Molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 836-871

  Fluit, A C ^a   Visser, M R ^a   Schmitz, F J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPROFLOXACIN; GENTAMICIN; ISONIAZID; METICILLIN; MONOBACTAM; NUCLEIC ACID; OXACILLIN; PENICILLIN G; PSEUDOMONIC ACID; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOMYCIN; TEICOPLANIN; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; TOBRAMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN;

ANALYTIC METHOD; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; DNA MICROARRAY; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; PENICILLIN RESISTANCE; PHENOTYPE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; STAPHYLOCOCCUS;

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA; HUMANS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 0034767750     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.14.4.836-871.2001     Document Type: Review

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172. Follow-up of tuberculosis patients undergoing standard anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy by using polymerase chain reaction
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176. Nomenclature for tetracycline resistance determinants
177. Multidrug resistance pumps provide broad defense
178. Nonradioactive DNA probe for detection of gene for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
179. Distribution of genes encoding resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins among staphylococci
180. Clinical significance of beta-lactamase induction and stable derepression in Gram-negative rods
181. Tandem duplication in ermC translational attenuator of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance plasmid pSES6 from Staphylococcus equorum
182. Molecular analysis of naturally occurring ermC-encoding plasmids in staphylococci isolated from animals with and without previous contact with macrolide/ lincosamide antibiotics
183. Survey of the prevalence of beta-lactamases among 1000 Gram-negative bacilli isolated consecutively at the Royal London Hospital
184. A variety of gram-positive bacteria carry mobile mef genes
185. Development of "oligotyping" for characterization and molecular epidemiology of TEM β-lactamases in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae
186. Helicobacterpylori specific nested PCR assay for the detection of 23S rRNA mutation associated with clarithromycin resistance
187. Direct detection of Helicobacter pylori resistance to macrolides by a polymerase chain reaction/DNA enzyme immunoassay in gastric biopsy specimens
188. Molecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered in Italy from 1993 to 1996
189. Macrolide resistance mechanisms and expression of phenotypes among Streptococcus pneumoniae circulating in Italy
190. Glycopeptide antibiotic resistance genes in glycopeptide-producing organisms
191. Class I integrons in gram-negative isolates from different European hospitals and association with decreased susceptibility to multiple antibiotic compounds
192. Rapid detection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by sequencing and line probe assay
193. Line probe assay in the rapid detection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly from clinical specimens
194. Oligonucleotide probes for the detection of cephalosporinases among Bacteroides strains
195. Enzymatic and nucleotide sequence studies of a kanamycin inactivating enzyme encoded by a plasmid from thermophilic bacilli in comparison with that encoded by plasmid pUB110
196. Genetic alterations in streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Mapping of mutations conferring resistance
197. Use of primers selective for vancomycin resistance genes to determine van genotype in enterococci and to study gene organization in VanA isolates
198. Development of resistance during antibiotic therapy
199. +-linked D-lactate dehydrogenase associated with vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
200. Detection of vancomycin resistant genes vanA and vanB by cycling probe technology
201. Increased production of penicillin-binding protein 2, increased detection of other penicillin-binding proteins, and decreased coagulase activity associated with glycopeptide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
202. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction
203. Molecular charaterization of thirteen gyrA mutations conferring nalidixic acid resistance in Bacillus subtilis
204. Identification of methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction
205. Detection of mutations conferring extended-spectrum activity on SHV β-lactamases using polymerase chain reaction single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP)
206. PCR single strand conformational polymorphism can be used to detect the gene encoding SHV-7 extended-spectrum β-lactamase and to identify different SHV genes within the same strain
207. Detection of resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, and streptomycin in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by molecular methods
208. The rspL gene and streptomycin resistance in single and multiple drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
209. Detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by use of a rapid, simple, and specific RNA/RNA mismatch assay
210. Rapid detection of mutations associated with macrolide resistance in Mycobacterium avium complex
211. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
212. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically
213. Detection of crythromycin resistant methylase gene by polymerase chain reaction
214. Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification refractory mutation system
215. The multidrug efflux transporter of Bacillus subtilis is a structural and functional homolog of the Staphylococcus NorA protein
216. Fluoroquinolone resistance protein NorA of Staphylococcus aureus is a multidrug efflux transporter
217. DNA probes for identification of tetracycline resistance genes in Campylobacter species isolated from swine and cattle
218. Differential gene expression in the murine thymus assayed by quantitative hybridization of arrayed eDNA clones
219. Characterization of erythromycin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus recovered in the United States from 1958 through 1969
220. Distribution of mefE and ermB genes in macrolide-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and their variable susceptibility to various antibiotics
221. Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC12201 to Staphylococcus aureus
222. Branched DNA signal amplification for direct quantitation of nucleic acid sequences in clinical specimens
223. Reliability of nucleic acid amplification for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An international collaborative quality control study among 30 laboratories
224. PCR detection of aminoglycoside resistance genes: A rapid molecular typing method for Acinetobacter baumannii
225. Detection of genes coding for extended-spectrum SHV beta-lactamases in clinical isolates by a molecular genetic method, and comparison with the Etest
226. Macrolide resistance in Helicobacter pyloti: Rapid detection of point mutations and assays of macrolide binding to ribosomes
227. Detection of tet(M) and tet(O) using the polymerase chain reaction in bacteria isolated from patients with periodontal disease
228. Detection of penicillin susceptibility in Streptococcus pneumoniae by pbp2b PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis
229. Detection of polymorphisms of human DNA by electrophoresis as single-strand conformation polymorphisms
230. Rapid and sensitive detection of point-mutations and DNA polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction
231. Detection of gyrA and gyrB mutations in quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and determination of levels of resistance conferred by two different single gyrA mutations
232. Oligonucleoticle probes (TEM-1, OXA-1) versus isoelectric focusing in β-lactamase characterization of 114 resistant strains
233. Oligonucleotide probes for the detection of TEM-1 and TEM-2 β-lactamase genes and their transposons
234. Analysis by using DNA probes of the OXA-1 β-lactamase gene and its transposon
235. Gene homogeneity for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in gram-positive cocci
236. Development of a rapid assay for detecting gyrA mutations in Escherichia coli and determination of incidence of gyrA mutations in clinical strains isolated from patients with complicated urinary tract infections
237. Targeting of DNA gyrase in Streptococcus pneumoniae by sparfloxacin: Selective targeting of gyrase or topoisomerase IV by quinolones
238. DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are dual targets of clinafloxacin action in Streptococcus pneumoniae
239. Single polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the tetracycline-resistant determinants tetK and tetL
240. Tetracycline resistance determinants in Mycobacterium and Streptomyces species
241. Multiplex PCR detection of vanA, vanB, vanC-1, and vanC2/3 genes in enterococci
242. Resistance to antimicrobial agents other than β-lactams
243. Dispersal of a plasmid-borne chloramphenicol resistance gene in streptococcal and enterococcal plasmids
244. Heterogeneity of chromosomal genes encoding chloramphenicol resistance in streptococci
245. Emergence of Streptococcus pyogenes strains resistant to erythromycin in Gipuzkoa
246. VanD-type glycopeptide-resistant Enteroeoccus faecium BM4339
247. Contribution of topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae to resistance to novel fluoroquinolones
248. Direct detection of vanA and vanB genes in clinical specimens for rapid identification of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) using multiplex PCR
249. Molecular beacon sequence analysis for detection drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
250. Detection of point mutations associated with resistance of Helicobacterpylori to clarithromycin by hybridization in liquid phase
251. Multiplex PCR assay specific for the multidrug resistant strain W of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
252. Detection of aac(6′)-I genes in amikacin-resistant Acinetobacter spp. by PCR
253. Macrolide resistence phenotypes and mechanisms of resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes in La Rioja
254. Detection of clinical vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Denmark by multiplex PCR and sandwich hybridization
255. Update on mupirocin resistance
256. Genetic basis of tetracycline resistance in clinical isolates of Listeria monocytogenes
257. Genotypic identification of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction
258. Mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents
259. Cloning of the type Ib trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase gene and preparation of a specific biotynilated probe
260. Probes for the study of mupirocin resistance in staphylococci
261. A comparison of polymerase chain reaction and phenotyping for rapid speciation of enterococci and detection of vancomycin resistance
262. Structure, biochemistry and mechanism of action of glycopeptide antibiotics
263. Tetracycline resistance in Peptostreptococcus species
264. Epidemiology of tetracycline resistance determinants
265. Distribution of tetracycline and macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin B (MLS) genes in anaerobic bacteria
266. Tetracycline resistance determinants: Mechanisms of action, regulation of expression, genetic mobility, and distribution
267. Characterization of tetracycline and erythromycin resistance determinants in Treponema denticola
268. Erythromycin-resistant Neisseria gonotrhoeae and oral commensal Neisseria spp. carry known rRNA methylase genes
269. Genetic basis of tetracycline resistance in urogenital bacteria
270. Characterization of the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in Clostridium difficile
271. Characterization of unusual tetracycline-resistant gram-positive bacteria
272. Detection of terM and tetO tetracycline resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction
273. Nomenclature for macrolide and macrolide-lincosamidestreptogramin B resistance determinants
274. Evaluation of a vanA-specific PCR assay for detection of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium during a hospital outbreak
275. Hybridization analysis of three chloramphenicol resistance determinants from Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile
276. Application of a novel microarraying system in genomics research and drug discovery
277. Identification of a chromosomally encoded ABC-transporter system with which the staphylococcal erythromycin exporter MsrA may interact
278. Inducible erythromycin-resistance in staphylococci is encoded by a member of the ATP-binding transport super-gene family
279. Evaluation of the INNO-LiPA Rif. TB assay, a reverse hybridization assay for the simultaneous detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and its resistance to rifampin
280. Rapid characterization schemes for surveillance isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
281. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification with a thermostable DNA polymerase
282. Enzymatic amplification of β-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for the diagnosis of sickle-cell anemia
283. Non-radioactive gene probes for the detection of tetracycline and/or minocycline resistance in staphylococci
284. Identification of methicillin-resistant staphylococci by multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay
285. Molecular epidemiology of integron-associated antibiotic resistance genes in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae
286. Rapid chemiluminescent nucleic: Acid assays for detection of TEM-1 β-lactamase-mediated penicillin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoea and other bacteria
287. Rapid chemiluminescent nucleic acid assays for detection of TEM-1 β-lactamase-mediated penicillin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other bacteria
288. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors
289. Detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in fecal samples by PCR
290. Detection of rifampin resistance by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tuberculosis of the central nervous system
291. Detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by double gradient-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
292. Mechanisms of resistance
293. Molecular epidemiology of quinolone resistance and comparative in vitro activities of new quinolones against European Staphylococcus aureus isolates
294. The prevalence of aminoglycoside-resistance and corresponding resistance genes in clinical isolates of staphylococci from 19 European hospitals
295. Characterization of grl4, grlB, gyrA and gyrB mutations in 116 unrelated isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in relation to minimal inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin
296. The prevalence of low and high-level mupirocin-resistance in staphylococci from 19 European hospitals
297. Prevalence of class 1 integrons and association with decreased antibiotic susceptibility in German gram-negative blood culture isolates
298. Prevalence of macrolide resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium isolates from 24 European university hospitals
299. Comparative activity of 27 antimicrobial compounds against 698 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates originating from 20 European university hospitals
300. Prevalence of resistance to MLS antibiotics in 20 European university hospitals participating in the European SENTRY surveillance program
301. Tetracyclines: Antibiotic action, uptake, and resistance mechanisms
302. Worldwide evaluation of DNA sequencing approaches for identification of drug resistance mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase
303. Emerergence of vancomycin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci
304. Molecular analysis of the macrolide-lincosamide resistance gene region of a novel plasmid from Staphylococcus hyicus
305. Tetracycline resistance genes in staphylococci from the skin of pigs
306. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Canadian isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and characterization of their β-lactamases
307. IMP) in gram-negative rods resistant to broad-spectrum β-lactams
308. A novel erythromycin resistance methylase gene (ermTR) in Streptococcus pyogenes
309. Molecular epidemiology of aminoglycoside resistance in Acinetobacter spp.
310. Molecular genetics of aminoglycoside resistance genes and familial relationships of the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes
311. Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray
312. Prevalence of macrolide resistance mechanisms in Streptococcuspneumoniae isolates from a multicenter antibiotic resistance surveillance study conducted in the united states in 1994-1995
313. Novel mechanism of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae
314. The development of vancomycin resistance in a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection
315. Inhibition of cell wall turnover and autolysis by vancomycin in a highly vancomycin-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus
316. Decreased susceptibilities to teicoplanin and vancomycin among coagulase-negative methicillin-resistant clinical isolates of staphylococci
317. Multiresistant Staphyloccus aureus: Genetics and evolution of epidemic Australian strains
318. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
319. The use of a DNA probe and PCR to examine the distribution of the aac(6′)-Ic gene in Serratia marcescens and other Gramnegative bacteria
320. Discriminatory detection of inhibitor-resistant β-lactamases in Escherichia coli by single-strand conformation polymorphism-PCR
321. DNA gyrase gyrA mutations in ciprofloxacin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus: Close similarity with quinolone resistance mutations in Escherichia coli
322. Ciprofloxacin resistance in coagulase-positive and -negative staphylococci: Role of mutations at serine 84 in DNA gyrase A protein of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis
323. Ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Critical role of embB mutations
324. IS257 and small plasmid insertions in the mec region of th chromosome of Staphylococcus aureus
325. A PCR-oligonucleotide ligation assay to determine the prevalence of 23S rRNA gene mutations in clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori
326. Rapid and simple detection of c-Ki m-ras2 gene codon 12 mutations by nonradioisotopic single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis
327. Detection of erythromycin-resistant determinants by PCR
328. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes resistant to macrolides but sensitive to clindamycin: A common resistance pattern mediated by an efflux system
329. Trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductases in normal faecal flora isolated in India
330. MefE is necessary for the erythromycin-resistant M phenotype in Streptococcus pneumoniae
331. Mutations in 23S RNA and alterations in ribosomal protein LA account for resistance in pneumococcal strains selected in vitro by macrolide passage
332. Incidence of various gyrA mutants in 451 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in Japan and their susceptibilities to 10 fluoroquinolones
333. Detection of gyrA mutations among 335 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated in Japan and their susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones
334. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA and gyrB genes and detection of quinolone resistance mutations
335. Tetracycline resistance mediated by ribosomal protection
336. Genotypic assessment of isoniazid and rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A blind study at reference laboratory level
337. Detection of rifampicin-resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
338. Direct, automated detection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis
339. Use of polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis to detect a point mutation in the catalaseperoxidase gene (katG) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
340. Trimethoprim resistance determinants encoding a dihydrofolate reductase in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci
341. Development of PCR assays to detect ampicillin resistance genes in cerebrospinal fluid samples containing Haemophilus influenzae
342. Development of a DNA probe for the structural gene of the 2″-O-adenyltransferase amino-glycoside-modifying enzyme
343. Methods for improved detection of oxacillin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci: Results of a multicenter study
344. Development of a DNA probe from the deoxyribonucleotide sequence of a 3-N-aminoglycoside acetyltranseferase [AAC(3)-I] resistance gene
345. Nucleic acid probes for the detection and identification of infectious agents
346. Molecular epidemiology of macrolide-lincosamidestreptogramin B resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci
347. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci of animal origin
348. Molecular characterization of highly gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolates lacking high-level streptomycin resistance
349. Biotinylated oligonucleotide probes for the detection and the characterization of TEM-type extended broad spectrum β-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae
350. Comparison of a polymerase chain reaction assay and a conventional microbiologic method for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
351. Detection of novel mutations in the gyrA gene of Staphylococcus aureus by nonradioisotopic single-strand confirmation polymorphism analysis and direct DNA sequencing
352. New mechanism for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Clinical isolates that lack the PBP2a gene and contain normal penicillin-binding protein with modified penicillin-binding capacity
353. Development and evaluation of a PCR-based immunoassay for the rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
354. Biotinylated DNA probes for trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductases types IV and V
355. Study of heterogeneity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) genes in streptococci and enterococci by polymerase chain reaction: Characterization of a new CAT determinant
356. Incidence of an aminoglycoside 6-N-acetyltransferase, AAC(6′)-1b, in amikacin-resistant clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli, as determined by DNA-DNA hybridization and immunoblotting
357. Expression of resistance to tetracyclines in strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
358. Prevalence of the type I and type II DHFR genes in trimethoprim-resistant urinary isolates of Escherichia coli from Greece
359. Prevalence of a plasmid-mediated type II dihydrofolate reductase gene among trimethoprim-resistant urinary pathogens in Greek hospitals
360. Molecular epidemiology of tetM genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae
361. Multicolor molecular beacons for allele discrimination
362. Molecular beacons: Probes that fluoresce upon hybridization
363. Combinational detection of autolysin and penicillin-binding protein 2B gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae by PCR
364. Rapid detection of the mecA gene in methicillin-resistant staphylococci by enzymatic detection of polymerase chain reaction products
365. Purification and characterization of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes from Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis
366. Detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococci by using the polymerase chain reaction
367. Comparison of tests for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a clinical microbiology laboratory
368. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci
369. Wide-spread detection of PER-1-type extended-spectrum β-lactamase among nosocomial Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Turkey: A nationwide multicenter study
370. High-level aminoglycoside resistance among enterococci and group A streptococci
371. Rapid detection, by PCR and reverse hybridization, of mutations in the Helicobacter pylori 23S rRNA gene, associated with macrolide resistance
372. Identification of the aadB gene coding for aminoglycoside-2′-O-nucleotidyltransferase, ANT(2′), by means of the polymerase chain reaction
373. Use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of aacA genes encoding aminoglycoside-6′-N-acetyltransferases in reference strains and Gram-negative clinical isolates from two Belgian hospitals
374. Detection by polymerase chain reaction of genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates of epidemic phage types
375. Nucleotide sequence of the aacC2 gene, a gentamicin resistance determinant involved in a hospital epidemic of multiply resistant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae
376. Identification of three genes coding for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes by means of the polymerase chain reaction
377. New resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
378. Strand displacement amplification - An isothermal, in vitro DNA amplification technique
379. Isothermal in vitro amplification of DNA by restriction enzyme/DNA polymerase system
380. Choice of a routine method for detecting methicillin-resistance in staphylococci
381. Detection of grlA and gyrA mutations in 344 Staphylococcus aureus strains
382. Detection of tetK and tetM in Staphylococcus aureus of Asian countries by the polymerase chain reaction
383. Characterization of tetracycline and erythromycin resistance in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
384. Comparison of three molecular assays for rapid detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
385. Insights into erythromycin action from studies of its activity as inducer of resistance
386. Erythromycin resistance by ribosome modification
387. Macrolide resistance
388. Resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics
389. Structural alterations in the translational attenuator of consecutively expressed ermC genes
390. Characterization of a new enterococcal gene, satG, encoding a putative acetyltransferase conferring resistance to streptogramin A compounds
391. Prevalence of erm gene classes in erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated between 1959 and 1988
392. Erm genes in erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci
393. Direct genotypic detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis rifampin resistance in clinical specimens by using single-tube heminested PCR
394. Detection of PCR products using self-probing amplicons and fluorescence
395. The molecular mechanisms of tetracycline resistance in the pneumococcus
396. Identification of the tetracycline resistance gene, tet(O), in Streptococcus pneumoniae
397. Emergence of the M phenotype of erythromycin-resistant pneumococci in South Africa
398. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to commonly used non-betalactam drugs in Streptococcus pneumoniae
399. Ligase chain reaction (LCR) - Overview and applications
400. A general ampC active site oligonucleotide probe for Gram-negative rods
401. Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-based universal heteroduplex generator assay for direct detection of rifampin susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum specimens
402. Clinical strain of Staphylococcus aureus inactivates and causes efflux of macrolides
403. Comparison of high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from different continents
404. Heterogeneous location of the mupA high-level mupirocin resistance gene in Staphylococcus aureus
405. The ligase amplification reaction (LAR)-amplification of specific DNA sequences using sequential rounds of template-dependent ligation
406. Genetic analsysis of serotype 23F Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from several countries by pencillin-binding protein fingerprinting and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
407. Laboratory diagnosis of oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by a multiplex-polymerase chain reaction assay
408. Active efflux as a mechnism of resistance to ciprofloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae
409. Molecular cloning and characterization of two lincomycin-resistance genes, lmrA and lmrB, from Streptomyces lincolnensis 78-11
410. The catalase-peroxidase gene and isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium tubeculosis
411. Direct mecA detection from blood culture bottles by branched-DNA signal amplification
412. Ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolates: Detection of gyrA resistance mutations by mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR and DNA sequence analysis