The interrelationships of the echinoderm classes: Morphological and molecular evidence

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 409-438

  Littlewood, D T J ^a,b   Smith, A B ^a   Clough, K A ^a   Emson, R H ^b  

^a DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cladistics; Fossil record; Phylogeny; Ribosomal RNA; Systematics; Total evidence

Indexed keywords

ASTERIAS; ASTEROIDEA; ECHINODERMATA; ECHINOIDEA; HOLOTHURIA; HOLOTHUROIDEA; OPHIUROIDEA; PELMATOZOA; PUFFINUS AURICULARIS;

EID: 0030746467     PISSN: 00244066     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/bijl.1996.0131     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Bachmann S, Goldschmidt A. 1980. The echinoid axial complex and Tiedemann bodies. The different pathways and accumulation sites of coelomocytes with regard to waste disposal. In: Jangoux M, ed. Echinoderms: present and past. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 255-257.
2. Baker AN, Rowe FWE, Clark HES. 1986. A new class of Echinodermata from New Zealand. Nature 321: 862-864.
3. Balser EJ, Ruppert EE. 1993. Ultrastructure of axial vascular and coelomic organs in comasterid featherstars (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Acta Zoologica 74: 87-101.
4. Balser EJ, Ruppert EE, Jaeckle WB. 1993. Ultrastructure of the coeloms of auricularia larvae (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata): evidence for the presence of an axocoel. Biological Bulletin 185: 86-96.
5. Barrett M, Donoghue MJ, Sober E. 1991. Against consensus. Systematic Zoology 40: 486-493.
6. Baverstock PR, Moritz C. 1996. Project design. In: Hillis D, Moritz C, Mable BK, eds. Molecular Systematics 2nd edition. Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates Inc., 17-27.
7. Blake DB., 1988. Paxillosidans are not primitive asteroids: a hypothesis based on functional considerations. In: Burke RD, Mladenov PV, Lambert P, Parsley RL, eds. Echinoderm Biology. Rotterdam: Balkema, 309-314.
8. Blake DB, Guensburg TE. 1988. The water vascular system and functional morphology of Paleozoic asteroids. Lethaia 21: 189-206.
9. Boore JL, Collins TM, Stanton D, Daehler LL, Brown WM. 1995. Deducing the pattern of arthropod phylogeny from mitochondrial DNA rearrangements. Nature 376: 163-165.
10. Brown WM. 1985. The mitochondrial genome of animals. In: MacIntyre RJ, ed. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. New York: Plenum Press, 95-130.
11. Bull JJ, Huelsenbeck JP, Cunningham CW, Swofford DL, Waddell PJ. 1993. Partitioning and combining data in phylogenitic analysis. Systematic Biology 42: 384-397.
12. Byrne M. 1994. Ophiuroidea. In: Harrison FW, Chia F-S, eds. Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates. Vol. 14, Echinodermata. New York: Wiley-Liss, 247-343.
13. Chia F-S, Koss R. 1994. Asteroidea. In: Harrison FW, Chia F-S, eds. Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates. Vol. 14, Echinodermata. New York: Wiley-Liss, 169-245.
14. Cobb JLS. 1987. Neurobiology of the Echinodermata. In: Ali MA, ed. Nervous System in Invertebrates. New York: Plenum Press, 483-526.
15. Daley PEJ. 1996. The first solute which is attached as an adult: a Mid-Cambrian fossil from Utah with echinoderm and chordate affinities. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 117: 405-440.
16. de Queiroz A, Donoghue MJ, Kim J. 1995. Separate versus combined analysis of phylogenetic evidence. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic 26: 657-681.
17. Deranesen DW. 1992. Development of the calcareous parts of the lantern of Aristotle in Echinus miliaris. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 93B: 468-492.
18. Emlet RB. 1988. Larval form and metamorphosis of a "primitive" sea urchin, Eucidaris thouarsi (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Cidaroida), with implications for development and phylogenetic studies. Biological Bulletin 174: 4-19.
19. Erber W. 1983. Zum Nachweis des Axialkomplexes bei Holothurien. Zoologica Scripta 12: 305-313.
20. Farris JS. 1988. Hennig86 version 1.5 manual; software and MSDOS program.
21. Felsenstein J. 1978. The number of evolutionary trees. Systematic Zoology 27: 27-33.
22. Felsenstein J. 1988. Phylogenies from molecular sequences: inference and reliability. Annual Review of Genetics 22: 521-565.
23. Felsenstein J. 1993. PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package), version 3.5c. Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle.
24. Ferguson JC. 1995. The structure and mode of function of the water vascular system of the brittlestar, Ophioderma apressum. Biological Bulletin 188: 98-110.
25. Field KG, Olsen GJ, Lane DJ, Giovannoni SJ, Ghiselin MT, Raff EC, Pace NR, Raff RA. 1988. Molecular phylogeny of the animal kingdom. Science 239: 748-753.
26. Giese AC, Pearse VB, Pearse JS. eds 1987. Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates, Vol. 9, General aspects Palo Alto: Blackwell, 465-550.
27. Giese AC, Pearse VB, Pearse JS. eds 1991. Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates, Vol. 6, Lophophorates and Echinoderms. Pacific Grove: Boxwood Press.
28. Gutell RR 1994. Collection of small subunit (16S-and 16S-like) ribosomal RNA structures: 1994. Nucleic Acids Research 22: 3502-3507.
29. Harrison FW, Chia F-S. eds 1994. Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates. Vol. 14, Echinodermata. New York: Wiley-Liss.
30. Heinzeller T, Welsch U. 1994. Crinoidea. In: Harrison FW, Chia F-S, eds Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates. Vol. 14, Echinodermata. New York: Wiley-Liss, 9-148.
31. Hendler, G. 1982. An echinoderm vitellaria with a bilateral larval skeleton; evidence for the evolution of ophiuroid vitellariae from ophioplutei. Biological Bulletin 163: 431-437.
32. Hillis DM. 1987. Molecular versus morphological approaches to systematics. Annual Review in Ecology and Systematics 18: 23-42.
33. Hillis DM. 1991. Discriminating between phylogenetic signal and random noise in DNA sequences. In: Miyamoto MM, Cracraft J, eds Phylogenetic Analysis of DNA sequences. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 278-294.
34. Hillis DM, Huelsenbeck JP, Cunningham CW. 1994. Application and accuracy of molecular phylogenies. Science 264: 671-677.
35. Holland ND. 1970. An electron microscopic study of the papillae of crinoid tube feet. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli 37: 575-580.
36. Huelsenbeck JP, Bull JJ, Cunningham CW. 1996. Combining data in phylogenetic analysis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 152-158.
37. Hyman LH. 1995. The Invertebrates: Echinodermata, vol. IV. New York: McGraw-Hill.
38. Jacobs HT, Balfe P, Cohen BL, Farquharson A, Comito L. 1988. Phylogenetic implications of genome rearrangement and sequence evolution in echinoderm mitochondrial DNA. In: Paul CRC, Smith AB. eds Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology. Current Geological Concepts 1. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications and Liverpool Geological Society, 122-137.
39. Jangoux M, Lawrence JM 1982 (eds). Echinoderm Nutrition. Rotterdam: Balkema.
40. Jefferies RPS. 1988. How to characterize the Echinodermata - some implications of the sister-group relationship between echinoderms and chordates. In: Paul CRC, Smith AB, eds. Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology Current Geological Concepts 1. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications and Liverpool Evolution Society, 3-12.
41. Kishino H, Hasegawa M. 1989. Evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from DNA sequence data, and the branching order in Hominoidea. Journal of Molecular Evolution 29: 170-179.
42. Kitching I. 1992. Tree-building techniques. In: Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Kitching IL, Scotland RW, Siebert DJ, Williams DM. Cladistics: a Practical Course in Systematics. Oxford: The Systematics Association Publication No. 10, Oxford University Press, 44-71.
43. Lafay B, Smith AB, Christen R. 1995. A combined morphological and molecular approach to the phylogeny of asteroids (Asteroidea: Echinodermata). Systematic Biology 44: 190-208.
44. Lanyon S. 1985. Detecting internal inconsistencies in distance data. Systematic Zoology 34: 397-403.
45. Larson A. 1994. The comparison of morphological and molecular data in phylogenetic systematics. In: Schierwater B, Streit B, Wagner GP, DeSalle R, eds. Molecular Ecology and Evolution: Approaches and Applications. Buset: Birkhäuser Verlag, 371-390.
46. Lecointre G, Philippe H, Lê HLV, Le Guyader H. 1993. Species sampling has a major impact on phylogenetic inference. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3: 205-224.
47. Little-wood DTJ. 1995. Echinoderm class relationships revisited. In: Emson RH, Smith AB, Campbell AC, eds. Echinoderm Research 1995. Rotterdam: Balkema, 19-28.
48. Littlewood DTJ, Smith AB. 1995. A combined morphological and molecular phylogeny for echinoids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 347: 213-234.
49. Maidak BL, Olsen GJ, Larsen N, Overbeek R, McCaughey MJ, Woese CR. 1996. The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP). Nucleic Acids Research 24: 82-85.
50. Marshall CR. 1994. Molecular approaches to echinoderm phylogeny. In: David B, Guille A, Féral J-P, Roux M, eds. Echinoderms through time. Rotterdam: Balkema, 63-71.
51. Matsumura T, Shigei M. 1988. Collagen biochemistry and the phylogeny of echinoderms. In: Paul CRC, Smith AB, eds. Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology. Current Geological Concepts 1. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications and Liverpool Geological Society, 43-52.
52. McKenzie JD. 1988. The ultrastructure of tube foot epidermal cells and secretions: their relationship to the duo-glandular hypothesis and the phylogeny of the echinoderm classes. In: Paul CRC, Smith AB, eds. Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology. Current Geological Concepts 1. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications and Liverpool Geological Society, 287-298.
53. McKenzie JD. 1994. Using the very small to comment on the very large: can ultrastructure be of use in phylogeny? In: David B, Guille A, Féral J-P, Roux M, eds. Echinoderms through time. Rotterdam: Balkema, 73-85.
54. Meier R, Kores P, Darwin S. 1991. Homoplasy slope ratio: a better measurement of observed homoplasy in cladistic analysis. Systematic Zoology 40: 74-88.
55. Miyamoto MM, Fitch WM. 1995. Testing species phytogenies and methods with congruence. Systematic Biology 44: 64-76.
56. Patterson C, Williams DM, Humphries CJ. 1993. Congruence between molecular and morphological phylogenies. Annual Review in Ecology and Systematics 24: 153-188.
57. Paul CRC. 1979. Early echinoderm radiation. In: House MR, ed. The Origin of Major Invertebrate Groups. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 12. London: Academic Press, 415-434.
58. Paul CRC, Smith AB. 1984. The early radiation and phylogeny of echinoderms. Biological Reviews 59: 443-434.
59. Pearse VB, Pearse JS. 1994. Echinoderm phylogeny and the place of concentricycloids. In: David B, Guille A, Féral J-P, Roux M, eds. Echinoderms through time. Rotterdam: Balkema, 121-126.
60. Philippe H, Chenuil A, Adoutte A. 1994. Can the Cambrian explosion be inferred through molecular phylogeny? Development, suppl. 15-25.
61. Raff RA, Field KG, Ghiselin MT, Lane DJ, Olsen GJ, Pace NR, Parks AL, Parr BA, Raff EC. 1988. Molecular analysis of distant phylogenetic relationships in echinoderms. In: Paul CRC, Smith AB, eds. Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology. Current Geological Concepts 1. Oxford Science Publications and Liverpool Geological Society, Oxford, 29-41.
62. Ratto A, Christen R. 1990. Molecular phylogeny of echinoderms as deduced from partial sequences of 28S ribosomal RNA. Comptes Rendus Académie des Sciences Paris 310: 169-173.
63. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. 1989. Molecular Cloning - a laboratory manual. 2nd edition. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
64. Siebert DJ. 1992. Tree statistics; trees and 'confidence'; consensus trees; alternatives to parsimony; character weighting; character conflict and its resolution. In: Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Kitching IL, Scotland RW, Siebert DJ, Williams DM. Cladistics: a Practical Course in Systematics. Oxford: The Systematics Association Publication No. 10, Oxford University Press, 72-88.
65. Smiley S. 1986. Metamorphosis of Stichopus californicus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) and its phylogenetic implications. Biological Bulletin 171: 611-631.
66. Smiley S. 1988. The phylogenetic relationships of holothurians: a cladistic analysis of the extant echinoderm classes. In: Paul CRC, Smith AB, eds. Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology. Current Geological Concepts 1. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications and Liverpool Geological Society, 69-84.
67. Smith AB. 1984. Classification of the Echinodermata. Palaeontology 27: 431-459.
68. Smith AB. 1988. Fossil evidence for the relationships of extant echinoderm classes and their times of divergence. In: Paul CRC, Smith AB, eds. Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology. Current Geological Concepts 1. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications and Liverpool Geological Society, 85-97.
69. Smith AB. 1994. Rooting molecular trees: problems and strategies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51: 279-292.
70. Smith AB, Patterson GLJ, Lafay B. 1995. Ophiuroid phylogeny and higher taxonomy: morphological, molecular and palaeontological perspectives. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 114: 213-243.
71. Smith AB, Littlewood DTJ, Wray GA. 1996. Comparative evolution of larval and adult life-history stages and small subunit ribosomal RNA amongst post-Palaeozoic echinoids. In. Harvery PH, Leigh Brown AJ, Maynard Smith J, Nee S, eds. New Uses for New Phylogenies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 234-254.
72. Smith AB, Lafay B, Christen R. 1993. Comparative variation of morphological and molecular evolution through geological time: 28S ribosomal RNA versus morphology in echinoids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 338: 365-382.
73. Smith MJ, Arndt A, Gorski S, Fajber E. 1993. The phylogeny of echinoderm classes based on mitochondrial gene arrangements. Journal of Molecular Evolution 36: 545-554.
74. Stauber M. Märkel K. 1988. Comparative morphology of muscle-skeleton attachments in the Echinodermata. Zoomorphology 108: 137-148.
75. Strathmann RR. 1988. Larvae, phylogeny and von Baer's Law. In: Paul CRC, Smith AB, eds. Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology. Current Geological Concepts 1. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications and Liverpool Geological Society, 53-68.
76. Swofford DL. 1993. PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, version 3.1.1. Computer program distributed by Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC.
77. Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. 1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research 22: 4673-4680.
78. Turbeville JM, Schultz JR, Raff RA. 1994. Deuterostome phylogeny and the sister group of chordates: evidence from molecules and morphology. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11: 648-655.
79. Ubaghs G. 1975. Early Palaeozoic echinoderms. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 3: 79-98.
80. Ubaghs G, Robison RA. 1985. A new homoiostelean and a new eocrinoid from the Middle Cambrian of Utah. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 115: 1-24.
81. Wada H, Satoh N. 1994a. Phylogenetic relationships among extant classes of echinoderms, as inferred-from sequences of 18S rDNA, coincide with relationships deduced from the fossil record. Journal of Molecular Evolution 38: 41-49.
82. Wada H, Satoh N. 1994b. Details of the evolutionary history from invertebrates to vertebrates, as deduced from the sequences of 18S rDNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 1801-1804.