function oxidases in the little skate, Raja erinacea, to pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene or TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin). Bull. Mt. Desert Island Biol. Lab. 14:1974;7-12.
191. Pohl R.J., Fouts J.R., Bend J.R. Response of hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases in the little skate, Raja erinacea, and the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus to pretreatment with TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) or DBA (1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene). Bull. Mt. Desert Island Biol. Lab. 15:1975;64-66.
192. Ronis M.J.J., Andersson T., Hansson T., Walker C.H. Differential expression of multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 in vertebrates: antibodies to purified rat cytochrome P-450 as molecular probes for the evolution of P-450 gene families I and II. Mar. Environ. Res. 28:1989;131-135.
193. Goksøyr A., Andersson T., Buhler D.R., Stegeman J.J., Williams D.E., Forlin L. Immunochemical cross-reactivity of β-naphthoflavone-inducible cytochrome P450 (P450IA) in liver microsomes from different fish species and rat. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 9:1991;1-13.
194. Phelan D., Winter G.M., Rogers W.J., Lam J.C., Denison M.S. Activation of the Ah receptor signal transduction pathway by bilirubin and biliverdin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 357:1998;155-163.
195. Sinal C.J., Bend J.R. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent induction of Cyp1a1 by bilirubin in mouse hepatoma Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 52:1997;590-599.
196. Fitch W.M. Distinguishing homologous from analogous proteins. Syst. Zool. 19:1970;99-113.
197. Carver L.A., Hogenesch J.B., Bradfield C.A. Tissue specific expression of the rat Ah-receptor and ARNT mRNAs. Nucl. Acids Res. 22:1994;3038-3044.
198. Elferink C.J., Whitlock J.P. Dioxin-dependent, DNA sequence-specific binding of a multiprotein complex containing the Ah receptor. Receptor. 4:1994;157-173.
199. Takahashi Y., Nakayama K., Shimojima T., Itoh S., Kamataki T. Expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt) in adult rabbits known to be non-responsive to cytochrome P-450 1A1 (CYP1A1) inducers. Eur. J. Biochem. 242:1996;512-518.
200. E.-Y. Kim, M.E. Hahn, H. Iwata, S. Tanabe, N. Miyazaki, cDNA cloning of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor from Baikal Seals (Phoca sibirica), Mar. Environ. Res. (2002) in revision.
201. Makino Y., Cao R., Svensson K., Bertilsson G., Asman M., Tanaka H., Cao Y., Berkenstam A., Poellinger L. Inhibitory PAS domain protein is a negative regulator of hypoxia-inducible gene expression. Nature. 414:2001;550-554.
202. Gu Y.-Z., Moran S.M., Hogenesch J.B., Wartman L., Bradfield C.A. Molecular characterization and chromosomal localization of a third a-class hypoxia inducible factor subunit, HIF3a. Gene Expr. 7:1998;205-213.
203. Thompson J.D., Gibson T.J., Plewniak F., Jeanmougin F., Higgins D.G. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucl. Acids Res. 25:1997;4876-4882.
204. D.L. Swofford, PAUP*, Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, 1998.
205. C. Beck, J.J. DePowell, W.H. Powell. Characterization of aryl hydrocarbon signaling proteins from Xenopus laevis. Toxicol. Sci. 66 (1-5) (2002) 256 (Abstract 1256).