Current advances in the phylogenetic reconstruction of metazoan evolution. A new paradigm for the cambrian explosion?

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 345-357

  Giribet, Gonzalo ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Metazoa; Molecular analyses; Morphological analyses; Spiralia; Triploblastic animals

Indexed keywords

RIBOSOME RNA;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; EVOLUTION; GENETICS; INVERTEBRATE; PHYLOGENY;

ANIMALS; EVOLUTION; INVERTEBRATES; PHYLOGENY; RNA, RIBOSOMAL;

ANIMALIA; METAZOA; SPIRALIA;

EID: 0036380787     PISSN: 10557903     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00206-3     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Abouheif, E., Zardoya, R., Meyer, A., 1998. Limitations of metazoan 18S rRNA sequence data: implications for reconstructing a phylogeny of the animal kingdom and inferring the reality of the Cambrian explosion. J. Mol. Evol. 47, 394-405.
2. Aguinaldo, A.M.A., Turbeville, J.M., Lindford, L.S., Rivera, M.C., Garey, J.R., Raff, R.A., Lake, J.A., 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature 387, 489-493.
3. Ayala, F.J., Rzhetsky, A., Ayala, F.J., 1998. Origin of the metazoan phyla, molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 606-611.
4. Baguñà J., Ruiz-Trillo, I., Paps, J., Loukota, M., Ribera, C., Jondelius, U., Riutort, M., 2001. The first bilaterian organism, simple or complex? New molecular evidence. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 45 (S1), S133-S134.
5. Baker, R.H., Yu, X., DeSalle, R., 1998. Assessing the relative contribution of molecular and morphological characters in simultaneous analysis trees. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 9, 427-436.
6. Berney, C., Pawlowski, J., Zaninetti, L., 2000. Elongation factor 1-alpha sequences do not support an early divergence of the Acoela. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17, 1032-1039.
7. Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Bryant, H.N., Russell, A.P., 1998. Supra-specific taxa as terminals in cladistic analysis: implicit assumptions of monophyly and a comparison of methods. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 64, 101-133.
8. Borchiellini, C., Boury-Esnault, N., Vacelet, J., Le Parco, Y., 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of the Hsp70 sequences reveals the monophyly of Metazoa and specific phylogenetic relationships between animals and fungi. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15, 647-655.
9. Brown, S., Rouse, G.W., Hutchings, P., Colgan, D.J., 1999. Assessing the usefulness of histone H3, U2 snRNA and rDNA in analyses of polychaete relationships. Aust. J. Zool. 47, 499-516.
10. Cameron, C.B., Garey, J.R., Swalla, B.J., 2000. Evolution of the chordate body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4469-4474.
11. Cavalier Smith, T., 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biol. Rev. 73, 203-266.
12. Chippindale, P.T., Wiens, J.J., 1994. Weighting, partitioning, and combining characters in phylogenetic analysis. Syst. Biol. 43, 278-287.
13. Colgan, D.J., McLauchlan, A., Wilson, G.D.F., Livingston, S.P., Edgecombe, G.D., Macaranas, J., Cassis, G., Gray, M.R., 1998. Histone H3 and U2 snRNA DNA sequences and arthropod molecular evolution. Aust. J. Zool. 46, 419-437.
14. Conway Morris, S., 1998. The crucible of creation. The Burgess Shale and the rise of animals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
15. Conway Morris, S., 2000. The Cambrian "explosion": slow-fuse or megatonnage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4426-4429.
16. Cook, C.E., Smith, M.L., Telford, M.J., Bastianello, A., Akam, M., 2001. Hox genes and the phylogeny of the arthropods. Curr. Biol. 11, 759-763.
17. Cooper, A., Fortey, R., 1998. Evolutionary explosions and the phylogenetic fuse. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 151-156.
18. de Rosa, R., Grenier, J.K., Andreeva, T., Cook, C.E., Adoutte, A., Akam, M., Carroll, S.B., Balavoine, G., 1999. Hox genes in brachiopods and priapulids and protostome evolution. Nature 399, 772-776.
19. Donoghue, M.J., Doyle, J.J., Gauthier, J., Kluge, A.G., Rowe, T., 1989. The importance of fossils in phylogeny reconstruction. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20, 431-460.
20. Edgecombe, G.D., Wilson, G.D.F., Colgan, D.J., Gray, M.R., Cassis, G., 2000. Arthropod cladistics: Combined analysis of histone H3 and U2 snRNA sequences and morphology. Cladistics 16, 155-203.
21. Eeckhaut, I., McHugh, D., Mardulyn, P., Tiedemann, R., Monteyne, D., Jangoux, M., Milinkovitch, M.C., 2000. Myzostomida: a link between trochozoans and flatworms. Proc. R. Soc. London B 267, 1383-1392.
22. Eernisse, D.J., 1998. Arthropod relationships. In: Fortey, R.A., Thomas, R.H. (Eds.), Arthropod and Annelid Relationships Reexamined. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 43-56.
23. Erber, A., Riemer, D., Bovenschulte, M., Weber, K., 1998. Molecular phylogeny of metazoan intermediate filament proteins. J. Mol. Evol. 47, 751-762.
24. Ferrier, D.E., Holland, P.W., 2001. Sipunculan ParaHox genes. Evol. Dev. 3, 263-270.
25. Field, K.G., Olsen, G.J., Lane, D.J., Giovannoni, S.J., Ghiselin, M.T., Raff, E.C., Pace, N.R., Raff, R.A., 1988. Molecular phylogeny of the animal kingdom. Science 239, 748-753.
26. Funch, P., Kristensen, R.M., 1995. Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. Nature 378, 711-714.
27. Gauthier, J., Kluge, A.G., Rowe, T., 1988. Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils. Cladistics 4, 105-209.
28. Giribet, G., Distel, D.L., Polz, M., Sterrer, W., Wheeler, W.C., 2000. Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology. Syst. Biol. 49, 539-562.
29. Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Wheeler, W.C., 2001a. Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology. Nature 413, 157-161.
30. Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Wheeler, W.C., Babbitt, C., 2001b. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: a combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. Cladistics, 5-70.
31. Giribet, G., Ribera, C., 1998. The position of arthropods in the animal kingdom: a search for a reliable outgroup for internal arthropod phylogeny. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 9, 481-488.
32. Giribet, G., Wheeler, W.C., 1999. The position of arthropods in the animal kingdom: Ecdysozoa, islands, trees, and the "parsimony ratchet". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 13, 619-623.
33. Giribet, G., Wheeler, W.C., 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebr. Biol., 121.
34. Gould, S.J., 1989. Wonderful life. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, London.
35. Halanych, K.M., Bacheller, J.D., Aguinaldo, A.M., Liva, S.M., Hillis, D.M., Lake, J.A., 1995. Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals. Science 267, 1641-1643.
36. Harrison, F.W., 1989-1999. Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Wiley-Liss, New York.
37. Henry, J.Q., Martindale, M.Q., 1998. Conservation of the spiralian developmental program: cell lineage of the nemertean, Cerebratulus lacteus. Dev. Biol. 201, 253-269.
38. Hessling, R., Müller, M.C., Westheide, W., 1999. CLSM analysis of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of Nais variabilis, Slavina appendiculata and Stylaria lacustris Oligochaeta: Naididae. Hydrobiologia 406, 223-233.
39. Hwang, U.W., Friedrich, M., Tautz, D., Park, C.J., Kim, W., 2001. Mitochondrial protein phylogeny joins myriapods with chelicerates. Nature 413, 154-157.
40. Jamieson, B.G.M., Ausió, J., Justine, J.L., 1995. Advances in spermatozoal phylogeny and taxonomy. Mémoires du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
41. Janies, D., 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of extant echinoderm classes. Can. J. Zool. 79, 1232-1250.
42. Kapp, H., 2000. The unique embryology of Chaetognatha. Zool. Anz. 239, 263-266.
43. Kluge, A.G., 1989. A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes). Syst. Zool. 38, 7-25.
44. Knoll, A.H., Carroll, S.B., 1999. Early animal evolution: emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Science 284, 2129-2137.
45. Kobayashi, M., Wada, H., Satoh, N., 1996. Early evolution of the metazoa and phylogenetic status of diploblasts inferred from amino acid sequences of elongation factor 1-alpha. Zool. Sci. 11, 36.
46. Kristensen, R.M., 1983. Loricifera, a new phylum with Aschelminthes characters from meiobenthos. Z. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforsch. 21, 163-180.
47. Kristensen, R.M., Funch, P., 2000. Micrognathozoa: a new class with complicated jaws like those of Rotifera and Gnathostomulida. J. Morphol. 246, 1-49.
48. Lemburg, C., 1999. Ultrastrukturelle Untersuchungen an den Larven von Halicryptus spinulosus und Priapulus caudatus. Hypothesen zur Phylogenie der Priapulida und deren Bedeutung fur̈ die Evolution der Nemathelminthes. Cuvillier Verlag, Göttingen.
49. Littlewood, D.T., Olson, P.D., Telford, M.J., Herniou, E.A., Riutort, M., 2001. Elongation factor 1-alpha sequences alone do not assist in resolving the position of the acoela within the metazoa. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 437-442.
50. Littlewood, D.T.J., Rohde, K., Clough, K.A., 1999. The interrelationships of all major groups of Platyhelminthes: phylogenetic evidence from morphology and molecules. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 66, 75-114.
51. Littlewood, D.T.J., Smith, A.B., Clough, K.A., Emson, R.H., 1997. The interrelationships of the echinoderm classes: morphological and molecular evidence. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 61, 409-438.
52. Littlewood, D.T.J., Telford, M.J., Clough, K.A., Rohde, K., 1998. Gnathostomulida - an enigmatic metazoan phylum from both morphological and molecular perspectives. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 9,72-79.
53. Martin, M.W., Grazhdankin, D.V., Bowring, S.A., Evans, D.A., Fedonkin, M.A., Kirschvink, J.L., 2000. Age of Neoproterozoic bilatarian body and trace fossils, White Sea, Russia: implications for metazoan evolution. Science 288, 841-845.
54. McHugh, D., 1997. Molecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8006-8009.
55. McHugh, D., 2000. Molecular phylogeny of the Annelida. Can. J. Zool. 78, 1873-1884.
56. Medina, M., Collins, A.G., Silberman, J.D., Sogin, M.L., 2001. Evaluating hypotheses of basal animal phylogeny using complete sequences of large and small subunit rRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 9707-9712.
57. Mickevich, M.F., Farris, J.S., 1981. The implications of congruence in Menidia. Syst. Zool. 27, 143-158.
58. Nielsen, C., Scharff, N., Eibye-Jacobsen, D., 1996. Cladistic analyses of the animal kingdom. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 57, 385-410.
59. O'Leary, M.A., 1999. Parsimony analysis of total evidence from extinct and extant taxa and the cetacean-artiodactyl question (Mammalia, Ungulata). Cladistics 15, 315-330.
60. Peterson, K.J., Eernisse, D.J., 2001. Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences. Evol. Dev. 3, 170-205.
61. Philippe, H., Chenuil, A., Adoutte, A., 1994. Can the Cambrian explosion be inferred through molecular phylogeny. Development Suppl., 15-25.
62. Popadić, A., Panganiban, G., Rusch, D., Shear, W.A., Kaufman, T.C., 1998. Molecular evidence for the gnathobasic derivation of arthropod mandibles and for the appendicular origin of the labrum and other structures. Dev. Genes Evol. 208, 142-150.
63. Prendini, L., 2001. Species or supraspecific taxa as terminals in cladistic analysis? Groundplans versus exemplars revisited. Syst. Biol. 50, 290-300.
64. Regier, J.C., Shultz, J.W., 1997. Molecular phylogeny of the major arthropod groups indicates polyphyly of crustaceans and a new hypothesis for the origin of hexapods. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14, 902-913.
65. Regier, J.C., Shultz, J.W., 1998. Molecular phylogeny of arthropods and the significance of the Cambrian "explosion" for molecular systematics. Amer. Zool. 38, 918-928.
66. Remsen, J., DeSalle, R., 1998. Character congruence of multiple data partitions and the origin of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 9, 225-235.
67. Reuter, M., Raikova, O.I., Gustafsson, M.K., 1998. An endocrine brain? The pattern of FMRF-amide immunoreactivity in Acoela (Plathelminthes). Tissue Cell 30, 57-63.
68. Ruiz-Trillo, I., Riutort, M., Littlewood, D.T.J., Herniou, E.A., Baguñà, J., 1999. Acoel flatworms: earliest extant bilaterian Metazoans, not members of Platyhelminthes. Science 283, 1919-1923.
69. Scholtz, G., 1998. Arthropod Relationships. In: Fortey, R.A., Thomas, R.H. (Eds.), Cleavage, Germ Band Formation and Head Segmentation: The Ground Pattern of the Euarthropoda. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 317-332.
70. Siddall, M.E., Whiting, M.F., 1999. Long branch abstractions. Cladistics 15, 9-24.
71. Storch, V., Higgins, R.P., Morse, M.P., 1989. Internal anatomy of Meiopriapulus fijiensis (Priapulida). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 108, 245-261.
72. Turbeville, J.M., Field, K.G., Raff, R.A., 1992. Phylogenetic position of phylum Nemertini, inferred from 18S rRNA sequences: molecular data as a test of morphological character homology. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9, 235-249.
73. Tyler, S., Rieger, R.M., 1999. Functional morphology of musculature in the acoelomate worm, Convoluta pulchra (Plathelminthes). Zoomorphology 119, 127-141.
74. Valentine, J.W., Jablonski, D., Erwin, D.H., 1999. Fossils, molecules and embryos: new perspectives on the Cambrian explosion. Development 126, 851-859.
75. Wheeler, W.C., 1998. Arthropod Relationships. In: Fortey, R.A., Thomas, R.H. (Eds.), Sampling, Groundplans, Total Evidence and the Systematics of Arthropods. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 87-96.
76. Wheeler, W.C., Cartwright, P., Hayashi, C.Y., 1993. Arthropod phylogeny: a combined approach. Cladistics 9, 1-39.
77. Wheeler, W.C., Gladstein, D., 2000. POY: The Optimization of Alignment Characters. Program and documentation available at ftp.amnh.org/pub/molecular.
78. Whiting, M.F., Carpenter, J.M., Wheeler, Q.D., Wheeler, W.C., 1997. The Strepsiptera problem: phylogeny of the holometabolous insect orders inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. Syst. Biol. 46, 1-68.
79. Wills, M.A., Briggs, D.E.G., Fortey, R.A., 1994. Disparity as an evolutionary index: A comparison of Cambrian and recent arthropods. Paleobiology 20, 93-130.
80. Wills, M.A., Briggs, D.E.G., Fortey, R.A., Wilkinson, M., Sneath, P.H.A., 1998. Arthropod Relationships. In: Edgecombe, G.D. (Ed.), An Arthropod Phylogeny Based on Fossil and Recent Taxa. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 33-105.
81. Winnepenninckx, B., Backeljau, T., Mackey, L.Y., Brooks, J.M., De Wachter, R., Kumar, S., Garey, J.R., 1995. 18S rRNA data indicate that Aschelminthes are polyphyletic in origin and consist of at least three distinct clades. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12, 1132-1137.
82. Wray, G.A., Levinton, J.S., Shapiro, L.H., 1996. Molecular evidence for deep Precambrian divergences among metazoan phyla. Science 274, 568-573.
83. Xiao, S., Knoll, A.H., 2000. Phosphatized animal embryos from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo formation at Weng'An, Guizhou, South China. J. Paleontol. 74, 767-788.
84. Xiao, S., Zhang, Y., Knoll, A.H., 1998. Three-dimensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite. Nature 391, 553-558.
85. Zrzavý, J., 2001. The interrelationships of metazoan parasites: a review of phylum- and higher-level hypotheses from recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Folia Parasitol. 48, 81-103.
86. Zrzavý, J., Hypsa, V., Tietz, D.F., 2001. Myzostomida are not annelids: molecular and morphological support for a clade of animals with anterior sperm flagella. Cladistics 17, 170-198.
87. Zrzavý, J., Mihulka, S., Kepka, P., Bezdek, A., Tietz, D., 1998. Phylogeny of the Metazoa based on morphological and 18S ribosomal DNA evidence. Cladistics 14, 249-285.