On bivalve phylogeny: A high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data

Invertebrate Biology

Volumn 121, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 271-324

  Giribet, Gonzalo ^a   Wheeler, Ward ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

18S rRNA; 28S rRNA; Bivalvia; Cytochrome c oxidase I; Direct optimization; Heteroconchia; Heterodonta; Mollusca; Morphology; Palaeoheterodonta; Sensitivity analysis

Indexed keywords

ANOMALODESMATA; ASTARTIDAE; BIVALVIA; CARDITIDAE; HETEROCONCHIA; INVERTEBRATA; MOLLUSCA; MYOIDA; PALAEOHETERODONTA; PTERIOMORPHIA; VENEROIDA;

EID: 0036453528     PISSN: 10778306     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00132.x     Document Type: Article

References (389)

1. Adal MN & Morton BS 1973. The fine structure of the pallial eyes of Laternula truncata (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Pandoracea). J. Zool. Lond. 171: 533-556.
2. Adamkewicz SL, Harasewych MG, Blake J, Saudek D, & Bult CJ 1997. A molecular phylogeny of the bivalve mollusks. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14: 619-629.
3. Alatalo P, Berg CJ, & D'Asaro CN 1984. Reproduction and development in the lucinid clam Codakia orbicularis (Linne, 1758). Bull. Mar. Sci. 34: 424-434.
4. Allen JA 1954. On the structure and adaptations of Pandora inaequivalvis and P. pinna. Quart. J. Microsc. Sci. 95: 473-482.
5. _ 1958. On the basic form and adaptations to habitat in the Lucinacea (Eulamellibranchia). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 241: 421-484.
6. _ 1978. Evolution of the deep sea protobranch bivalves. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 284: 387-401.
7. _ 1985. The recent Bivalvia: Their form and evolution. In: The Mollusca, Vol. 10. Evolution. Trueman ER, & Clarke MR, eds., pp. 337-403. Academic Press, Orlando.
8. _ 1993. A new deep-water hydrothermal species of Nuculana (Bivalvia: Protobranchia) from the Guaymas basin. Malacologia 35: 141-151.
9. _ 2000. An unusual suctorial montacutid bivalve from the deep Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 80: 827-834.
10. Allen JA & Hannah FJ 1986. A reclassification of the recent genera of the subclass Protobranchia (Mollusca: Bivalvia). J. Conchol. 32: 225-249.
11. _ 1989. Studies on the deep sea Protobranchia: The subfamily Ledellinae (Nuculanidae). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 55: 123-171.
12. Allen JA & Sanders HL 1973. Studies on deep-sea Protobranchia (Bivalvia); the families Siliculidae and Lametilidae. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 145: 263-310.
13. _ 1982. Studies on the deep-sea Protobranchia (Bivalvia); the subfamily Spinulinae (family Nuculanidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 150: 1-30.
14. _ 1996. Studies on the deep-sea Protobranchia (Bivalvia): The family Neilonellidae and the family Nuculanidae. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Zool.) 62: 101-132.
15. Allen JA, Sanders HL, & Hannah FJ 1995. Studies on the deep-sea Protobranchia (Bivalvia); the subfamily Yoldiellinae. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Zool.) 61: 11-90.
16. Altaba CR 1992. Les nàiades (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) dels països catalans. Butll. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat. (Sec. Zool.) 60: 23-44.
17. Andrews EB 1988. Excretory systems of molluscs. In: The Mollusca, Vol. 11. Form and Evolution. Trueman ER & Clarke MR, eds., pp. 381-448. Academic Press, New York.
18. Arnold JM 1987. Reproduction and embryology of Nautilus. In: Nautilus, the Biology and Paleobiology of a Living Fossil. Saunders WB & Landman NH, eds., pp. 353-372. Plenum Press, New York.
19. Arnold JM & Williams-Arnold LD 1978. Spermiogenesis of Nautilus pompilius. I. General survey. J. Exp. Zool. 205: 13-26.
20. Atkins D 1936. On the ciliary mechanisms and interrelationships of lamellibranchs. Part I. New observations on sorting mechanisms. Quart. J. Microsc. Sci. 79: 181-308.
21. _ 1937a. On the ciliary mechanisms and interrelationships of lamellibranchs. Part III: Types of lamellibranch gills and their food currents. Quart. J. Microsc. Sci. 79: 375-421.
22. _ 1937b. On the ciliary mechanisms and interrelationships of lamellibranchs. Part IV: Cuticular fusion, with special reference to the fourth aperture in certain lamellibranchs. Quart. J. Microsc. Sci. 79: 423-445.
23. _ 1938. On the ciliary mechanisms and interrelationships of lamellibranchs. Part VII: Latero-frontal cilia of the gill filaments and their phylogenetic value. Quart. J. Microsc. Sci. 80: 346-436.
24. Bandel K & Boletzky S 1979. A comparative study of the structure, development, and morphological relationships of chambered cephalopod shells. Veliger 21: 313-354.
25. Barber VC & Wright DE 1969. The fine structure of the eye and optic tentacles of the mollusc Cardium edule. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 26: 515-528.
26. Barber VC, Evans EM, & Land MF 1967. The fine structure of the eye of the mollusc, Pecten maximus. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 76: 295-312.
27. Bayne BL 1971. Some morphological changes that occur at the metamorphosis of the larvae of Mytilus edulis. In: Fourth European Marine Biology Symposium. Crisp DJ, ed., pp. 259-280. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
28. Beedham GE 1958. Observations on the mantle of the lamellibranchia. Quart. J. Microsc. Sci. 99: 181-197.
29. Beedham GE & Owen G 1965. The mantle and shell of Solemya parkinsoni (Protobranchia: Bivalvia). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 145: 405-430.
30. Beesley PL, Ross GJB, & Wells A 1998. Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. 1-1234 pp.
31. Beninger PG & Dufour SC 2000. Evolutionary trajectories of a redundant feature: Lessons from bivalve gill abfrontal cilia and mucocyte distributions. In: The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia. Harper EM, Taylor JD, & Crame JA, eds., pp. 273-278. The Geological Society of London, London.
32. Berg CJ, Alatalo P, Cavanaugh CM, Felbeck H, Jannasch HW, & Somero GN 1982. Possible chemoautotrophic nutrition in Bahamian bivalves. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Aquaculture Nutrition. Pruder CD, Langdon C, & Conklin D, eds., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
33. Bieler R 1992. Gastropod phylogeny and systematics. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23: 311-338.
34. Bieler R & Mikkelsen PM 1992. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the bivalve family Galeommatidae. Amer. Malacol. Bull. 9: 157-164.
35. Boletzky SV 1988. Cephalopod development and evolutionary concepts. In: The Mollusca, Vol. 12. Paleontology and Neontology of Cephalopods. Clarke MR & Trueman ER, eds., pp. 185-202. Academic Press, San Diego.
36. Booth CE & Mangum CP 1978. Oxygen uptake and transport in the lamellibranch mollusc Modiolus demissus. Physiol. Zool. 51: 17-32.
37. Boss KJ 1982. Mollusca. In: Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. Parker SP, ed., pp. 1092-1166. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
38. Boss KJ & Turner RD 1980. The giant white clam from the Galapagos Rift, Calyptogena magnifica species novum. Malacologia 20: 161-194.
39. Boyd SE 1998. Order Arcoida. In: Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia, Vol. 5. Beesley PL, Ross GJB, & Wells A, eds., pp. 253-261. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
40. Bremer K 1988. The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution 42: 795-803.
41. _ 1994. Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics 10: 295-304.
42. Britton JC & Morton BS 1982. A dissection guide, field and laboratory manual for the introduced bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Malacol. Rev. Suppl. 3: 1-82.
43. Brooks WK 1875. An organ of special sense in the lamellibranchiate genus Yoldia. Proceedings Am. Assoc. Advancement of Science, 23rd Meeting, Hartford, Connecticut 1874: 79-82.
44. Brown CH 1952. Some structural proteins of Mytilus edulis. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 93: 487-503.
45. Brusca RC & Brusca GJ 1990. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland. 922 pp.
46. Campbell DC 2000. Molecular evidence on the evolution of the Bivalvia. In: The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia. Harper EM, Taylor, & Crame JA, eds., pp. 31-46. The Geological Society of London, London.
47. Campbell DC, Hoekstra KJ, & Carter JG 1998. 18S ribosomal DNA and evolutionary relationships within the Bivalvia. In: Bivalves: An Eon of Evolution - Palaeobiological Studies Honoring Norman D. Newell. Johnston PA & Haggart JW, eds., pp. 75-85. University of Calgary Press, Calgary.
48. Canapa A, Marota I, Rollo F, & Olmo E 1999. The small-subunit rRNA gene sequences of venerids and the phylogeny of Bivalvia. J. Mol. Evol. 48: 463-468.
49. Carriker MR 1990. Functional significance of the pediveliger in bivalve development. In: The Bivalvia - Proceedings of a Memorial Symposium in Honour of Sir Charles Maurice Yonge, Edinburgh, 1986. Morton BS, ed., pp. 267-282. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
50. Carter JG 1978. Ecology and evolution of the Gastrochaenacea (Mollusca, Bivalvia) with notes on the evolution of the endolithic habitat. Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ. 41: 1-92.
51. _ 1990a. Evolutionary significance of shell microstructure in the Palaeotaxodonta, Pteriomorphia, and Isofilibranchia (Bivalvia: Mollusca). In: Skeletal Biomineralization: Patterns, Processes, and Evolutionary Trends, Vol. 1. Carter JG, ed., pp. 135-296. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
52. _ 1990b. Shell microstructural data for the Bivalvia. In: Skeletal Biomineralization: Patterns, Processes and Evolutionary Trends, Vol. 1. Carter JG, ed., pp. 297-411. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
53. Carter JG, Campbell DC, & Campbell MR 2000. Cladistic perspectives on early bivalve evolution. In: The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia. Harper EM, Taylor JD, & Crame JA, eds., pp. 47-79. The Geological Society of London, London.
54. Casas MT & Subirana JA 1994. Chromatin condensation and acrosome development during spermiogenesis of Ensis ensis (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Mol. Reprod. Dev. 37: 223-228.
55. Cavanaugh CM 1983. Symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria in marine invertebrates from sulphide-rich habitats. Nature 302: 58-61.
56. Charles GH 1966. Sense organs (less Cephalopoda). In: Physiology of Mollusca. Wilbur KM & Yonge CM, eds., pp. 455-521. Academic Press, New York.
57. Clasing T 1923. Beitrag zur kenntnis des nervensystems und der sinnesorgane der mytiliden. Jenaische Z. für Naturwissenschaften 59: 261-310.
58. Coan EV, Valentich Scott P, & Bernard FR 2000. Bivalve Seashells of Western North America. Marine Bivalve Mollusks from Arctic Alaska to Baja California. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara. 764 pp.
59. Cole HA 1938. The fate of the larval organs in the metamorphosis of Ostrea edulis. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 22: 469-484.
60. Cope JCW 1996. The early evolution of the Bivalvia. In: Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Taylor JD, ed., pp. 361-370. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
61. _ 1997. The early phylogeny of the class Bivalvia. Palaeontology 40: 713-746.
62. _ 2000. A new look at early bivalve phylogeny. In: The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia. Harper EM, Taylor JD, & Crame JA, eds., pp. 81-95. The Geological Society of London, London.
63. Cox LR 1960. Thoughts on the classification of the Bivalvia. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 34: 60-80.
64. _ 1969. General features of the Bivalvia. In: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part I, Mollusca 1. Moore R, ed., pp. N2-N129. University of Kansas Press and Geological Society of America, Lawrence.
65. Cragg SM 1996. The phylogenetic significance of some anatomical features of bivalve veliger larvae. In: Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Taylor JD, ed., pp. 371-380. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
66. Cragg SM & Nott JA 1977. The ultrastructure of the statocysts in the pediveliger larvae of Pecten maximus (L.) (Bivalvia). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 27: 23-36.
67. Dakin WJ 1910. The visceral ganglion of Pecten, with some notes on the physiology of the nervous system and an inquiry into the innervation of the osphradium in the Lamellibranchia. Mitt. Zool. Stat. Neapel 20: 1-40.
68. _ 1928. The eyes of Pecten, Spondylus, Amussium, and allied lamellibranchs, with a short discussion on their evolution. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 103: 355-365.
69. Dan JC & Wada SK 1955. Studies of the acrosome. IV. The acrosome reaction in some bivalve spermatozoa. Biol. Bull. 109: 40-55.
70. Dinamani P 1967. Variation in the stomach structure of the Bivalvia. Malacologia 5: 225-268.
71. Distel DL 1998. Evolution of chemoautotrophic endosymbioses in bivalves. Bivalve-bacteria chemosymbioses are phylogenetically diverse but morphologically similar. BioScience 48: 277-286.
72. _ 2000. Phylogenetic relationships among mytilidae (Bivalvia): 18S rRNA data suggest convergence in mytilid body plans. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 15: 25-33.
73. Distel DL, Baco AR, Chuang E, Morrill W, Cavanaugh C, & Smith CR 2000. Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents? Nature 403: 725-726.
74. Dohmen MR 1983. Gametogenesis. In: The Mollusca, Vol. 3. Development. Verdonk NH, Van den Biggelaar JAM, & Tompa AS, eds., pp. 1-48. Academic Press, New York.
75. Dorange G & Le Pennec M 1989. Ultrastructural characteristics of spermiogenesis in Pecten maximus (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 15: 109-117.
76. Drew GA 1897. Notes on the embryology, anatomy, and habits of Yoldia limatula, Say. Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. 17: 11-14.
77. _ 1899a. The anatomy, habits, and embryology of Yoldia limatula, Say. Mem. Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. 4: 1-37.
78. _ 1899b. Some observations on the habits, anatomy and embryology of members of the Protobranchia. Anat. Anz. 15: 493-519.
79. _ 1900. Locomotion in Solenomya and its relatives. Anat. Anz. 17: 257-266.
80. _ 1901. The life-history of Nucula delphinodonta (Mighels). Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 44: 313-392.
81. _ 1906. The habits, anatomy, and embryology of the giant scallop (Pecten tenuicostatus, Mighels). Univ. Maine Stud. 6: 1-71.
82. Eckelbarger KJ & Davis CV 1996. Ultrastructure of the gonad and gametogenesis in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. 2. Testis and spermatogenesis. Mar. Biol. 127: 89-96.
83. Eckelbarger KJ, Bieler R, & Mikkelsen PM 1990. Ultrastructure of sperm development and mature sperm morphology in three species of commensal bivalves (Mollusca: Galeommatoidea). J. Morphol. 205: 63-75.
84. Edgecombe GD, Giribet G, & Wheeler WC 2002. Phylogeny of Henicopidae (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): A combined analysis of morphology and five molecular loci. Syst. Entomol. 27: 31-64.
85. Eernisse DJ & Reynolds PD 1994. Polyplacophora. In: Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. 5: Mollusca I. Harrison FW & Kohn AJ, eds., pp. 55-110. Wiley-Liss, New York.
86. Farris JS, Källersjö M, Kluge AG, & Bult C 1995. Testing significance of incongruence. Cladistics 10: 315-319.
87. Felbeck H 1983. Sulfide oxidation and carbon fixation by the gutless clam Solemya reidi: An animal-bacteria symbiosis. J. Comp. Physiol. 152: 3-11.
88. Felbeck H, Childress JJ, & Somero GN 1981. Calvin-Benson Cycle and sulphide-oxidizing enzymes in animals from sulphide-rich habitats. Nature 293: 291-293.
89. Field IA 1922. Biology and economic value in sea-mussels. Bull. US Bur. Fish. 38: 127-259.
90. Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, & Vrijenhoek RC 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 3: 294-299.
91. Förster J 1914. Über die leuchtorgane und das nervensystem von Pholas dactylus. Z. Wissenschaftliche Zool. 109: 349-392.
92. Franzén Å 1955. Comparative morphological investigations into the spermiogenesis among Mollusca. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 30: 399-456.
93. _ 1983. Ultrastructural studies of spermatozoa in three bivalve species with notes on evolution of elongated sperm nucleus in primitive spermatozoa. Gamete Res. 7: 199-214.
94. Freeman G & Lundelius JW 1992. Evolutionary implications of the mode of D quadrant specification in coelomates with spiral cleavage. J. Evol. Biol. 5: 205-247.
95. Freidenfelt T 1897. Das zentrale nervensystem von Anodonta. Biol. Zbl. 17: 808-815.
96. _ 1904. Über den feineren bau des visceral ganglions von Anodonta. Acta Universitatis Lundensis Sectio II Medica Mathematica Scientiae Rerum Naturalium 2 40: 1-28.
97. Fujita T 1929. On the early development of the common Japanese oyster. Jap. J. Zool. 2: 353-358.
98. Galtsoff PS 1964. The American Oyster. Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior. 480 pp.
99. Gilmour THJ 1963. A note on the tentacles of Lima hians (Gmelin) (Bivalvia). Proc. Malacol. Soc. Lond. 35: 80-85.
100. _ 1967. The defensive adaptations of Lima hians (Mollusca, Bivalvia). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 47: 209-221.
101. _ 1990. The adaptive significance of foot reversal in the Limoida. In: The Bivalvia - Proceedings of a Memorial Symposium in Honour of Sir Charles Maurice Yonge, Edinburgh, 1986. Morton BS, ed., pp. 247-263. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
102. Giribet G 2001. Exploring the behavior of POY, a program for direct optimization of molecular data. Cladistics 17: S60-S70.
103. Giribet G & Carranza S 1999. What can 18S rDNA do for bivalve phylogeny? J. Mol. Evol. 48: 256-261.
104. Giribet G & Wheeler WC 2001. Some unusual small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences of metazoans. Am. Museum Novit. 3337: 1-14.
105. Giribet G, Carranza S, Baguñà J, Riutort M, & Ribera C 1996. First molecular evidence for the existence of a Tardigrada + Arthropoda clade. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 76-84.
106. Giribet G, Rambla M, Carranza S, Baguñà J, Riutort M, & Ribera C 1999. Phylogeny of the arachnid order Opiliones (Arthropoda) inferred from a combined approach of complete 18S and partial 28S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 11: 296-307.
107. Giribet G, Edgecombe GD, & Wheeler WC 2001. Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology. Nature 413: 157-161.
108. Giribet G, Edgecombe GD, Wheeler WC, & Babbitt C 2002. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: A combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. Cladistics 18: 5-70.
109. Gladstein DS & Wheeler WC 1997. POY: The Optimization of Alignment Characters. American Museum of Natural History, New York.
110. Goloboff PA 1998. Nona. Ver. 2.0. Program and documentation available at ftp.unt.edu.ar/pub/parsimony, New York.
111. _ 1999. Analyzing large data sets in reasonable times: Solutions for composite optima. Cladistics 15: 415-428.
112. Goloboff PA & Farris JS 2001. Methods for quick consensus estimation. Cladistics 17: S26-S34.
113. Goloboff PA, Farris JS, & Nixon K 2000. TNT: Tree Analysis Using New Technology. Ver. Beta Test V. 0.2. Program and documentation available at ftp.unt.edu.ar/pub/parsimony.
114. Goodsell JG, Fuller SC, Eversole AG, Castagna M, & Lutz RA 1992. Larval and early postlarval shell morphology of several venerid clams. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 72: 231-255.
115. Götting K-J 1980. Origins and relationships of the Mollusca. Z. Zool. Syst. Evolut.-Forsch. 18: 24-27.
116. Gould SJ 1969. The byssus of trigonian clams: Phylogenetic vestige or functional organ? J. Paleontol. 43: 1125-1129.
117. Gould SJ & Jones CC 1974. The pallial ridge of Neotrigonia: Functional siphons without mantle fusion. Veliger 17: 1-7.
118. Graf DL 2000. The Etherioidea revisited: A phylogenetic analysis of hyriid relationships (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Paleoheterodonta: Unionoida). Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 729: 1-21.
119. Graf DL & Ó Foighil D 2000. The evolution of brooding characters among the freshwater pearly mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoidea) of North America. J. Moll. Stud. 66: 157-170.
120. Griffond B 1980. Étude ultrastructurale de la spermatogènese typique de Viviparus viviparus L., Mollusque Gastéropode. Arch. Biol. 91: 445-462.
121. Grobben C 1886. Zur kenntnis und morphologie und der verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der cephalopoda. J. Nat. Hist. 33: 267-287.
122. Gros O, Frenkiel L, & Mouëza M 1997. Embryonic, larval, and post-larval development in the symbiotic clam Codakia orbicularis (Bivalvia: Lucinidae). Invertebr. Biol. 116: 86-101.
123. Gustafson RG & Lutz RA 1992. Larval and early post-larval development of the protobranch bivalve Solemya velum (Mollusca: Bivalvia). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 72: 383-402.
124. Gustafson RG & Reid RGB 1986. Development of the pericalymma larva of Solemya reidi (Bivalvia: Cryptodonta: Solemyidae) as revealed by light and electron microscopy. Mar. Biol. 93: 411-427.
125. _ 1988a. Larval and post-larval morphogenesis in the gutless protobranch bivalve Solemya reidi (Cryptodonta: Solemyidae). Mar. Biol. 97: 373-387.
126. _ 1988b. Association of bacteria with larvae of the gutless protobranch bivalve Solemya reidi (Cryptodonta: Solemyidae). Mar. Biol. 97: 389-401.
127. Harper EM 1992. Post-larval cementation in the Ostreidae and its implications for other cementing Bivalvia. J. Moll. Stud. 58: 37-48.
128. Harper EM, Hide EA, & Morton B 2000a. Relationships between the extant Anomalodesmata: a cladistic test. In: The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia. Harper EM, Taylor JD, & Crame JA, eds., pp. 129-143. The Geological Society of London, London.
129. Harper EM, Taylor JD, & Crame JA, eds. 2000b. The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia. The Geological Society of London, London. 494 pp.
130. Harry HW 1969. An alternative view on the phylogeny of the Mollusca. In: Symposium on Mollusca (1968: Ernakulam, India), Proceedings, Part 1 pp. 170-187. Marine Biological Association of India, Symposium Series 3.
131. _ 1985. Synopsis of the supraspecific classification of living oysters (Bivalvia: Gryphaeidae and Ostreidae). Veliger 28: 121-158.
132. Harvey EN 1952. Bioluminescence. Academic Press, New York. 649 pp.
133. Haszprunar G 1983. Comparative analysis of the abdominal sense organs of Pteriomorpha (Bivalvia). J. Moll. Stud. Suppl. 12A: 47-50.
134. _ 1985a. The fine morphology of the osphradial sense organs of the Mollusca. Part 1: Gastropoda Prosobranchia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 307: 457-496.
135. _ 1985b. The fine morphology of the osphradial sense organs of the Mollusca. Part 2: Allogastropoda (Architectonicidae and Pyramidellidae). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 307: 497-505.
136. _ 1985c. On the anatomy and fine-structure of a peculiar sense organ in Nucula (Bivalvia, Protobranchia). Veliger 28: 52-62.
137. _ 1985d. The fine structure of the abdominal sense organs of Pteriomorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia). J. Moll. Stud. 51: 315-319.
138. _ 1987. The fine morphology of the osphradial sense organs of the Mollusca. III. Placophora and Bivalvia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 315: 37-61.
139. _ 1988. On the origin and evolution of major gastropod groups, with special reference to the Streptoneura (Mollusca). J. Moll. Stud. 54: 367-441.
140. _ 2000. Is the Aplacophora monophyletic? A cladistic point of view. Amer. Malacol. Bull. 15: 115-130.
141. Healy JM 1989. Spermiogenesis and spermatozoa in the relict bivalve genus Neotrigonia: Relevance to trigonioid relationships, particularly with Unionoidea. Mar. Biol. 103: 75-85.
142. _ 1990. Spermatozoa of the scissurellid gastropod Sinezona sp. (Prosobranchia, Pleurotomarioidea) with a discussion of pleurotomarioid and fissurelloid sperm morphology. Zool. Scripta 19: 189-193.
143. _ 1995a. Comparative spermatozoal ultrastructure and its taxonomic and phylogenetic significance in the bivalve order Veneroida. In: Advances in Spermatozoal Phylogeny and Taxonomy. Jamieson BG, Ausió J, & Justine J-L, eds., pp. 155-166. Éditions du Muséum Paris, Paris.
144. _ 1995b. Sperm ultrastructure in the marine bivalve families Carditidae and Crassatellidae and its bearing on unification of the Crassatelloidea with the Carditoidea. Zool. Scripta 24: 21-28.
145. _ 1996a. Molluscan sperm ultrastructure: Correlation with taxonomic units within Gastropoda, Cephalopoda and Bivalvia. In: Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Taylor JD, ed., pp. 99-113. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
146. _ 1996b. Spermatozoan ultrastructure in the trigonioid bivalve Neotrigonia margaritacea Lamarck (Mollusca): Comparison with other bivalves, especially Trigonioida and Unionoida. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 50: 259-264.
147. Healy JM, Beames KP, & Barclay DB 1998. Spermatozoa of the Australian 'greenlip' abalone Haliotis laevigata Donovan: Ultrastructure and comparison with other gastropods, especially other Haliotidae (Vetigastropoda, Mollusca). Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 34: 197-206.
148. Healy JM, Keys JL, & Daddow LYM 2000. Comparative sperm ultrastructure in pteriomorphian bivalves with special reference to phylogenetic and taxonomic implications. In: The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia. Harper EM, Taylor JD, & Crame JA, eds., pp. 169-190. The Geological Society of London, London.
149. Healy JM & Willan RC 1991. Nudibranch spermatozoa: Comparative ultrastructure and systematic importance. Veliger 34: 134-165.
150. Heath H 1899. The development of Ischnochiton. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 12: 567-656.
151. Hendriks L, van Broeckhoven C, Vandenberghe A, van de Peer Y, & De Wachter R 1988. Primary and secondary structure of the 18S ribosomal RNA of the bird spider Eurypelma californica and evolutionary relationships among eukaryotic phyla. Eur. J. Biochem. 177: 15-20.
152. Hennig W 1979. Taschenbuch der Speziellen Zoologie. Teil 1, Wirbellose I. Verlag Harri Deutsch, Zürich. 392 pp.
153. Herbers K 1914. Entwicklungesgeschichte von Anodonta cellensis schröter. Z. Wiss. Zool. 108: 1-174.
154. Herskovits TT, Hamilton MG, Cousins CJ, & Wall JS 1990. Light-scattering and scanning transmission electron microscopic investigation of the hemocyanin of the bivalve, Yoldia limatula (Say). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 96: 497-503.
155. Hicks GRF & Marshall BA 1985. Sex selective predation of deep-sea meiobenthic copepods by pectinacean bivalves and its influence in copepods sex ratios. NZ J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 19: 227-231.
156. Hodgson AN & Bernard RTF 1986. Ultrastructure of the sperm and spermiogenesis of three species of Mytilidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Gamete Res. 15: 123-135.
157. Hodgson AN & Chia F-S 1993. Spermatozoon structure of some North American prosobranchs from the families Lottiidae (Patellogastropoda) and Fissurellidae (Archaeogastropoda). Mar. Biol. 116: 97-101.
158. Hodgson AN & Foster GG 1992. Structure of the sperm of some South African archaeogastropods (Mollusca) from the superfamilies Haliotoidea, Fissurelloidea, and Trochoidea. Mar. Biol. 113: 89-97.
159. Hodgson AN, Baxter JM, Sturrock MG, & Bernard RTF 1988. Comparative spermatology of 11 species of Polyplacophora (Mollusca) from the suborders Lepidopleurina, Chitonina, and Acanthochitonina. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 235: 161-177.
160. Hodgson CA & Burke RD 1988. Development and larval morphology of the spiny scallop, Chlamys hastata. Biol. Bull. 174: 303-318.
161. Hoeh WR, Black MB, Gustafson RG, Bogan AE, Lutz RA, & Vrijenhoek RC 1998. Testing alternative hypotheses of Neotrigonia (Bivalvia: Trigonioida) phylogenetic relationships using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I DNA sequences. Malacologia 40: 267-278.
162. Hoggarth MA 1999. Description of some of the glochidia of the Unionidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Malacologia 41: 1-118.
163. Hou ST & Maxwell WL 1991. Ultrastructural studies of spermatogenesis in Antalis entalis (Scaphopoda, Mollusca). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 333: 101-110.
164. Hylander BL & Summers RG 1977. An ultrastructural analysis of the gametes and early fertilization in two bivalve molluscs, Chama macerophylla and Spisula solidissima with special reference to gamete binding. Cell Tissue Res. 182: 469-489.
165. Iredale T 1939. Mollusca, Part 1. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929 5: 209-425.
166. Johnston PA & Haggart JW 1998. Bivalves: An Eon of Evolution. University of Calgary Press, Calgary. 461 pp.
167. Kabat AR & Ó Foighil D 1987. Phylum Mollusca, Class Bivalvia. In: Reproduction and Development of Marine Invertebrates of the Northern Pacific Coast. Strathmann MF, ed., pp. 300-353. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
168. Kasyanov VL, Kryuchkova GA, Kulikova VA, & Medvedeva LA 1998. Larvae of Marine Bivalves and Echinoderms. Science Publishers, Enfield. 288 pp.
169. Kawaguti S 1950. Observations of the heart shell, Corculum cardissa (L.) and its associated zooxanthellae. Pac. Sci. 4: 43-49.
170. Kellog JL 1915. Ciliary mechanisms of lamellibranchs with descriptions of anatomy. J. Morphol. 26: 625-701.
171. Kessel E 1944. Über periostracum-bildung. Z. Morphol. Ökol. Tiere 40: 348-360.
172. Keys JL & Healy JM 1999. Sperm ultrastructure of the giant clam Tridacna maxima (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia: Mollusca) from the Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Biol. 135: 41-46.
173. _ 2000. Relevance of sperm ultrastructure to the classification of giant clams (Mollusca, Cardioidea, Cardiidae, Tridacninae). In: The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia. Harper EM, Taylor JD, & Crame JA, eds., pp. 191-205. The Geological Society of London, London.
174. Kraemer LR 1979. Suprabranchial and branchial shelves of bivalved molluscs: Structural functional context of visceral ganglion, osphradium, and branchial nerves. Am. Zool. 19: 959.
175. _ 1981. The osphradial complex of two freshwater bivalves: Histological evaluation and functional context. Malacologia 20: 205-216.
176. _ 1983. Ontogenetic aspects of biflagellate sperm in Corbicula fluminea (Müller) (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 102: 88.
177. Kubo M 1977. The formation of a temporary-acrosome in the spermatozoon of Laternula limicola (Bivalvia, Mollusca). J. Ultrastruct. Res. 61: 140-148.
178. _ 1979. Ultrastructural studies on early events in fertilization of the bivalve Laternula limicola. Protoplasma 100: 73-83.
179. Kubo M & Ishikawa M 1978. Organizing process of the temporary-acrosome in spermatogenesis of the bivalve Lyonsia ventricosa. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. 10: 411-421.
180. Lacaze-Duthiers FJH 1856. Historie de l'organisation et du développement du dentale. Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) 6: 225-281.
181. _ 1857a. Histoire de l'organisation et du développement du Dentale. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 4, Zoologie 7: 194-254.
182. _ 1857b. Voyage aux Iles Baléares ou Recherches sur L'anatomie et la Physiologie de Quelques Mollusques de la Méditerranée. Victor Masson, Paris. 224 pp.
183. _ 1858. Histoire de L'organisation, du Développement, des Moeurs et des Rapports Zoologiques du Dentale. Victor Masson, Paris. 287 pp.
184. Lambert O, Taveau JC, Boisset N, & Lamy JN 1995. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the hemocyanin of the protobranch bivalve mollusc Nucula hanleyi from frozen-hydrated specimens. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 319: 231-243.
185. Lauterbach K-E 1983. Erörterungen zur stammesgeschichte der mollusca, insbesondere der conchifera. Z. Zool. Syst. Evolut.-Forsch. 21: 201-216.
186. _ 1984. Das phylogenetische system der mollusca. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Malakologischen Gesellschaft 37: 66-81.
187. Le Pennec M 1980. The larval and post-larval hinge of some families of bivalve molluscs. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 60: 601-617.
188. Lebour MV 1938. Notes on the breeding of some lamellibranchs from Plymouth and their larvae. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 23: 119-144.
189. Lillie FR 1895. The embryology of the Unionidae. A study in cell-lineage. J. Morphol. 10: 1-100.
190. List T 1902. Die Mytiliden des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel 27: 1-312.
191. Lutz RA 1985. Identification of bivalve larvae and postlarvae: A review of recent advances. Amer. Malacol. Bull. Special Edition No. 1: 59-78.
192. Lutz RA, Mann R, Goodsell JG, & Castagna M 1982a. Larval and early post-larval development of Arctica islandica. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 62: 745-769.
193. Lutz RA, Goodsell JG, Castagna M, Chapman S, Newell C, Hidu H, Mann R, Jablonski D, Kennedy V, Siddall S, et al. 1982b. Preliminary observations on the usefulness of hinge structures for identification of bivalve larvae. J. Shellfish Res. 2: 65-70.
194. Lynn JW 1994. The ultrastructure of the sperm and motile spermatozeugmata released from the freshwater mussel Anodonta grandis (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Unionidae). Can. J. Zool. 72: 1452-1461.
195. Mackie GL 1984. Bivalves. In: The Mollusca, Vol. 7. Reproduction. Tompa AS, Verdonk NH, & Van den Biggelaar JAM, eds., pp. 351-418. Academic Press, Orlando.
196. Maddison DR & Maddison WP 2000. MacClade 4: Interactive Analysis of Phylogeny and Character Evolution. Ver. 4.01. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
197. Mangum CP, Miller KI, Scott JL, Van Holde KE, & Morse MP 1987. Bivalve hemocyanin: Structural, functional, and phylogenetic relationships. Biol. Bull. 173: 205-221.
198. Maxwell PA 1988. Comments on "a reclassification of the
199. Maxwell WL 1975. Spermiogenesis of Eusepia officinalis (L.), Loligo forbesi (Steenstrup), and Alloteuthis subulata (L.) (Cephalopoda, Decapoda). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 191: 527-535.
200. Meisenheimer J 1901. Entwicklungsgeschichte von Dreissensia polymorpha. Z. Wiss. Zool. 69: 1-137.
201. Meyer HA & Möbius KA 1872. Die Prosobranchia und Lamellibranchia, Nebst Einem Supplement zu den Opisthobranchia. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
202. Mickevich MF & Farris JS 1981. The implications of congruence in Menidia. Syst. Zool. 27: 143-158.
203. Mikkelsen PM & Bieler R 2001. Varicorbula (Bivalvia: Corbulidae) of the western Atlantic: Taxonomy, anatomy, life habits, and distribution. Veliger 44: 271-293.
204. Moir AJG 1977. On the ultrastructure of the abdominal sense organ of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin). Cell Tissue Res. 184: 359-366.
205. Morse ES 1913. Observations on living Solenomya (velum and borealis). Biol. Bull. 24: 261-281.
206. Morse MP & Zardus JD 1997. Bivalvia. In: Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. 6A: Mollusca II. Harrison FW & Kohn AJ, eds., pp. 7-118. Wiley-Liss, New York.
207. Morse MP, Meyhofer E, Otto JJ, & Kuzirian AM 1986. Hemocyanin respiratory pigment in bivalve mollusks. Science 231: 1302-1304.
208. Morton BS 1969. Studies on the biology of Dreissena polymorpha Pall. I. General anatomy and morphology. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 38: 301-321.
209. _ 1977. The hypobranchial gland in the Bivalvia. Can. J. Zool. 55: 1225-1234.
210. _ 1978. The biology and functional morphology of Philobrya minuta (Bivalvia: Philobryidae). J. Zool. Lond. 185: 173-196.
211. _ 1980a. Some aspects of the biology and functional morphology (including the presence of a ligamental lithodesma) of Montacutona compacta and M. olivacea (Bivalvia: Leptonacea) associated with coelenterates in Hong Kong. J. Zool. Lond. 192: 431-455.
212. _ 1980b. Swimming in Amusium pleuronectes (Bivalvia: Pectinidae). J. Zool. Lond. 190: 375-404.
213. _ 1981. The Anomalodesmata. Malacologia 21: 35-60.
214. _ 1982a. The functional morphology of Parilimya fragilis (Bivalvia: Parilimyidae nov. f. Amer.) with a discussion on the origin and evolution of the carnivorous septibranchs and a reclassification of the Anomalodesmata. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 36: 153-216.
215. _ 1982b. The biology, functional morphology, and taxonomic status of Fluviolanatus subtorta (Bivalvia: Trapeziidae), a heteromyarian bivalve possessing 'zooxanthellae'. J. Malacol. Soc. Aust. 5: 113-140.
216. _ 1983. Feeding and digestion in Bivalvia. In: The Mollusca, Vol. 5. Pt. 2. Saleuddin ASM & Wilbur KM, eds., pp. 65-147. Academic Press, New York.
217. _ 1985. Adaptive radiation in the Anomalodesmata. In: The Mollusca, Vol. 10. Evolution. Trueman ER & Clarke MR, eds., pp. 405-459. Academic Press, Orlando.
218. _ 1987a. The pallial photophores of Barbaria virescens (Bivalvia: Arcacea). J. Moll. Stud. 53: 241-243.
219. _ 1987b. Siphon structure and prey capture as a guide to affinities in the abyssal septibranch Anomalodesmata. Sarsia 72: 49-69.
220. _ 1987c. The functional morphology of Neotrigonia margaritacea (Bivalvia: Trigonacea), with a discussion of phylogenetic affinities. Rec. Austr. Mus. 39: 339-354.
221. _ 1996. The evolutionary history of the Bivalvia. In: Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Taylor JD, ed., pp. 337-359. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
222. _ 2000a. The biology and functional morphology of Fragum erugatum (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) from Shark Bay, Western Australia: The significance of its relationship with entrained zooxanthellae. J. Zool. 251: 39-52.
223. _ 2000b. The pallial eyes of Ctenoides floridanus (Bivalvia: Limoidea). J. Moll. Stud. 66: 449-455.
224. _ 2000c. The function of pallial eyes within the Pectinidae, with a description of those present in Patinopecten yessoensis. In: The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia. Harper EM, Taylor JD, & Crame JA, eds., pp. 247-255. The Geological Society of London, London.
225. Morton BS, Prezant RS, & Wilson B 1998. Class Bivalvia. In: Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia, Vol. 5. Beesley PL, Ross GJB, & Wells A, eds., pp. 195-234. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
226. Morton JE 1953. The functions of the gastropod stomach. Proc. Linnean Soc. Lond. 164: 240-246.
227. Morton JE & Yonge CM 1964. Classification and structure of the Mollusca. In: Physiology of Mollusca. Wilbur KM & Yonge CM, eds., pp. 1-58. Academic Press, New York.
228. Naef A 1913. Studien zur generellen morphologie der mollusken. 1. Teil: Über torsion und asymmetrie der gastropoden. Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Zoologie 3: 73-164.
229. _ 1923. Die Cephalopoden, Systematik. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel: 863.
230. Narchi W 1968. The functional morphology of Lyonsia californica Conrad, 1837 (Bivalvia). Veliger 10: 305-313.
231. Newell ND 1965. Classification of the Bivalvia. Amer. Museum Novit. 2206: 1-25.
232. _ 1969. Classification of Bivalvia. In: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N, Mollusca 6, Vol. 1. Bivalvia. Moore R, ed., pp. N205-N244. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas, Boulder-Lawrence.
233. Nicotra A & Zappata S 1991. Ultrastructure of the mature sperm and spermiogenesis in Callista chione (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 20: 213-218.
234. Norton JH & Jones GW 1992. The Giant Clam: An Anatomical and Histological Atlas. Australian Centre for Agricultural Research, Canberra.
235. Nuttall CP 1969. Coloration. In: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N. Mollusca 6, Vol. 1. Bivalvia. Moore RC, ed., pp. N70-N72. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas, Boulder-Lawrence.
236. Ó Foighil D 1985a. Fine structure of Lasaea subviridis and Mysella tumida sperm (Bivalvia, Galeommatacea). Zoomorphology 105: 125-132.
237. _ 1985b. Sperm transfer and storage in the brooding bivalve Mysella tumida. Biol. Bull. 169: 602-614.
238. Ó Foighil D & Graf DL 2000. Prodissoconch morphology of the relict marine paleoheterodont Neotrigonia margaritacea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) indicates a non-planktotrophic prejuvenile ontogeny. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 80: 173-174.
239. Ó Foighil D & Taylor DJ 2000. Evolution of parental care and ovulation behavior in oysters. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 15: 301-313.
240. Ohno T, Katoh T, & Yamasu T 1995. The origin of algalbivalve photo-symbiosis. Palaeontology 38: 1-21.
241. Owen G 1959. The ligament and digestive system in the taxodont bivalves. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 33: 215-223.
242. _ 1966. Feeding. In: Physiology of Mollusca, Vol. II. Wilbur KM & Yonge CM, eds., pp. 1-51. Academic Press, New York.
243. _ 1978. Classification and the bivalve gill. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 284: 377-385.
244. Page RDM 2000. NDE. ver. 0.4.8. Program available at http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/NDE/nde.html.
245. Park JK & Ó Foighil D 2000. Sphaeriid and corbiculid clams represent separate heterodont bivalve radiations into freshwater environments. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 14: 75-88.
246. Pathy DA & Mackie GL 1993. Comparative shell morphology of Dreissena polymorpha, Mytilopsis leucophaeata, and the "quagga" mussel (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) in North America. Can. J. Zool. 71: 1012-1023.
247. Pearse JS 1979. Polyplacophora. In: Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates, Vol. V. Molluscs: Pelecypods and Lesser Classes. Giese AC & Pearse JS, eds., pp. 27-85. Academic Press, New York.
248. Pelseneer P 1891. Contribution a l'étude des lamellibranches. Arch. Biol. 9: 147-312.
249. _ 1899. Les yeux branchiaux des lamellibranches. Arch. Biol. 16: 97-103.
250. _ 1906. Mollusca. In: A Treatise on Zoology. Lankester ER, ed., A. and C. Black, London. 355 pp.
251. _ 1911. Les lamellibranchs de l'expédition du Siboga. Partie anatomique: 1. Siboga-Expeditie. Monograph 53: 1-126.
252. Peredo S, Garrido O, & Parada E 1990. Spermiogenesis and sperm ultrastructure in the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis chilensis (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 17: 171-179.
253. Pojeta J Jr. 1978. The origin and early taxonomic diversification of pelecypods. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 284: 225-243.
254. Pojeta J Jr. & Runnegar B 1976. The paleontology of rostroconch mollusks and the early history of the phylum Mollusca. Geological Survey of Professional Papers (U.S.) 968: 1-88.
255. _ 1985. The early evolution of diasome molluscs. In: The Mollusca, Vol. 10, Evolution. Trueman ER & Clarke MR, eds., pp. 295-336. Academic Press, New York.
256. Pojeta J Jr., Runnegar B, Peel JS, & Gordon Jr. M 1987. Phylum Mollusca. In: Fossil Invertebrates. Boardman RS, Cheetham AH, & Rowell AJ, eds., pp. 270-435. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
257. Ponder WF & Lindberg DR 1997. Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: An analysis using morphological characters. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 119: 83-265.
258. Popham JD 1979. Comparative spermatozoon morphology and bivalve phylogeny. Malacol. Rev. 12: 1-20.
259. Popham JD & Dickson MR 1973. Bacterial associations in the teredo Bankia australis (Lamellibranchia: Mollusca). Mar. Biol. 19: 338-340.
260. Popham JD & Marshall BA 1977. The fine structure of the spermatozoon of the protobranch bivalve, Nucula hartvigiana Pfeiffer. Veliger 19: 431-433.
261. Popham JD, Dickson MR, & Goddard CK 1974. Ultrastructural study of the mature gametes of two species of Bankia (Mollusca: Teredinidae). Aust. J. Zool. 22: 1-12.
262. Popham ML 1940. The mantle cavity of some of the Erycinidae, Montacutidae and Galeommatidae with special reference to the ciliary mechanisms. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 24: 549-587.
263. Prezant RS 1990. Microstructural shell and hinge ontogeny of the Antarctic bivalve Lissarca notorcadensis Melvill and Standen. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 70: 841-855.
264. _ 1998. Subclass Anomalodesmata introduction. In: Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia, Vol. 5. Beesley PL, Ross GJB, & Wells A, eds., pp. 397-405. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
265. Prezant RS & Carriker MR 1983. Functional microstructure of the lithodesma of Mytilimeria nuttalli (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata). Veliger 25: 326-328.
266. Purchon RD 1956. The stomach in the Protobranchia and Septibranchia (Lamellibranchia). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 127: 511-525.
267. _ 1957. The stomach in the Filibranchia and Pseudolamellibranchia. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 129: 27-60.
268. _ 1958. The stomach in the Eulamellibranchia; stomach types IV and V. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 131: 487-525.
269. _ 1960. Phylogeny in the Lamellibranchia. In: Proceedings of the Centenary and Bicentenary Congress of Biology, Singapore, Dec. 1958. Purchon RD, ed., pp. 69- 82. University of Malaya Press, Singapore.
270. _ 1963. Phylogenetic classification of the Bivalvia, with special reference to the Septibranchia. Proc. Malacol. Soc. Lond. 35: 71-80.
271. _ 1968. The Biology of the Mollusca. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 560 pp.
272. _ 1978. An analytical approach to a classification of the Bivalvia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 284: 425-436.
273. _ 1987a. The stomach in the Bivalvia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 316: 183-276.
274. _ 1987b. Classification and evolution of the Bivalvia: An analytical study. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 316: 277-302.
275. Raven CP 1966. Morphogenesis. The Analysis of Molluscan Development. Pergamon Press, Oxford pp.
276. Reid RGB 1965. The structure and function of the stomach in bivalve molluscs. J. Zool. 147: 156-184.
277. _ 1980. Aspects of the biology of a gutless species of Solemya (Bivalvia: Protobranchia). Can. J. Zool. 58: 386-393.
278. _ 1990. Evolutionary implications of sulphideoxidizing symbioses in bivalves. In: The Bivalvia - Proceedings of a Memorial Symposium in Honour of Sir Charles Maurice Yonge, Edinburgh, 1986. Morton BS, ed., pp. 127-140. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
279. _ 1998. Class: Bivalvia. In: Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia, Vol. 5. Beesley PL, Ross GJB, & Wells A, eds., pp. 195-234. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
280. Reid RGB & Brand DG 1986. Sulfide-oxidizing symbiosis in Lucinaceans: Implications for bivalve evolution. Veliger 29: 3-24.
281. Reindl S & Haszprunar G 1996. Shell pores (caeca, aesthetes) of Mollusca: A case of polyphyly. In: Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Taylor JD, ed., pp. 115-118. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
282. Reunov AA & Hodgson AN 1994. Ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of five species of South African bivalves (Mollusca), and an examination of early spermatogenesis. J. Morphol. 219: 275-283.
283. Reynolds PD 1990. Functional morphology of the perianal sinus and pericardium of Dentalium rectius (Mollusca: Scaphopoda) with a reinterpretation of the scaphopod heart. Amer. Malacol. Bull. 7: 137-146.
284. Reynolds PD & Okusu A 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among families of the Scaphopoda (Mollusca). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 126: 131-153.
285. Ridewood WG 1903. On the structure of the gills of lamellibranchs. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 194: 147-284.
286. Rocha E & Azevedo C 1990. Ultrastructural study of the spermatogenesis of Anodonta cygnea L. (Bivalvia, Unionidae). Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 18: 169-176.
287. Rosen MD, Stasek CR, & Hermans CO 1978. The ultrastructure and evolutionary significance of the cerebral ocelli of Mytilus edulis, the Bay Mussel. Veliger 21: 10-18.
288. Runnegar B 1974. Evolutionary history of the bivalve subclass Anomalodesmata. J. Paleontol. 48: 904-939.
289. _ 1978. Origin and evolution of the Class Rostroconchia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 284: 319-330.
290. _ 1996. Early evolution of the Mollusca: The fossil record. In: Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Taylor J, ed., pp. 77-87. Oxford University Press, London.
291. Runnegar B & Pojeta J Jr. 1974. Molluscan phylogeny: The paleontological viewpoint. Science 186: 311-317.
292. Saleuddin ASM 1965. The mode of life and functional anatomy of Astarte spp. (Eulamellibranchia). Proc. Malacol. Soc. Lond. 36: 229-257.
293. _ 1967. Notes on the functional anatomy of three North American species of Astarte, A. undata, A. castanea, and A. esquilmati Baird. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 37: 381-385.
294. Salvini-Plawen LV 1980. A reconsideration of systematics in the Mollusca. Malacologia 19: 249-278.
295. _ 1985. Early evolution and the primitive groups. In: The Mollusca. Evolution. Trueman ER & Clarke MR, eds., pp. 59-150. Academic Press, Orlando.
296. _ 1988. The structure and function of molluscan digestive systems. In: The Mollusca, Vol. 11, Form and Function. Trueman ER & Clarke MR, eds., pp. 301-379. Academic Press, New York.
297. Salvini-Plawen LV & Steiner G 1996. Synapomorphies and plesiomorphies in higher classification of Mollusca. In: Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Taylor JD, ed., pp. 29-51. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
298. Sanders HL & Allen JA 1973. Studies on deep-sea Protobranchia (Bivalvia); prologue and the Pristiglomidae. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 145: 237-262.
299. Sastry AN 1979. Pelecypoda (excluding Ostreidae). In: Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates, Vol. 5. Molluscs: Pelecypods and Lesser Classes. Giese AC & Pearse JS, eds., pp. 113-292. Academic Press, New York.
300. Scarlato OA & Starobogatov YI 1975. New data for constructing the system of Bivalvia. In: Molluscs, their System, Evolution, and Significance in Nature. Likharev IM, ed., pp. 3-244. Academy of Sciences USSR, Institute of Zoology Izdatel'stro 'Nakua', Leningrad.
301. _ 1978. Phylogenetic relations and the early evolution of the class Bivalvia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 284: 217-224.
302. _ 1979. General evolutionary patterns and the system of the class Bivalvia. Trans. Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR 80: 5-38.
303. Schaefer K 2000. The adoral sense organ in protobranch bivalves (Mollusca): Comparative fine structure with special reference to Nucula nucleus. Invertebr. Biol. 119: 188-214.
304. Schneider JA 1992. Preliminary cladistic analysis of the bivalve family Cardiidae. Amer. Malacol. Bull. 9: 145-155.
305. _ 1998. Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Bivalvia): Phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution within the subfamilies Clinocardiinae, Lymnocardiinae, Fraginae, and Tridacninae. Malacologia 40: 321-373.
306. Schneider JA & Ó Foighil D 1999. Phylogeny of giant clams (Cardiidae: Tridacninae) based on partial mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 13: 59-66.
307. Seydel E 1909. Untersuchen über den byssusapparat der Lamellibranchiaten. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 27: 465-582.
308. Shimek RL 1988. The functional morphology of scaphopod captacula. Veliger 30: 213-221.
309. Slack-Smith SM 1998a. Order Ostreoida. In: Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia, Vol. 5. Beesley PL, Ross GJB, & Wells A, eds., pp. 268-282. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
310. _ 1998b. Superfamily Carditoidea. In: Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia. Vol. 5. Beesley PL, Ross GJB, & Wells A, eds., pp. 322-325. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
311. Smith SW, Overbeek R, Woese CR, Gilbert W, & Gillevet PM 1994. The Genetic Data Environment: An expandable GUI for multiple sequence analysis. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 10: 671-675.
312. Sokolov VA & Zaitseva OV 1982. Osphradial chemoreceptors in lamellibranch mollusks, Unio pictorum and Anodonta cygnea. J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. 18: 56-61.
313. Sousa M & Azevedo C 1988. Comparative silver-staining analysis on spermatozoa of various invertebrate species. Int. J. Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 13: 1-8.
314. Sousa M & Oliveira E 1994. An ultrastructural study of spermatogenesis in Crassostrea angulata (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Mar. Biol. 120: 545-551.
315. Sousa M, Oliveira E, Carvalheiro J, & Oliveira V 1995. Comparative silver staining of molluscan spermatozoa. In: Advances in Spermatozoal Phylogeny and Taxonomy. Jamieson BGM, Ausió J, & Justine J-L, eds., pp. 17-187. Éditions du Muséum Paris, Paris.
316. Spengel JW 1881. Die geruchsorgane und das nervensystem der mollusken. Z. Wissenschaftliche Zool. 35: 333-383.
317. Starobogatov YI 1992. Morphological basis for phylogeny and classification of Bivalvia. Ruthenica 2: 1-25.
318. Stasek CR 1961. The ciliation and function of the labial palps of Acila castrensis (Protobranchia, Nuculidae), with an evaluation of the role of the protobranch organs of feeding in the evolution of the Bivalvia. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 137: 511-538.
319. _ 1963. Synopsis and discussion of the association of ctenidia and labial palps in the bivalved Mollusca. Veliger 6: 91-97.
320. _ 1965. Feeding and particle-sorting in Yoldia ensifera (Bivalvia: Protobranchia), with notes on other nuculanids. Malacologia 2: 349-366.
321. _ 1966. The eye of the giant clam (Tridacna maxima). Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci. 58: 1-9.
322. _ 1972. The molluscan framework. In: Chemical Zoology, Vol. 7. Mollusca. Florkin M & Scheer BT, eds., pp. 1-44. Academic Press, New York.
323. Steiner G 1992. Phylogeny and classification of Scaphopoda. J. Moll. Stud. 58: 385-400.
324. _ 1999. What can 18S rDNA do for bivalve phylogeny? Response. J. Mol. Evol. 48: 258-261.
325. Steiner G & Müller M 1996. What can 18S rDNA do for bivalve phylogeny? J. Mol. Evol. 43: 58-70.
326. Steiner G & Hammer S 2000. Molecular phylogeny of the Bivalvia inferred from 18S rDNA sequences with particular reference to the Pteriomorphia. In: The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia. Harper EM, Taylor JD, & Crame JA, eds., pp. 11-29. The Geological Society of London, London.
327. Stempell W 1898. Beiträge zur kenntnis der nuculiden. Zool. Jb. Suppl. 4: 339-430.
328. Stenta M 1909. Uber ein neues mantelrandorgan bei Leda commutata. Zool. Anz. 35: 154-157.
329. Stoll E 1939. Malletia gigantea (Smith) ein beitrag zur kenntnis der protobranchiaten muscheln. Acta Zool. 20: 339-438.
330. Stork HA 1934. Beiträge zur histologie und morphologie des osphradiums. Arch. Néerl. Zool. 1: 77-99.
331. Stuardo JR 1968. On the Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Distribution of the Limidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Ph.D. Thesis. Harvard University, Cambridge. 327 pp.
332. Studnitz G 1931. Die morphologie und anatomie der Lima inflata, der feilenmuschel, nebst biologischen untersuchungen an Lima hians gmelin. Zoologisches Jahrbuch, Abteilung Anatomie 53: 199-316.
333. Tan-Tiu A & Prezant RS 1989. Shell tubules in Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Heterodonta): Functional morphology and microstructure. The Nautilus 103: 36-39.
334. Taylor AC, Davenport J, & Allen JA 1995. Anoxic survival, oxygen-consumption, and hemocyanin characteristics in the protobranch bivalve Nucula sulcata Bronn. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Comp. Physiol. 112: 333-338.
335. Taylor JD, Kennedy W J, & Hall A 1969. The shell structure and mineralogy of the Bivalvia. Introduction. Nuculacea-Trigonacea. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) Suppl. 3: 1-125.
336. _ 1973. The shell structure and mineralogy of the Bivalvia II. Lucinacea - Clavagellacea, Conclusions. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 22: 255-294.
337. Terwilliger NB, Terwilliger RC, Meyhofer E, & Morse MP 1988. Bivalve hemocyanins - A comparison with other molluscan hemocyanins. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 89: 189-195.
338. Terwilliger RC, Terwilliger NB, & Arp AJ 1983. Thermal vent clam (Calyptogena magnifica) hemoglobin. Science 219: 981-983.
339. Tevesz MJS 1975. Structure and habits of the "living fossil" pelecypod Neotrigonia. Lethaia 8: 321-327.
340. Thiele J 1887. Ein neues sinnesorgan bei lamellibranchiaten. Zool. Anz. 10: 413-424.
341. _ 1889. Die abdominalen sinnesorgane der lamellibranchiaten. Z. Wissenschaftliche Zool. 48: 47-59.
342. Thomas RDK, Madzvamuse A, Maini PK, & Wathen AJ 2000. Growth patterns of noetiid ligaments: Implications of developmental models for the origin of an evolutionary novelty among arcoid bivalves. In: The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia. Harper EM, Taylor JD, & Crame JA, eds., pp. 279-289. The Geological Society of London, London.
343. Trevallion C 1965. A Study of Detritus-Feeding Bivalve Molluscs, and an Investigation on Detritus. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Southampton.
344. Turner RD 1966. A Survey and Illustrated Catalogue of the Teredinidae. The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. 265 pp.
345. Verdonk NH & Van den Biggelaar JAM 1983. Early development and formation of the germ layers. In: The Mollusca, Vol. 3. Development. Verdonk NH, Van den Biggelaar JAM, & Tompa AS, eds., pp. 91-122. Academic Press, New York.
346. Vokes HE 1968. Genera of the Bivalvia: A Systematic and Bibliographic Catalogue. Paleontological Research Institution, New York. 307 pp.
347. Waller TR 1978. Morphology, morphoclines, and a new classification of the Pteriomorphia (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 284: 345-365.
348. _ 1980. Scanning electron microscopy of shell and mantle in the Order Arcoida (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Smithsonian Contr. Zool. 313: 1-58.
349. _ 1981. Functional morphology and development of veliger larvae of the European oyster, Ostrea edulis Linné. Smith. Cont. Zool. 328: 1-70.
350. _ 1990. The evolution of ligament systems in the Bivalvia. In: The Bivalvia - Proceedings of a Memorial Symposium in Honour of Sir Charles Maurice Yonge, Edinburgh, 1986. Morton BS, ed., pp. 49-71. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
351. _ 1998. Origin of the molluscan class Bivalvia and a phylogeny of major groups. In: Bivalves: An Eon of Evolution - Palaeobiological Studies Honoring Norman D. Newell. Johnston PA & Haggart JW, eds., pp. 1-45. University of Calgary Press, Calgary.
352. Waterbury JB, Calloway CB, & Turner RD 1983. A cellulolytic nitrogen-fixing bacterium cultured from the gland of Deshayes in shipworms (Bivalvia: Teredinidae). Science 221: 1401-1403.
353. Webb CM 1986. Post-larval development of the tellinacean bivalves Abra alba, Tellina fabula, and Donax vittatus (Mollusca: Bivalvia), with reference to the late larva. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 66: 749-762.
354. _ 1987. Post-larval development of the bivalves Nucula turgida, Venus striatula, Spisula subtruncata, and S. elliptica (Mollusca: Bivalvia), (with reference to the late larva). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 67: 441-459.
355. Wheeler WC 1995. Sequence alignment, parameter sensitivity, and the phylogenetic analysis of molecular data. Syst. Biol. 44: 321-331.
356. _ 1996. Optimization alignment: The end of multiple sequence alignment in phylogenetics? Cladistics 12: 1-9.
357. Wheeler WC & Gladstein D 2000. POY: The Optimization of Alignment Characters. Program and documentation available at ftp.amnh.org/pub/molecular, New York.
358. Wheeler WC & Hayashi CY 1998. The phylogeny of extant chelicerate orders. Cladistics 14: 173-192.
359. Wilson BR 1979. A revision of Queensland lithophagine mussels (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Lithophaginae). Rec. Austr. Mus. 32: 435-489.
360. Wilson EB 1892. The cell lineage of Nereis. J. Morphol. 6: 361-481.
361. Wingstrand KG 1985. On the anatomy and relationships of recent Monoplacophora. Galathea Report 16: 1-94.
362. Winnepenninckx B, Backeljau T, & De Wachter R 1996. Investigation of molluscan phylogeny on the basis of 18S rRNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 1306-1317.
363. Woods FH 1931. History of the germ cells in Sphaerium striatinum (Lam.). J. Morphol. 51: 545-595.
364. Yonge CM 1923. The mechanism of feeding, digestion, and assimilation in the lamellibranch Mya. British J. Exp. Biol. 1: 1923-1924.
365. _ 1926. Structure and physiology of the organs of feeding and digestion in Ostrea edulis. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 14: 295-386.
366. _ 1939a. The protobranchiate Mollusca; a functional interpretation of their structure and evolution. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 230: 79-147.
367. _ 1939b. On the mantle cavity and its contained organs in the Loricata (Placophora). Quart. J. Microsc. Sci. 81: 367-390.
368. _ 1946. On the habits and adaptations of Aloidis (Corbula) gibba. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 26: 358-376.
369. _ 1947. The pallial organs in the aspidobranch gastropods and their evolution throughout the Mollusca. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 232: 443-518.
370. _ 1948. Cleansing mechanisms and the function of the fourth pallial aperture in Spisula subtruncata (da Costa) and Lutraria lutraria (L.). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 27: 585-596.
371. _ 1952a. Studies on Pacific coast mollusks. VI. A note on Kellia laperousii (Deshayes). Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 55: 451-454.
372. _ 1952b. Structure and adaptation in Entodesma saxicola (Baird) and Mytilimeria nuttallii Conrad. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 55: 439-450.
373. _ 1953a. The monomyarian condition in the Lamellibranchia. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 42: 443-478.
374. _ 1953b. Form and habit in Pinna carnea Gmelin. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 237: 335-374.
375. _ 1957. Mantle fusion in the Lamellibranchia. Pubbl. Stn. Zool. Napoli 29: 151-171.
376. _ 1967. Form, habit, and evolution in the Chamidae (Bivalvia) with reference to the conditions in the rudists (Hippuritacea). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 252: 49-105.
377. _ 1968. Form and habit in species of Malleus (including the "hammer oysters") with comparative observations of Isognomon isognomon. Biol. Bull. 135: 378-405.
378. _ 1969. Functional morphology and evolution within the Carditacea (Bivalvia). Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 38: 493-527.
379. _ 1971. On functional morphology and adaptive radiation in the bivalve superfamily Saxicavacea (Hiatella (= Saxicava), Saxicavella, Panomya, Panope, Cyrtodaria). Malacologia 11: 1-44.
380. _ 1973. Functional morphology with particular reference to hinge and ligament in Spondylus and Plicatula and a discussion of relations within the superfamily Pectinacea (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 267: 173-208.
381. _ 1977. Form and function in the Anomiacea - Pododesmus, Anomia, Patro, Enogmonia (Anomiidae), Placunanomia, Placuna (Placunidae f. Amer. nov.). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 276: 453-523.
382. _ 1978. Significance of the ligament in the classification of the Bivalvia. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 202: 231-248.
383. _ 1979. Cementation in bivalves. In: Pathways in Malacology, van der Spoel S, van Bruggen AC, & Lever J, eds., pp. 83-106. Bohn, Scheltema and Holkema, Utrecht.
384. _ 1980. Functional morphology and evolution in the Tridacnidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Cardiacea). Rec. Austr. Mus. 33: 735-777.
385. _ 1982a. Mantle margins with a revision of siphonal types in the Bivalvia. J. Moll. Stud. 48: 102-103.
386. _ 1982b. Ligamental structure in Mactracea and Myacea (Mollusca: Bivalvia). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 62: 171-186.
387. Yonge CM & Morton BS 1980. Ligament and lithodesma in the Pandoracea and Poromyacea with a discussion on evolutionary history in the Anomalodesmata (Mollusca: Bivalvia). J. Zool. Lond. 191: 263-292.
388. Zaitseva OV & Sokolov VA 1981. Cellular organization of osphradia in the Lamellibranchia Unio pectorum and Anodonta cygnea. Arkh. Anat. Gistol. Embriol. 80: 90-97.
389. Zardus JD & Morse MP 1998. Embryogenesis, morphology, and ultrastructure of the pericalymma larva of Acila castrensis (Bivalvia: Protobranchia: Nuculoida). Invertebr. Biol. 117: 221-244.