New tricks for old dogs: Nonthrombotic effects of thrombin in vessel wall biology

Circulation Research

Volumn 88, Issue 10, 2001, Pages 987-997

  Patterson, Cam ^a,b   Stouffer, George A ^a   Madamanchi, Nageswara ^a   Runge, Marschall S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Thrombin; Vascular biology

Indexed keywords

FIBRIN; FIBRINOGEN; PROTEINASE ACTIVATED RECEPTOR 1; PROTEINASE ACTIVATED RECEPTOR 2; PROTEINASE ACTIVATED RECEPTOR 3; PROTEINASE ACTIVATED RECEPTOR 4; THROMBIN;

ANGIOGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CATALYSIS; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; RESTENOSIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOSIS; VASCULAR DISEASE;

EID: 0035947756     PISSN: 00097330     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/hh1001.091447     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Fatal haemorrhage and incomplete block to embryogenesis in mice lacking coagulation factor V
2. Protease-activated receptors and platelet function
3. Thrombin signalling and protease-activated receptors
4. Thrombin
5. The roles of protein C and thrombomodulin in the regulation of blood coagulation
6. The refined 1.9 Å crystal structure of human a-thrombin: Interaction with D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethylketone and significance of the Tyr-Pro-Pro-Trp insertion segment
7. The refined 1.9 Å x-ray crystal structure of D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethylketone inhibited a-thrombin: Structure analysis, overall structure, electrostatic properties, detailed active site geometry, structure-function relationships
8. Thrombin non-covalent protein binding and fibrin(ogen) recognition
9. Crystallographic structures of thrombin complexed with thrombin receptor peptides: Existence of expected and novel binding modes
10. Heparin cofactor II and thrombin: Heparin-binding proteins linking hemostasis and inflammation
11. The structure of recombinant hirudin and human α-thrombin
12. Glycosaminoglycans and the regulation of blood coagulation
13. Molecular cloning of a functional thrombin receptor reveals a novel proteolytic mechanism of receptor activation
14. Protease-activated receptor 3 is a second thrombin receptor in humans
15. A dual thrombin receptor system for platelet activation
16. Molecular cloning of a potential proteinase activated receptor
17. Cloning and characterization of human protease-activated receptor 4
18. Tissue factor- and factor X-dependent activation of protease-activated receptor 2 by factor VIIa
19. PAR3 is a cofactor for PAR4 activation by thrombin
20. Thrombin responses in human endothelial cells: Contributions from receptors other than PAR1 include the transactivation of PAR2 by thrombin-cleaved PAR1
21. The cloned platelet thrombin receptor couples to at least two distinct effectors to stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis and inhibit adenylyl cyclase
22. G proteins of the G12 family are activated via thromboxane A2 and thrombin receptors in human platelets
23. Reconstitution of receptors and GTP-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) in Sf9 cells: A direct evaluation of selectivity in receptor G protein coupling
24. Vascular system defects and impaired cell chemokinesis as a result of Gα13 deficiency
25. Rho and Rho kinase mediate thrombin-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis and migration
26. 1 isozyme of phospholipase C by α subunits of the Gq class of G proteins
27. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediates mitogen-induced human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation
28. An essential role for free radicals and derived species in signal transduction
29. 2 for platelet-derived growth factor signal transduction
30. Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells
31. Active oxygen species stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell growth and proto-oncogene expression
32. phax may participate in forming this oxidase in vitro and in vivo
33. phax is a critical component of the superoxide-generating NADH/NADPH oxidase system and regulates angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in vascular smooth muscle cells
34. Cell transformation by the superoxide-generating oxidase Mox1
35. NAD(P)H oxidase: Role in cardiovascular biology and disease
36. phax
37. Thrombin regulates vascular smooth muscle cell growth and heat shock proteins via the JAK-STAT pathway
38. o are target proteins of reactive oxygen species
39. The oxidative paradox: Another piece in the puzzle
40. Role of transactivation of the EGF receptor in signalling by G-protein-coupled receptors
41. Heparin blockade of thrombin-induced smooth muscle cell migration involves inhibition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor transactivation by heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
42. EGF receptor transactivation by G-protein-coupled receptors requires metalloproteinase cleavage of proHB-EGF
43. β3 integrins are upregulated after vascular injury and modulate thrombospondin- and thrombin-induced proliferation of cultured smooth muscle cells
44. The inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell migration by peptide and antibody antagonists of the αvβ3 integrin complex is reversed by activated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
45. Selective αvβ3 integrin blockade potently limits neointimal hyperplasia and lumen stenosis following deep coronary arterial stent injury: Evidence for the functional importance of integrin αvβ3 and osteopontin expression during neointima formation
46. Disparate temporal expression of the prothrombin and thrombin receptor genes during mouse development
47. Stimulated secretion of endothelial von Willebrand factor is accompanied by rapid redistribution to the cell surface of the intracellular granule membrane protein GMP-140
48. Regulation of vascular endothelial barrier function
49. Monocyte chemotaxis: Stimulation by specific exosite region of thrombin
50. Identification of a thrombin sequence with growth factor activity on macrophages
51. Involvement of the "tethered ligand" receptor in thrombin-induced endothelium-mediated relaxations
52. Nonhypoxic pathway mediates the induction of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in vascular smooth muscle cells
53. On the mechanism of thrombin-induced angiogenesis: Potentiation of vascular endothelial growth factor activity on endothelial cells by up-regulation of its receptors
54. Thrombin stimulates proliferation of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells by a proteolytically activated receptor
55. Thrombin potently stimulates cytokine production in human vascular smooth muscle cells but not in mononuclear phagocytes
56. Thrombin stimulates smooth muscle cell procollagen synthesis and mRNA levels via a PAR-1 mediated mechanism
57. Vascular smooth muscle cell migration mediated by thrombin and urokinase receptor
58. Transient activation of a distinct serine protein kinase is responsible for 27-kDa heat shock protein phosphorylation in mitogen-stimulated and heat-shocked cells
59. Reactive oxygen species regulate heat shock protein70 via the JAK-STAT pathway
60. Differential distribution of 70-dD heat shock protein in atherosclerosis: Its potential role in arterial SMC survival
61. Thrombin generation by apoptotic vascular smooth muscle cells
62. Evidence for the rapid onset of apoptosis in medial smooth muscle cells after balloon injury
63. Regulation of tenascin-C, a vascular smooth muscle cell survival factor that interacts with the αvβ3 integrin to promote epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation and growth
64. Divergent effects of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, -2, or -3 overexpression on rat vascular smooth muscle cell invasion, proliferation, and death in vitro: TIMP-3 promotes apoptosis
65. Vascular cell apoptosis in remodeling, restenosis, and plaque rupture
66. Thrombin hypothesis of thrombus generation and vascular lesion formation
67. Thrombin is an important mediator of platelet aggregation in stenosed canine coronary arteries with endothelial injury
68. Deendothelialization in vivo initiates a thrombogenic reaction at the rabbit aorta surface: Correlation of uptake of fibrinogen and antithrombin III with thrombin generation by the exposed subendothelium
69. Arterial thrombin activity after angioplasty in an atherosclerotic rabbit model: Time course and effect of hirudin
70. Prothrombin-related antigens in human aortic intima
71. Characterization of thrombin receptor expression during vascular lesion formation
72. Thrombin receptor expression in normal and atherosclerotic human arteries
73. The suicide substrate reaction between plasminogen activator inhibitor I and thrombin is regulated by the cofactors vitronectin and heparin
74. Expression of LDL receptor-related protein/α2-macroglobulin receptor in human normal and atherosclerotic arteries
75. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and vitronectin promote the cellular clearance of thrombin by low density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 1 and 2
76. Colocalization of thrombin, PAI-1, and vitronectin in the atherosclerotic vessel wall: A potential regulatory mechanism of thrombin activity by PAI-1/vitronectin complexes
77. Inhibitory role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in arterial wound healing and neointima formation: A gene targeting and gene transfer study in mice
78. Heparin cofactor II inhibits thrombus formation in a rat thrombosis model
79. Comparison of heparin- and dermatan sulfate-mediated catalysis of thrombin inactivation by heparin cofactor II
80. Altered dermatan sulfate structure and reduced heparin cofactor II-stimulating activity of biglycan and decorin from human atherosclerotic plaque
81. Inhibition of thrombin attenuates stenosis after arterial injury in minipigs
82. Effectiveness of recombinant desulphatohirudin in reducing restenosis after balloon angioplasty of atherosclerotic femoral arteries in rabbits
83. Comparison of the effects of the thrombin inhibitor r-hirudin in four animal models of neointima formation after arterial injury
84. Local adenoviralmediated expression of recombinant hirudin reduces neointima formation after arterial injury
85. An antibody against the exosite of the cloned thrombin receptor inhibits experimental arterial thrombosis in the African green monkey
86. Antibody to thrombin receptor inhibits neointimal smooth muscle cell accumulation without causing inhibition of platelet aggregation or altering hemostatic parameters after angioplasty in rat
87. Altered vascular injury responses in mice deficient in protease-activated receptor-1
88. Effect of direct thrombin inhibition with Bivalirudin (Hirulog) on restenosis after coronary angioplasty
89. A comparison of hirudin with heparin in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty: Helvetica Investigators
90. Cellular localization of enzymatically active thrombin in intact human tissues by hirudin binding
91. Thrombin promotes endothelial cell alignment in Matrigel in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo
92. Thrombin promotes angiogenesis by a mechanism independent of fibrin formation
93. Constitutive production and thrombin-induced release of vascular endothelial growth factor by human megakaryocytes and platelets
94. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces tissue factor and matrix metalloproteinase production in endothelial cells: Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin results in progelatinase A activation and cell proliferation
95. Thrombin receptor-mediated increase of two matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-1 and MMP-3, in human endothelial cells
96. Antiangiogenic activity of the cleaved conformation of the serpin antithrombin
97. Prothrombin kringle-2 domain has a growth inhibitory activity against basic fibroblast growth factor-stimulated capillary endothelial cells
98. Prothrombin deficiency results in embryonic and neonatal lethality in mice
99. Incomplete embryonic lethality and fatal neonatal hemorrhage caused by prothrombin deficiency in mice
100. Role of the thrombin receptor in development and evidence for a second receptor
101. Biological consequences of thrombin receptor deficiency in mice
102. Resolution of spontaneous bleeding events but failure of pregnancy in fibrinogen-deficient mice
103. Transcription factor NF-E2 is required for platelet formation independent of the actions of thrombopoietin/MGDF in megakaryocyte development
104. Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele
105. Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice
106. Increased expression of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in balloon-injured rat carotid artery
107. Characterization of protease-activated receptor-2 immunoreactivity in normal human tissues
108. Differential expression of functional protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in human vascular smooth muscle cells
109. The human proteinase-activated receptor-3 (PAR-3) gene: Identification within a Par gene cluster and characterization in vascular endothelial cells and platelets
110. Proteinase-activated receptor 4 (PAR4): Action of PAR4-activating peptides in vascular and gastric tissue and lack of cross-reactivity with PAR1 and PAR2
111. Thrombin-induced proliferation and expression of platelet-derived growth factor-A chain gene in human vascular smooth muscle cells
112. Regulation of platelet-derived growth factor ligand and receptor gene expression by α-thrombin in vascular smooth muscle cells
113. Thrombin-induced mitogenesis of vascular SMC is partially mediated by autocrine production of PDGF-AA
114. The mitogenic effect of thrombin in vascular smooth muscle cells is largely due to basic fibroblast growth factor
115. Epiregulin is a potent vascular smooth muscle cell-derived mitogen induced by angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and thrombin
116. G-protein coupled and tyrosine kinase receptors: Evidence that activation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor is required for thrombin-induced mitogenesis of rat aortic smooth muscle cells
117. G protein-coupled receptors control vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via pp60c-src and p21ras
118. Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by nuclear factor-κB and its inhibitor, I-κB
119. Overexpression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 in smooth muscle cells attenuates mitogenic signaling via G protein-coupled and platelet-derived growth factor receptors
120. Cyclic AMP inhibition of thrombin-induced growth in vascular smooth muscle cells correlates with decreased JNK1 activity and c-Jun expression
121. Thrombin generation following arterial injury is a criticai initiating event in the pathogenesis of the proliferative stages of the atherosclerotic process
122. Treatment with bivalirudin (Hirulog) as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina: Hirulog Angioplasty Study Investigators
123. Influence of blockade at specific levels of the coagulation cascade on restenosis in a rabbit atherosclerotic femoral artery injury model
124. Effectiveness of hirulog in reducing restenosis after balloon angioplasty of atherosclerotic femoral arteries in rabbits
125. Inhibition of neointimal proliferation after coronary angioplasty by low-molecular-weight heparin (clivarine) and polyethyleneglycol-hirudin
126. Subcutaneous infusion of r-hirudin does not inhibit neointimal proliferation after angioplasty of the subclavian artery in cholesterol-fed rabbits
127. A new single-injury model of balloon angioplasty in cholesterol-fed rabbits: Beneficial effect of hirudin and comparison with double-injury model
128. Early plus delayed hirudin reduces restenosis in the atherosclerotic rabbit more than early administration alone: Potential implications for dosing of antithrombin agents
129. Prolonged thrombin inhibition reduces restenosis after balloon angioplasty in porcine coronary arteries
130. Local adenovirus-mediated delivery of hirudin in a rabbit arterial injury model