Neurospora wc-1 and wc-2: Transcription, photoresponses, and the origins of circadian rhythmicity

Science

Volumn 276, Issue 5313, 1997, Pages 763-769

  Crosthwaite, Susan K ^a   Dunlap, Jay C ^a   Loros, Jennifer J ^a  

^a DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA BINDING PROTEIN; RECEPTOR PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ADAPTATION; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DROSOPHILA; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; NEUROSPORA; NONHUMAN; PHOTORECEPTOR CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; REVIEW;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DNA, FUNGAL; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; EVOLUTION; FEEDBACK; FUNGAL PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, FUNGAL; GENES, FUNGAL; LIGHT; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NEUROSPORA CRASSA; PHYTOCHROME; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TEMPERATURE; TRANS-ACTIVATION (GENETICS); TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

NEUROSPORA;

EID: 0030982250     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5313.763     Document Type: Review

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80. J. W. Reed, A. Nagatani, T. D. Elich, M. Fagan, J. Chory, Plant Physiol. 104, 1139 (1994); T. D. Elich and J. Chory, Plant Mol. Biol. 26,1315 (1994); B. M. Parks and P. H. Quail, Plant Cell 5, 39 (1993); D. Wagner and P. H. Quail, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 8596 (1995); Y. Xu, B. M. Parks, T. W. Short, P. H. Quail, Plant Cell 7, 1433 (1995).
81. J. W. Reed, A. Nagatani, T. D. Elich, M. Fagan, J. Chory, Plant Physiol. 104, 1139 (1994); T. D. Elich and J. Chory, Plant Mol. Biol. 26,1315 (1994); B. M. Parks and P. H. Quail, Plant Cell 5, 39 (1993); D. Wagner and P. H. Quail, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 8596 (1995); Y. Xu, B. M. Parks, T. W. Short, P. H. Quail, Plant Cell 7, 1433 (1995).
82. J. W. Reed, A. Nagatani, T. D. Elich, M. Fagan, J. Chory, Plant Physiol. 104, 1139 (1994); T. D. Elich and J. Chory, Plant Mol. Biol. 26,1315 (1994); B. M. Parks and P. H. Quail, Plant Cell 5, 39 (1993); D. Wagner and P. H. Quail, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 8596 (1995); Y. Xu, B. M. Parks, T. W. Short, P. H. Quail, Plant Cell 7, 1433 (1995).
83. J. W. Reed, A. Nagatani, T. D. Elich, M. Fagan, J. Chory, Plant Physiol. 104, 1139 (1994); T. D. Elich and J. Chory, Plant Mol. Biol. 26,1315 (1994); B. M. Parks and P. H. Quail, Plant Cell 5, 39 (1993); D. Wagner and P. H. Quail, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 8596 (1995); Y. Xu, B. M. Parks, T. W. Short, P. H. Quail, Plant Cell 7, 1433 (1995).
84. 10 [B. Aronson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 7683 (1994)], 5.3 kb of the frq locus has been deleted.
85. General conditions for growth and manipulation of Neurospora have been described by R. L. Davis and D. deSerres [Methods Enzymol. 27A, 79 (1970)]. Culture conditions used for the liquid culture experiments are as described (8, 13), except that Vogel's salts not Fries salts were used. A light to dark transfer synchronizes the cultures by setting the oscillator to CT12. Circadian time is a formalism whereby clocks from different organisms having different endogenous periodicities can be compared. The circadian day (about 22 hours in length in Neurospora) is divided in 24 equal parts, circadian hours. By convention CTO corresponds to subjective dawn and CT12 to subjective dusk. Light and dark treatments were carried out in controlled environment chambers (Percival) containing fluorescent lamps (Phillips F20T12 CW 20W). Light intensity was measured with a LiCOR LI-189 quantum sensor.
86. 9 cpm/μg. Hybridization was carried out at 65°C, and blots were washed at high stringency (68°C, 0.1 × SSC, 0.1% SDS). To detect the qa-2 transcript, riboprobes were made with a plasmid containing 86 bp of the qa-2 5′-UTR (7). Blots were hybridized with probe at 58°C and washed at 68°C and 76°C. ccg-2-specific riboprobes were made with the plasmid pLW1 (30) and hybridization and washing was carried out at 50°C. To control for RNA loading, Northern blots were also probed with randomly primed ribosomal DNA (rDNA); frq mRNA signals were normalized to 26S rRNA as described (13). Hybridization of blots with rDNA was carried out at 42°C. Blots were washed at 42°C with 0.5× SSC, 0.1% SDS. All Northern blots were exposed to Dupont x-ray film. All Northern blots that were directly compared to establish relative levels of frq expression were hybridized together to the same preparation of probe and placed on film at the same time.
87. -,bd were grown on race tubes in constant light. After 2 days of growth the tubes were transferred into constant darkness. After 51 hours in constant darkness, a fraction of the tubes were transferred to a growth chamber at 35°C for 15 hours and then returned to constant darkness at 25°C. Another fraction of tubes were transferred to 4°C for 24 hours at DD48 and then returned to 25°C. Temperature treatments were carried out in the same chambers (35°C) or in a cold room 4°C ± 1°C. Densitometric analysis of race tubes to determine growth patterns and to look for low amplitude rhythms was carried out with NIH Image 1.59.
88. For Western blot analysis, tissue was ground in liquid nitrogen with a mortar and pestle and suspended in ice-cold extraction buffer (50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 137 mM KCl, 10% glycerol containing 10 mM diisopropyl-fluorophosphate, 1 mM EDTA, 1 μg/ml pepstatin A, and 1 μg/ml leupeptin) at a ratio of 1 ml of buffer per 0.2 g of tissue (wet mass). Equal amounts of protein (150 μg) per lane were subjected to 7.5% SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membrane (Immobilon-P, Millipore) in 384 mM glycine, 50 mM Tris (pH 8.4), 20% methanol at 400 mA for 2.5 hours and the membrane was then blocked with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 5% milk, 0.3% Tween 20. Next, the membrane was probed sequentially with 1:3000 dilutions of antibody to FRQ1-989 and goat antibody to rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidsae diluted in PBS, 5% milk, 0.3% Tween 20, and the blot was developed by chemiluminescence (ECL, Amersham). X-ray films were scanned with a Silver Scanner III equipped for transparency scanning, and densitometry was performed with NIH Image 1.59. FRQ was normalized against total protein by densitometry of Amido Black stained Western blots.
89. -2 M 2 hours before the light to dark transfer; 12 hours after addition of QA, the inducer was washed out by blotting excess media off each disk, transferring each disk to 100 ml fresh media lacking QA and shaking for 15 min. Excess media was again blotted off before placing each disk into 100 ml of fresh media without inducer. Samples were harvested at 4-hour intervals.
90. We thank S. Kay for seminal discussions and members of our laboratories for advice, especially N. Garceau for help on Westerns and D. Bell-Pedersen for critical reading of the manuscript. Supported by grants from the AFOSR (F49620-94-1-0260 to J.J.L.), the National Science Foundation (MCB-9307299 to J.J.L.), the National Institute of Health (GM 34985 and MH01186 to J.C.D. and MH44651 to J.C.D. and J.J.L.), and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center core grant at Dartmouth Medical School.