Molecular pathogenesis of thyroid nodules and cancer

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 517-539

  Moretti, Fabiola ^a,c   Nanni, Simona ^a,c   Pontecorvi, Alfredo ^a,b,c  

^a CNR   (Italy)

^b REGINA ELENA NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (Italy)

^c CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Growth factors; Oncogenes; Oncosuppressors; Thyroid cancer; Thyroid nodules

Indexed keywords

EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; PROTEIN P53; RAS PROTEIN; SCATTER FACTOR RECEPTOR; STIMULATORY GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR;

BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER STAGING; CARCINOGENESIS; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GENE TRANSFER; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; ONCOGENE RET; ONCOGENESIS AND MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; PROTO ONCOGENE; REVIEW; THYROID ADENOMA; THYROID CANCER; THYROID FOLLICLE; THYROID NODULE; THYROID PAPILLARY CARCINOMA; TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 0034456271     PISSN: 1521690X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/beem.2000.0101     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. Molecular genetics of thyroid cancer
2. Origin and progression of thyroid epithelial tumours: Cellular and molecular mechanisms
3. Molecular pathogenesis of human thyroid neoplasms
4. Molecular pathogenesis
5. Molecular basis of thyroid cancer
6. Genetic basis of endocrine disease. Somatic and germline mutations of the TSH receptor
7. Genetic alterations in human epithelial tumors
8. Clonal composition of benign and malignant human thyroid tumors
9. Clonality of thyroid nodules in sporadic goiter
10. Aberrant deoxyribonucleic acid methylation in human thyroid tumors
11. - symporter gene methylation status
12. Structural studies of the thyrotropin receptor and Gs alpha in human thyroid cancers: Low prevalence of mutations predicts infrequent involvement in malignant transformation
13. Somatic mutations in the thyrotropin receptor gene cause hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas
14. Somatic and germline mutations of the TSH receptor gene in thyroid disease
15. GTPase inhibiting mutations activate the a chain of Gs and stimulate adenyl cyclase in human pituitary tumors
16. Gsp mutations in human thyroid tumors
17. Clinical review 84. Thyroid autonomy: Mechanism and clinical effects
18. Two G protein oncogenes in human endocrine tumors
19. Oncogenic potential of guanine nucleotide stimulatory factor alpha subunit in thyroid glands of transgenic mice
20. Activating mutations of the TSH receptor in differentiated thyroid carcinomas
21. Detection of an activating mutation of the thyrotropin receptor in a case of an autonomously hyperfunctioning thyroid insular carcinoma
22. Epidermal growth factor receptors and adenylate cyclase activity in human thyroid tissues
23. Abnormalities of the EGF receptor system in human thyroid neoplasia
24. EGF-receptors in human normal and pathological thyroid tissue
25. The regulation of proliferation and invasion in differentiated thyroid cancer by growth factors
26. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling activities met in human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells
27. Effects of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) on DNA synthesis and thyrotropin-induced iodine metabolism in cultured porcine thyroid cells
28. Expression of growth factors and growth factor receptors in normal and tumorous human thyroid tissues
29. Abnormalities of the EGF receptor system in human thyroid neoplasia
30. Constitutive expression of transforming growth factor alpha does not transform rat thyroid epithelial cells
31. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human thyroid neoplasms
32. Expression of angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors in human thyroid tumors and correlation with clinical pathological features
33. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and the type I vascular endothelial growth factor receptor correlate with the size of papillary thyroid carcinoma in children and young adults
34. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene and protein: Strong expression in thyroiditis and thyroid carcinoma
35. Evidence for autocrine production of IGF-I in human thyroid adenomas
36. Insulin/IGF-I hybrid receptors play a major role in IGF-I signaling in thyroid cancer
37. Insulin-like growth factor I expression in thyroid tumors
38. Study of immunohistochemical expression of insulin-like growth factor I and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in thyroid gland papillary carcinoma and its metastasis
39. Transforming growth factor beta (I) selectively inhibits the cyclic AMP-dependent proliferation of primary thyroid epithelial cells by preventing the association of cyclin D3-cdk4 with nuclear p27(kipI)
40. Induction of apoptosis in porcine thyroid follicles by transforming growth factor beta I and epidermal growth factor
41. Expression of transforming growth factor beta1, beta2, and beta3 in multinodular goiters and differentiated thyroid carcinomas: A comparative study
42. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor mRNA in papillary thyroid carcinoma
43. Somatostatin receptor subtype expression in human thyroid and thyroid carcinoma cell lines
44. Ras oncogenes in human cancer: A review
45. Presence of mutations in all three ras genes in human thyroid tumors
46. High rates of ras codon 61 mutation in thyroid in an iodide-deficient area
47. H-ras proto-oncogene mutations in human thyroid neoplasms
48. Ras oncogene mutations in benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms
49. Pattern of ras and gsp oncogene mutations in radiation-associated human thyroid tumors
50. Ras oncogene mutations in thyroid tumors: Polymerase chain reaction-restriction-fragment-length polymorphism analysis from paraffin-embedded tissues
51. Prevalence of mutations of ras and p53 in benign and malignant thyroid tumors from children exposed to radiation after the Chernobyl nuclear accident
52. Prevalence of activating ras mutations in morphologically characterized thyroid nodules
53. Ras mutations are uncommon in sporadic thyroid cancer in children and young adults
54. Prevalence of Ras mutations in thyroid neoplasia
55. Different ras gene mutational frequencies in thyroid papillary carcinomas in Japan and Thailand
56. Variability of Ha-ras (condon 12) proto-oncogene mutations in diverse thyroid cancer
57. Point mutations of ras oncogenes are an early event in thyroid tumorigenesis
58. Expression of p21 ras protein as a prognostic factor in papillary thyroid cancer
59. Differential (Ha-, K- and N-) ras p21 expression in benign and malignant human thyroid tumors: An immunohistochemical study
60. In vitro reconstruction of tumor initiation in a human epithelium
61. Predisposition to neoplastic transformation caused by gene replacement of H-ras I
62. The RAS oncogene induces genomic instability in thyroid PCCL3 cells via the MAPK pathways
63. Stepwise transformation of primary thyroid epithelial cells by a mutant Ha-ras oncogene: An in vitro model of tumor progression
64. Frequent mutations of Ki-ras in N-bis(2-hydroxyprophil)-nitrosamine-initiated thyroid, kidney and lung tumors in Wistar rats
65. Thyroid follicular oncogenesis in iodine-deficient and iodine-sufficient areas: Search for alterations of the ras, met and bFGF oncogenes and of the Rb anti-oncogene
66. Genetics of follicular thyroid cancer
67. Role of ras mutation in the progression of thyroid carcinoma of follicular epithelial origin
68. N-ras mutation in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas: Correlation with bone metastases and inverse correlation to thyroglobulin expression
69. Multiple mechanisms of interference between transformation and differentiation in thyroid cells
70. Production of transgenic mice expressing the Ki-ras oncogene under the control of a thyroglobulin promoter
71. Thyroid pathologies in transgenic mice expressing a human activated ras gene driven by a thyroglobulin promoter
72. Transgenic mice carrying the human KRAS oncogene under the control of a thyroglobulin promoter: KRAS expression in thyroids analyzed by in situ hybridization
73. PCR amplification and analysis of ras oncogene from thyroid cytologic smears
74. Induction of the c-fos oncogene by thyrotropic hormone in rat thyroid cells in culture
75. Structure and expression of nuclear oncogenes in multi-stage thyroid tumorigenesis
76. Structure and expression of c-myc and c-fos proto-oncogene in thyroid carcinomas
77. Neoplastic transformation of rat thyroid cells requires the junB and fra-I gene induction which is dependent on the HMGI-C gene product
78. Increase in AP-I activity is a general event in thyroid cell transformation in vitro and in vivo
79. The expression of the high mobility group HMGI (Y) proteins correlates with the malignant phenotype of human thyroid neoplasias
80. Detection of high mobility group I HMGI(Y) protein in the diagnosis of thyroid tumors: HMGI(Y) expression represents a potential diagnostic indicator of carcinoma
81. Expressions profile of receptor-type protein tyrosine kinase genes in the human thyroid
82. Mitogenic, dedifferentiating, and scattering effects of hepatocyte growth factor on dog thyroid cells
83. Mitogenic stimulation of normal and oncogene-transformed human thyroid epithelial cells by hepatocyte growth factor
84. Activated ras and ret oncogenes induce over-expression of c-met (hepatocyte growth receptor) in human thyroid epithelial cells
85. Expression of Met protein in thyroid tumours
86. Overexpression of c-Met protein in human thyroid tumors correlated with lymph node metastasis and clinicopathologic stage
87. Negative/low expression of Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor identifies papillary thyroid carcinomas with high risk of distant metastases
88. Met overexpression confers HGF-dependent invasive phenotype to human thyroid carcinoma cells in vitro
89. Cloning and expression of the ret proto-oncogene encoding a tyrosine kinase with two potential trans-membrane domains
90. GDNF signalling through the REF receptor kinase
91. Functional receptor for GDNF encoded by the ret proto-oncogene
92. Expression of the c-ret proto-oncogene during mouse embryogenesis
93. Germline mutations of the ret proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A
94. A new oncogene in human thyroid papillary carcinomas and their lymph-nodal metastases
95. PTC is a novel rearranged form of the ret proto-oncogene and is frequently detected in vivo in human thyroid papillary carcinomas
96. Characterization of an inversion on the long arm of chromosome 10 juxtaposing D10S170 and ret and creating the oncogenic sequence ret/PTC
97. New breakpoints in both the H4 and ret genes create a variant of PTC-I in a post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinoma
98. Molecular characterization of a thyroid tumor-specific transforming sequence formed by the fusion of ret tyrosine kinase and the regulatory subunit RI alpha of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A
99. Molecular characterization of ret/PTC3: A novel rearranged version of the ret proto-oncogene in a human thyroid papillary carcinoma
100. Molecular and biochemical analysis of ret/PTC4, a novel oncogenic rearrangement between ret and ELEI genes, in a post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid cancer
101. Detection of a novel type of ret rearrangement (PTC5) in thyroid carcinomas after Chernobyl and analysis of the involved ret-fused gene RFG5
102. The transcription coactivator HTIFI and a related protein are fused to the ret receptor tyrosine kinase in childhood papillary thyroid carcinomas
103. Translocation t(10;14)(q11.2:q22.1) fusing the kinetin to the ret gene creates a novel rearranged form (PTC8) of the ret proto-oncogene in radiation-induced childhood papillary thyroid carcinoma
104. Ret oncogene activation in human thyroid neoplasms is restricted to the papillary cancer subtype
105. High frequency of activation of tyrosine kinase oncogenes in human papillary thyroid carcinoma
106. Oncogenes and anti-oncogens in human epithelial thyroid tumors
107. Low frequency of rearrangements of the ret and TRK proto-oncogenes in Japanese thyroid papillary carcinomas
108. Low rate of ret proto-oncogene activation (PTC/retTPC) in papillary thyroid carcinomas from Saudi Arabia
109. ret activation in adult and childhood papillary carcinoma using a reverse transcriptase-n-polymerase chain reaction approach on archivialnested material
110. High prevalence of activating ret proto-oncogene rearrangements, in thyroid tumors from patients who had received external radiation
111. Distinct pattern of ret oncogene rearrangements in morphological variants of radiation-induced and sporadic thyroid papillary carcinomas in children
112. Prevalences of Gs alpha, ras, p53 mutations and ret/PTC rearrangement in the differentiated thyroid tumours in a Korean population
113. Age related activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor proto-oncogenes ret and NTRK I in papillary thyroid carcinoma
114. In vitro irradiation is able to cause ret oncogene rearrangement
115. Continued expression of a tissue specific activated oncogene in the early steps of radiation-induced human thyroid carcinogenesis
116. Oncogenic arrangements of the ret proto-oncogene in papillary thyroid carcinomas from children expoed to the Chernobyl nuclear accident
117. High prevalence of ret rearrangement in thyroid tumors of children from Belarus after the Chernobyl reactor accident
118. ret/PRC-1, -2 and -3 oncogene rearrangements in human thyroid carcinomas: Implications for metastatic potential?
119. Low prevalence of the ret/PTC3rI rearrangement in a series of papillary thyroid carcinomas presenting in Belarus ten years post-Chernobyl
120. Distinct frequency of ret rearrangement in papillary thyroid carcinomas of children and adults from Belarus
121. High prevalence of ret/PTC rearrangements in Ukrainian and Belarussian post Chernobyl thyroid papillary carcinomas: A strong correlation between ret/PTC3 and the solid-follicular variant
122. Ret proto-oncogene mutations in thyroid carcinomas: Clinical relevance
123. ret rearrangements in Japanese pediatric and adult papillary thyroid cancers
124. Chromosomal breakpoint positions suggest a direct role for radiation in inducing illegitimate recombination between the EELI and ret genes in radiation-induced thyroid carcinomas
125. Targeted expression of the ret/PTCI oncogene induces papillary thyroid carcinomas
126. Development of thyroid papillary carcinomas secondary to tissue expression of the ret/PTCI oncogene in transgenic mice
127. The ret/PTC3 oncogene: Metastatic solid-type papillary carcinomas in murine thyroids
128. Detection of the PTC/retTPC oncogene in human thyroid cancers
129. The ret/PTC oncogene in papillary thyroid carcinoma
130. ret/PTC oncogene activation defines a subset of papillary thyroid carcinomas lacking evidence of progression to poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumor phenotypes
131. Sporadic ret-rearranged papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: A subset of slow growing, less aggressive thyroid neoplasms?
132. ret/PTC oncogene activation is an early event in thyroid carcinogenesis
133. The TRK family of tyrosine protein kinase receptors
134. Rearrangement of TRK proto-oncogene in papillary thyroid carcinomas
135. TRK-T1 is a novel oncogene formed by fusion of TPR and TRK genes in human papillary thyroid carcinomas
136. Chromosome I rearrangements involving the genes TPR and NRTK1 produce structurally different thyroid-specific TRK oncogenes
137. The DNA rearrangement that generates the TRK-T3 oncogene involves a novel gene on chromosome 3 whose product has a potential coiled-coil domain
138. Role of the TFG N-terminus and coiled-coil domain in the transforming activity of the thyroid TRK-T3 oncogene
139. Roles of TRK family neurotrophin receptors in medullary thyroid carcinoma development and progression
140. Human N-ras, TRK-T1, and ret/PTC3 oncogenes, driven by a thyroglobulin promoter, differently affect the expression of differentiation markers and the proliferation of thyroid epithelial cells
141. Ret and TRK proto-oncogene activation in thyroid papillary carcinomas in French patients from the Champagne-Ardenne region
142. Rearrangement of ret and NTRK1 tyrosine kinase receptors in papillary thyroid carcinomas
143. NTRK1 re-arrangement in papillary thyroid carcinomas of children after the Chernobyl reactor accident
144. ret/NTRK1 rearrangements in thyroid gland tumors of the papillary carcinoma family: Correlation with clinicopathological features
145. PAX8 mutations associated with congenital hypothyroidism caused by thyroid dysgenesis
146. Expression of PAX-8, p53 and bcl-2 in human benign and malignant thyroid diseases
147. PAX8-PPARγ1 fusion in oncogene human thyroid carcinoma
148. Induction of solid tumor differentiation by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand troglitazone in patients with liposarcoma
149. Loss-of-function mutations in PPAR gamma associated with human colon cancer
150. Loss of heterozygosity in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: A mini review
151. Allelotype of human thyroid tumors: Loss of chromosome 11q13 sequences in follicular neoplasms
152. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies of follicular and papillary thyroid cancers
153. Frequent loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3p and 17p without VHL or p53 mutations suggests involvement of unidentified tumor suppressor genes in follicular thyroid carcinoma
154. Allelotype of follicular thyroid carcinomas reveals genetic instability consistent with frequent nondisjunctional chromosomal loss
155. The FHIT gene 3p14.2 is abnormal in lung cancer
156. Role of FHIT in human cancer
157. FHIT gene abnormalities in both benign and malignant thyroid tumours
158. Allelotyping of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: Frequent allelic losses on 1q, 9p, 11, 17, 19p, and 22q
159. Identification of a 7-cM region of frequent allelic loss on chromosome band 16p13.3 that is specifically associated with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
160. Cyclins and cancer
161. Expression of p21 (WAF1/CIP1) protein in clinical thyroid tissues
162. Alterations of p53 and expression of WAF1/p21 in human thyroid tumors
163. Evidence of gene deletion of p21 (WAF1/CIP1), a cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, in thyroid carcinomas
164. Immunohistochemical analysis of p27/kip1 expression in thyroid carcinoma
165. Expression of p27/kip1 and Ki-67 in benign and malignant thyroid tumors
166. The role of cell cycle regulatory proteins, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p27 in thyroid carcinogenesis
167. The role of cell cycle regulatory protein, cyclin D1, in the progression of thyroid cancer
168. Downregulation of p27KIP1 and Ki67/Mib1 labeling index support the classification of thyroid carcinoma into prognostically relevant categories
169. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) expression in thyroid cells obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsy: A preliminary report
170. Role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in the development of cancer
171. Lack of p16/CDKN2 alterations in thyroid carcinomas
172. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p15INK4b and p16INK4a in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines and primary thyroid carcinomas
173. A frequent mutation/polymorphism in tumor suppressor gene INK4B (MTS-2) in papillary and medullary thyroid cancer
174. The cyclin-dependent protein kinases and the control of cell division
175. Altered expression of the cyclin D1 and retinoblastoma genes in human esophageal cancer
176. Inverse association between cyclin D1 overexpression and retinoblastoma gene mutation in thyroid carcinomas
177. Cyclin D1 expression is regulated by the retinoblastoma protein
178. The transcription factor E2F interacts with the retinoblastoma product and a p107-cyclin A complex in a cell cycle-regulated manner
179. Retinoblastoma and p53 tumor suppressor gene protein expression in carcinomas of the thyroid
180. Inverse association between cyclin D1 overexpression and retinoblastoma gene mutation in thyroid carcinomas
181. Differentiated carcinomas develop as a consequence of the thyroid specific expression of a thyroglobulin-human papillomavirus type 16 E7 transgene
182. p53 in growth control and neoplasia
183. Expression of the normal p53 gene induces differentiation of the K562 cells
184. Interference with p53 protein inhibits hematopoietic and muscle differentiation
185. Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours
186. Somatic point mutations in the p53 gene of human tumors and cell lines: Updated compilation
187. Mutation of the p53 gene in a differentiated human thyroid carcinoma cell line, but not in primary thyroid tumours
188. Unique association of p53 mutations with undifferentiated but not with differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland
189. p53 gene mutations associated with anaplastic transformation of human thyroid carcinomas
190. High prevalence of mutations of the p53 gene in poorly differentiated human thyroid carcinomas
191. Gene p53 mutations are restricted to poorly differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland
192. Genetic alterations in thyroid progression: Association with p53 gene mutations
193. Re-expression of thyroid peroxidase in a derivative of an undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma cell line by introduction of wild-type p53
194. p53 re-expression inhibits proliferation and restores differentiation of human thyroid anaplastic carcinoma cells
195. Effects of exogenous p53 transduction in thyroid tumor cells with different p53 status
196. Adenomatous polyposis: An association with carcinoma of the thyroid
197. Familial adenomatous polyposis-associated thyroid cancer: A clinical, pathological, and molecular genetics study
198. Familial adenomatous polyposis associated thyroid carcinoma: A distinct type of follicular cell neoplasm
199. Genetic alterations in thyroid carcinoma associated with familial adenomatous polyposis: Clincial implications and suggestions for early detection
200. Analysis of adenomatous polyposis coli gene in thyroid tumours
201. Mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene in sporadic thyroid neoplasms
202. The role of PTEN, a phosphatase gene, in inherited and sporadic nonmedullary thyroid tumors
203. Familial nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma: A meta-review of case series
204. Genetic heterogeneity in familial nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma: Exclusion of linkage to ret, MNGI, and TCO in 56 families. NMTC Consortium
205. At least three genes account for familial papillary thyroid carcinoma. TCO and MNGI excluded as susceptibility loci from a large Tasmanian family