Control of cell lineage-specific development and transcription by bHLH- PAS proteins

Genes and Development

Volumn 12, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 607-620

  Crews, Stephen T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HELIX LOOP HELIX PROTEIN;

ANIMAL CELL; CELL LINE; DROSOPHILA; GENE ACTIVATION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ANIMALIA; EUKARYOTA;

EID: 0032030839     PISSN: 08909369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/gad.12.5.607     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Abbott, B.D. and M.R. Probst. 1995. Developmental expression of two members of a new class of transcription factors: II. Expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator in the C57BL/6N mouse embryo. Dev. Dynam. 204: 144-155.
2. Bate, C.M. and E.B. Grunewald. 1981. Embryogenesis of an insect nervous system II: A second class of neuron precursor cells and the origin of the intersegmental connectives. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 61: 317-330.
3. Bossing, T. and G.M. Technau. 1994. The fate of the CNS midline progenitors in Drosophila as revealed by a new method for single cell labelling. Development 120: 1895-1906.
4. Brennan, T.J., T. Chakraborty, and E.N. Olson. 1991. Mutagenesis of the myogenin basic region identified an ancient protein motif critical for activation of myogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88: 5675-5679.
5. Bunn, F.H. and R.O. Poyton. 1996. Oxygen sensing and molecular adaptation to hypoxia. Physiol. Rev. 3: 839-885.
6. Burbach, K.M., A. Poland, and C.A. Bradfield. 1992. Cloning of the Ah-receptor cDNA reveals a distinctive ligand-activated transcription factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 8185-8189.
7. Campos-Ortega, J.A. and V. Hartenstein. 1985. The embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany.
8. Chang, Z., B.D. Price, S. Bockheim, M.J. Boedigheimer, R. Smith, and A. Laughon. 1993. Molecular and genetic characterization of the Drosophila tartan gene. Dev. Biol. 160: 315-332.
9. Chen, H., R. Chrast, C. Rossier, A. Gos, S.E. Antonarakis, J. Kudoh, A. Yamaki, N. Shindoh, H. Maeda, S. Minoshima, and N. Shimizu. 1995. Single-minded and Down syndrome. Nature Genet. 10: 9-10.
10. Chien, C-T., C-D. Hsiao, L.Y. Jan, and Y.N. Jan. 1996. Neuronal type information encoded in the basic-helix-loop-helix domain of proneural genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 13239-13244.
11. Chrast, R., H.S. Scott, H. Chen, J. Kudoh, C. Roisser, S. Minoshima, Y. Wang, N. Shimizu, and S.E. Antonarakis. 1997. Cloning of two human homologs of the Drosophila single-minded gene SIM1 on Chromosome 6q and SIM2 on 21q within the Down Syndrome chromosomal region. Genome Res. 7: 615-624.
12. Coumailleau, P., L. Poellinger, J.-A. Gustafsson, and M.L. Whitelaw. 1995. Definition of a minimal domain of the dioxin receptor that is associated with hsp90 and maintains wild type ligand binding affinity and specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 25291-25300.
13. Crews, S., R. Franks, S. Hu, B. Matthews, and J. Nambu. 1992. The Drosophila single-minded gene and the molecular genetics of CNS midline development. J. Exp. Zool. 261: 234-244.
14. Crews, S.T., J.B. Thomas, and C.S. Goodman. 1988. The Drosophila single-minded gene encodes a nuclear protein with sequence similarity to the per gene product. Cell 52: 143-151.
15. Dahmane, N., G. Charron, C. Lopes, M.L. Yaspo, C. Maunoury, L. Decorte, P.M. Sinet, B. Bloch, and J.M. Delabar. 1995. Down syndrome-critical region contains a gene homologous to Drosophila sim expressed during rat and human central nervous system development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 9191-9195.
16. Davis, R.L. and H. Weintraub. 1992. Acquisition of myogenic specificity by replacement of three amino acid residues from MyoD into E12. Science 256: 1027-1030.
17. Davis, R.L., P.F. Cheng, A.B. Lassar, and H. Weintraub. 1990. The MyoD DNA binding domain contains a recognition code for muscle-specific gene activation. Cell 60: 733-746.
18. Dolwick, K.M., H.I. Swanson, and C.A. Bradfield. 1993. In vitro analysis of Ah receptor domains involved in ligand-activated DNA recognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90: 8566-8570.
19. Eguchi, H., T. Ikuta, T. Tachibana, Y. Yoneda, and K. Kawajiri. 1997. A nuclear localization signal of human aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator/hypoxia-inducible factor 1β is a novel bipartite type recognized by the two components of nuclear pore-targeting complex. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 17640-17647.
20. Ema, M., M. Morita, S. Ikawa, M. Tanaka, Y. Matsuda, O. Gotoh, Y. Saijoh, H. Fujii, H. Hamada, and Y. Fujii-Kuriyama. 1997a. Two new members of murine Sim gene family are transcriptional repressors and show different expression patterns during mouse embryogenesis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 5865-5875.
21. Ema, M., K. Sogawa, N. Watanabe, Y. Chujoh, N. Matsushita, O. Gotoh, Y. Funae, and Y. Fujii-Kuriyama. 1992. cDNA cloning and structure of mouse putative Ah receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 184: 246-253.
22. Ema, M., S. Taya, N. Yokotani, K. Sogawa, Y. Matsuda, and Y. Fujii-Kuriyama. 1997b. A novel bHLH-PAS factor with close sequence similarity to hypoxia-inducible factor 1α regulates the VEGF expression and is potentially involved in lung and vascular development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 4273-4278.
23. Fan, C.M., E. Kuwana, A. Bulfone, C.F. Fletcher, N.G. Copeland, N.A. Jenkins, S. Crews, S. Martinez, L. Puelles, J.L.R. Rubenstein, and M. Tessier-Lavigne. 1996. Expression patterns of two murine homologs of Drosophila single-minded suggest possible roles in embryonic patterning and in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 7: 1-16.
24. Firth, J.D., B.L. Ebert, C.W. Pugh, and P.J. Ratcliffe. 1994. Oxygen-regulated control elements in the phosphoglycerate kinase 1 and lactate dehydrogenase A genes: Similarities with the erythropoietin 3′ enhancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 6496-6500.
25. Franks, R.G. and S.T. Crews. 1994. Transcriptional activation domains of the Single-minded bHLH protein are required for CNS midline cell development. Mech. Dev. 45: 269-277.
26. L. Science 270: 811-815.
27. Golembo, M., E. Rax, and B.Z. Shilo. 1996. The Drosophila embryonic midline is the site of Spitz processing, and induces activation of the EGF receptor in the ventral ectoderm. Development 122: 3363-3370.
28. Goodman, C.S. 1982. Embryonic development of identified neurons in the Grasshopper. In Neuronal development (ed. N.C. Spitzer), Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, NY.
29. _. 1996. Mechanisms and molecules that control growth cone guidance. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19: 341-377.
30. Goodman, C.S. and C.Q. Doe. 1993. Embryonic development of the Drosophila central nervous system. In The development of Drosophila melanogaster. (ed. M. Bate and A. Martinez-Arias), pp. 1131-1206. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
31. Guillemin, K. and M.A. Krasnow. 1997. The Hypoxic Response: Huffing and HIFing. Cell 89: 9-12.
32. Hankinson, O. 1995. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Taxicol. 35: 307-340.
33. Harris, R., L.M. Sabatelli, and M.A. Seeger. 1996. Guidance cues at the Drosophila CNS midline: Identification and characterization of two Drosophila Netrin/UNC6 homologs. Neuron 17: 217-228.
34. Hoffman, E.C., H. Reyes, F. Chu, F. Sander, L.H. Conley, B.A. Brooks, and O. Hankinson. 1991. Cloning of a subunit of the DNA-hinding form of the Ah (dioxin) receptor. Science 252: 954-958.
35. Hogenesch, J.B., W.K. Chan, V.H. Kackiw, R.C. Brown, Y.-Z. Gu, M. Pray-Grant, G.H. Perdew, and C.A. Bradfield. 1997. Characterization of a subset of the basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS superfamily that interacts with components of the dioxin signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 8581-8593.
36. Huang, J.-D., T. Dubnicoff, G.-J. Liaw, Y. Bai, S. Valentine, J. Shirokawa, J.A. Lengyel, and A.J. Courey. 1995. Binding sites for transcription factor NTF-1/Elf-1 contribute to the ventral repression of decapentaplegic. Genes & Dev. 9: 3177-3189.
37. Huang, Z.J., I. Edery, and M. Rosbash. 1993. PAS is a dimerization domain common to Drosophila period and several transcription factors. Nature 364: 259-262.
38. Ip, Y.T., R.E. Park, D. Kosman, E. Bier, and M. Levine. 1992. The dorsal gradient morphogen regulates stripes of rhomboid expression in the presumptive neuroectoderm of the Drosophila embryo. Genes & Dev. 6: 1728-1739.
39. Isaac, D.D. and D.J. Andrew. 1996. Tubulogenesis in Drosophila: A requirement for the trachealess gene product. Genes & Dev. 10: 103-117.
40. Jan, Y.N. and L.Y. Jan. 1993. HLH proteins, fly neurogensis, and vertebrate myogenesis. Cell 75: 827-830.
41. Jacobs, J.R. and C.S. Goodman. 1989. Embryonic development of axon pathways in the Drosophila CNS. I. A glial scaffold appears before the first growth cones. J. Neurosci. 9: 2402-2411.
42. Jain, S., K.M. Dolwick, J.V. Schmidt, and C.A. Bradfield. 1994. Potent transactivation domains of the Ah receptor and the Ah receptor nuclear translocator map to their carhoxyl termini. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 31518-31524.
43. Jiang, J., H. Cai, Q. Zhou, and M. Levine. 1993. Conversion of a dorsal-dependent silencer into an enhancer: Evidence for dorsal corepressors. EMBO J. 12: 3201-3209.
44. Jiang, J. and M. Levine. 1993. Binding affinities and cooperative interactions with bHLH activators delimit threshold responses to the Drosal gradient morphogen. Cell 72: 741-752.
45. Kasai, Y., J.R. Nambu, P.M. Lieberman, and S.T. Crews. 1992. Dorsal-ventral patterning in Drosophila: DNA binding of snail protein to the single-minded gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 3414-3418.
46. Kim, S.H. and S.T. Crews. 1993. Influence of Drosophila ventral epidermal development by the CNS midline cells and spitz class genes. Development 118: 893-901.
47. King, D.P., Y. Zhao, A.M. Sangoram, L.D. Wilsbacher, M. Tanaka, M.P. Antoch, T.D.L. Steeves, M.H. Vitaterna, J.M. Kornhauser, P.L. Lowrey, F.W. Turek, and J.S. Takahashi. 1997. Positional cloning of the mouse circadian Clock gene. Cell 89: 641-653.
48. Kirov, N., L. Zhelnin, J. Shah, and C. Rushlow. 1993. Conversion of a silencer into an enhancer: Evidence for a co-repressor in dorsal-mediated repression in Drosophila. EMBO J. 12: 3193-3199.
49. Klämbt, C., J.R. Jacobs, and C.S. Goodman. 1991. The midline of the Drosophila central nervous system: A model for the genetic analysis of cell fate, cell migration, and growth cone guidance. Cell 64: 801-815.
50. Kolodziej, P.A., L.C. Timpe, K.J. Mitchell, S.R. Fried, C.S. Goodman, L.Y. Jan, and Y.N. Jan. 1996. frazzled encodes a Drosophila member of the DCC immunoglobulin subfamily and is required for CNS and motor axon guidance. Cell 87: 197-204.
51. Kosman, D., Y.T. Ip, M. Levine, and K. Arora. 1991. Establishment of the mesoderm-neuroectoderm boundary in the Drosophila embryo. Science 254: 118-122.
52. Lamb, B.T. and J.D. Gearhart. 1995. YAC transgenics and the study of genetics and human disease. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5: 342-348.
53. Leptin, M. 1991. twist and snail as positive and negative regulators during Drosophila mesoderm development. Genes & Dev. 5: 1568-1576.
54. Leptin, M. and B. Grunewald. 1990. Cell shape changes during gastrulation in Drosophila. Development 110: 73-84.
55. Lewis, J.O. 1994. "The single-minded gene of Drosophila and its role in development of the embryonic central nervous system and larval muscles." Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
56. Lewis, J.O. and S.T. Crews. 1994. Genetic analysis of the Drosophila single-minded gene reveals a CNS influence on muscle patterning. Mech. Dev. 48: 81-91.
57. Li, H., L. Dong, and J.P. Whitlock. 1994. Transcriptional activation function of the mouse Ah receptor nuclear translocator. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 28098-28105.
58. Linden, H. and G. Macino. 1997. White collar 2, a partner in blue-light signal transduction, controlling expression of light-regulated genes in Neurospora crassa. EMEO J. 16: 98-109.
59. Littlewood, T.D. and G.I. Evan. 1995. Transcription factors 2: helix-loop-helix. Protein Profile 2: 621-702.
60. Lüer, K., J. Urban, C. Klämbt, and G.M. Technau. 1997. Induction of identified mesodermal cells by CNS midline progenitors in Drosophila. Development 124: 2681-2690.
61. Ma, Q. and J.J.P. Whitlock. 1997. A novel cytoplasmic protein that interacts with the Ah receptor, contains tetratricopeptide repeat motifs, and augments the transcriptional response to 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 8878-8884.
62. Manning, G. and M.A. Krasnow. 1993. Development of the Drosophila tracheal system. In The development of Drosophila melanogaster. (ed. M. Bate and A. Martinez Arias), pp. 609-685. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
63. Martin-Bermudo, M.D., A. Carmena, and F. Jimenez. 1995. Neurogenic genes control gene expression at the transcriptional level in early neurogenesis and in mesectoderm specification. Development 121: 219-224.
64. Mayer, U. and C. Nüsslein-Volhard. 1988. A Group of genes required for pattern formation in the ventral ectoderm of the Drosophila embryo. Genes & Dev. 2: 1496-1511.
65. McGuire, J., P. Coumailleau, M.L. Whitelaw, J.-A. Gustafsson, and L. Poellinger. 1996. The basic helix-loop-helix/PAS factor Sim is associated with hsp90. J. Biol. Chem. 52: 31353-31357.
66. Mellerick, D.M. and M. Nirenberg. 1995. Dorsal-ventral patterning genes restrict NK-2 homeobox gene expression to the ventral half of the central nervous system of Drosophila embryos. Dev. Biol. 171: 306-316.
67. Menne, T.V. and C. Klämbt. 1994. The formation of commissures in the Drosophila CNS depends on the midline cells and on the Notch gene. Development 120: 123-133.
68. Menne, T.V., K. Lüer, G.M. Technau, and C. Klämbt. 1997. CNS midline cells in Drosophila induce the differentiation of lateral neural cells. Development 124: 4949-4958.
69. Michaud, J. and C.M. Fan. 1997. Single-minded-two genes, three chromosomes. Genome Res. 7: 569-571.
70. Mitchell, K.J., J.L. Doyle, T. Serafini, T. Kennedy, M. Tessier-Lavigne, C.S. Goodman, and B.J. Dickson. 1996. Genetic analysis of Netrin genes in Drosophila: Netrins control guidance of commissural axons and peripheral motor axons. Neuron 17: 203-215.
71. Moffett, P., M. Reece, and J. Pelletier. 1997. The murine Sim-2 gene product inhibits transcription by active repression and functional interference. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 4933-4947.
72. Molkentin, J.D., B.L. Black, J.F. Martin, and E.N. Olson. 1995. Cooperative activation of muscle gene expression by MEF2 and myogenic bHLH proteins. Cell 83: 1125-1136.
73. Muenke, M., L.J. Bone, H.F. Mitchell, I. Hart, K. Walton, K. Hall-Johnson, E.F. Ippel, J. Dietz-Band, K. Kvaloy, C.-F. Fan, M. Tessier-Lavigne, and D. Patterson. 1995. Physical mapping of the holoprosencephaly critical region in 21q22.3, exclusion of SIM2 as a candidate gene for holoprosencephaly, and mapping of SIM2 to a region of chromosome 21 important for Down Syndrome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57: 1074-1079.
74. Muralidhar, M.G., C.A. Callahan, and J.B. Thomas. 1993. Single-minded regulation of genes in the embryonic midline of the Drosophila central nervous system. Mech. Dev. 41: 129-138.
75. Nagao, M., B.L. Ebert, P.J. Ratcliffe, and C.W. Pugh. 1996. Drosophila melanogaster SL2 ceils contain a hypoxically inducible DNA binding complex which recognises mammalian HIF-1 binding sites. FEBS Lett. 387: 161-166.
76. Nambu, J.R., R.G. Franks, S. Hu, and S.T. Crews. 1990. The single-minded gene of Drosophila is required for the expression of genes important for the development of CNS midline cells. Cell 63: 63-75.
77. Nambu, J.R., J.L. Lewis, K.A. Wharton, and S.T. Crews. 1991. The Drosophila single-minded gene encodes a helix-loop-helix protein that acts as a master regulator of CNS midline development. Cell 67: 1157-1167.
78. Nambu, J.R., J.O. Lewis, and S.T. Crews. 1993. The development and function of the Drosophila CNS midline cells. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 104A: 399-409.
79. Nambu, J.R., W. Chen, S. Hu, and S.T. Crews. 1996. The Drosophila melanogaster similar bHLH-PAS gene encodes a protein related to human Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and Drosophila Single-minded. Gene 172: 249-254.
80. Ohshiro, T. and K. Saigo. 1997. Transcriptional regulation of breathless FGF receptor gene by binding of TRACHEALESS/ dARNT heterodimers to three central midline elements in Drosophila developing trachea. Development 124: 3975-3986.
81. Pollenz, R.S., C.A. Sattler, and A. Poland. 1994. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein show distinct subcellular localizations in Hepa 1c1c7 cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. Mol. Pharmacol. 45: 428-438.
82. Probst, M.R., C.-M. Fan, M. Tessier-Lavigne, and O. Hankinson. 1997. Two murine homologs of the Drosophila Single-minded protein that interact with the mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 4451-4457.
83. Rao, Y., H. Vaessin, L.Y. Jan, and Y.-N. Jan. 1991. Neuroectoderm in Drosophila embryos is dependent on the mesoderm for positioning but not for formation. Genes & Dev. 5: 1577-1588.
84. Raz, E. and B.-Z. Shilo. 1992. Dissection of the faint little ball (flb) phenotype: Determination of the development of the Drosophila central nervous system by early interactions in the ectoderm. Development 114: 113-123.
85. Reeves, R.H., N.G. Irving, T.H. Moran, A. Wohn, C. Kitt, S.S. Sisodia, C. Schmidt, R.T. Bronson, and M.T. Davisson. 1995. A mouse model for Down syndrome exhibits learning and behaviour deficits. Nature Genet. 11: 177-184.
86. Roth, S., D. Stein, and C. Nüsslein-Volhard. 1989. A gradient of nuclear localization of the dorsal protein determines dorsoventral pattern in the Drosophila embryo. Cell 59: 1189-1202.
87. Rowlands, J.C. and J.-A. Gustafsson. 1997. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated signal transduction. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 27: 109-134.
88. Rusch, J. and M. Levine. 1996. Threshold responses to the dorsal regulatory gradient and the subdivision of primary tissue territories in the Drosophila embryo. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 6: 416-423.
89. Rushlow, C., K. Han, J.L. Manley, and M. Levine. 1989. The graded distribution of the dorsal morphogen is initiated by selective nuclear transport in Drosophila. Cell 59: 1165-1177.
90. Rushlow, C.A. and K. Arora. 1990. Dorsal-ventral polarity and pattern formation in Drosophila. Semin. Cell Biol. 1: 137-149.
91. Seeger, M.A., G. Tear, D. Ferres-Marco, and C.S. Goodman. 1993. Mutations affecting growth cone guidance in Drosophila: Genes necessary for guidance towards or away from the midline. Neuron 10: 409-426.
92. Semenza, G.L., P.H. Roth, H.-M. Fang, and G.L. Wang. 1994. Transcriptional regulation of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 23757-23763.
93. Shue, G. and D.S. Kohtz. 1994. Structural and functional aspects of basic helix-loop-helix folding by Heat-shock Protein 90. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 2707-2711.
94. Sonnenfeld, M., M. Ward, G. Nystrom, J. Mosher, S. Stahl, and S. Crews. 1997. The Drosophila tango gene encodes a bHLH-PAS protein that is orthologous to mammalian Amt and controls CNS midline and tracheal development. Development 124: 4583-4594.
95. Sonnenfeld, M.J. and J.R. Jacobs. 1994. Mesectodermal cell fate analysis in Drosophila midline mutants. Mech. Dev. 46: 3-13.
96. Steward, R. 1989. Relocalization of the dorsal protein from the cytoplasm correlates with its function. Cell 59: 1179-1188.
97. Sun, W., J. Zhang, and O. Hankinson. 1997. A mutation in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in a cultured mammalian cell line identifies a novel region of AHR that affects DNA binding. J. Biol. Chem. 50: 31845-31854.
98. Sun, Z.S., U. Albrecht, O. Zhuchenko, J. Bailey, G. Eichele, and C.C. Lee. 1997. RIGUI, a putative mammalian ortholog of the Drosophila period gene. Cell 90: 1003-1011.
99. Swanson, H.I. and C.A. Bradlield. 1993. The AH-receptor: Genetics, structure and function. Pharmacogenetics 3: 213-230.
100. Swanson, H.I., W.K. Chan, and C.A. Bradfield. 1995. DNA binding specificities and pairing rules of the Ah receptor, ARNT, and SIM proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 26292-26302.
101. Tear, G., R. Harris, S. Sutaria, K. Kilomanski, C.S. Goodman, and M. Seeger. 1996. commissureless controls growth cone guidance across the CNS midline in Drosophila and encodes a novel membrane protein. Neuron 16: 501-514.
102. Tei, H., H. Okamura, Y. Shigeyoshi, C. Fukuhara, R. Ozawa, M. Horise, and Y. Sakaki. 1997. Circadian oscillation of a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila period gene. Nature 389: 512-516.
103. Thomas, J.B., S.T. Crews, and C.S. Goodman. 1988. Molecular genetics of the single-minded locus: A gene involved in the development of the Drosophila nervous system. Cell 52: 133-141.
104. Tian, H., S.L. McKnight, and D.W. Russell. 1997. Endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1), a transcription factor selectively expressed in endothelial cells. Genes & Dev. 11: 72-82.
105. Wang, G.L., B.-H. Jaing, E. Rue, and G.L. Semenza. 1995. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 5510-5514.
106. Ward, M.P. and S.T. Crews. 1998. Regulation of Drosophila bHLH-PAS protein cellular localization during embryogenesis. Development (in press).
107. Weintraub, H., R. Davis, S. Tapscott, M. Thayer, M. Krause, R. Benezra, T.K. Blackwell, D. Turner, R. Rupp, S. Hollenberg, Y. Zhuang, and A. Lasser. 1991. The myoD gene family: Nodal point during specification of the muscle cell lineage. Science 251: 761-766.
108. Wharton, K.A., Jr. and S.T. Crews. 1993. CNS midline enhancers of the Drosophila slit and Toll genes. Mech. Dev. 40: 141-154.
109. Wharton, K.A., Jr., R.G. Franks, Y. Kasai, and S.T. Crews. 1994. Control of CNS midline transcription by asymmetric E-box elements: Similarity to xenobiotic responsive regulation. Development 120: 3563-3569.
110. Wheeler, W.M. 1893. A contribution to insect morphology. J. Morphol. 8: 1-160.
111. Whitlock, J.P., Jr., S.T. Okino, L. Dong, H.P. Ko, R. Clarke-Katzenberg, Q. Ma, and H. Li. 1996. Induction of cytochrome P450IA1: A model for analyzing mammalian gene transcription. FASEB J. 10: 809-818.
112. Wigglesworth, V.B. 1954. Growth and regeneration in the tracheal system of an insect, Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera). Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 95: 115-137.
113. Wilk, R., I. Weizman, L. Glazer, and B.-Z. Shilo. 1996. trachealess encodes a bHLH-PAS protein and is a master regulator gene in the Drosophila tracheal system. Genes & Dev. 10: 93-102.
114. Xiao, H., L.A. Hrdlicka, and J.R. Nambu. 1996. Alternate function of the single-minded and rhomboid genes in development of the Drosophila ventral neuroectoderm. Mech. Dev. 58: 65-74.
115. Younossi-Hartenstein, A. and V. Hartenstein. 1993. The role of the tracheae and musculature during pathfinding of Drosophila embryonic sensory axons. Dev. Biol. 158: 430-437.
116. Zelzer, E., P. Wappner, and B.-Z. Shilo. 1997. The PAS domain confers target gene specificity of Drosophila bHLH/PAS proteins. Genes & Dev. 11: 2079-2089.
117. Zhou, L., H. Xiao, and J.R. Nambu. 1997. CNS midline to mesoderm signaling in Drosophila. Mech. Dev. 67: 59-68.