Colorectal cancer staging and adjuvant chemotherapy

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 1, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 737-755

  Gelmann, Alyssa ^a   Desnoyers, Rodwige ^a   Cagir, Burt ^a   Weinberg, David ^a   Boman, Bruce M ^a   Waldman, Scott A ^a  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adjuvant chemotherapy; Colon cancer; Molecular diagnostics, staging

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; TUMOR MARKER;

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; ANIMAL; CANCER STAGING; COLORECTAL TUMOR; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; NEOPLASM STAGING; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 0034188961     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.1.4.737     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. SILVERBERG E, BORING CC, SQUIRES TS: Cancer statistics. Ca. CancerJ. Clin. (1990) 40:9-26.
2. GREENWALD P: Colon cancer overview. Cancer (1992) 70(s5):1206-1215.
3. CRESANTA JL: Epidemiology of cancer in the United States. Prim. Care (1992) 19:419-41.
4. JESSUP JM, MCGINNIS LS, STEELE GD, JR., MENCK HR, WINCHESTER DP: The national cancer database report on colon cancer. Cancer (1996) 78:918-926.
5. MAYER RJ: The polyp cancer sequence in the large boweL Proc. Royal Soc. Med. (1992) 67:454.
6. SHAPIRO S: Goals of screening. Cancer (1992) 75(s5):1252-1258.
7. SMART CR: Screening and early detection. Caor(1992) 75(s5):1246-1251.
8. PIHL E, HUGHES ESR, MCDERMOTT A, MILNE BJ, PRICE AB: Disease-free survival and recurrence after resection of colorcctal cancer. / Stirg. Oncol. (1981) 16:333-341.
9. GALANDIUK S, WIEAND HS, MOERTELCG étal: Patterns of recurrence after curative resection of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. (1992) 174:27-32.
10. BUIE \VD, ROTHENBERGER DA: Surveillance after curative resection of colorectal cancer: individualizing follow-up. Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. North Am. (1993) 3:691-713.
11. WILLETT CG, TEPPER JE, COHEN AM, ORLOW E, WELCH CE: Failure patterns following curative resection of colonie carcinomas. Ann. Surg. (1984) 200:685-690.
12. GREENSON JK, ISENHART CE, RICE R, MOJZISK C, HOUCHENS D, MARTIN EW: Identification of occult micrometastases in pcricolic lymph nodes of Dukes' B colorectal cancer patients using monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratin and CC49. Cimcer (1994) 73:563-569.
13. HABOUBI NY, CLARK P, KAFTAN SM, SCHOFIELD PF: The importance of combining xylcnc clearance and immunohistochemistry in the accurate staging of colorectal carcinoma. J. Royal Soc. Meet. (1992) 85:386-388.
14. CUTAIT R, ALVES VAF, LOPES LC et al.: Rcstaging of colorectal cancer based on the identification of lymph node micrometastascs through immunoperoxidase staining of CEA and cytokeratins. Dis. Colon Rectum (1991) 34:917-920.
15. JEFFERS MD, O'DOWD G, MULCAHY H, STAGG M, O'DONOGHUE DP, TONER M: The prognostic significance of immunohistochemically detected lymph node micrometastascs in colorectal cancer. / Pathol. (1994) 172:183-187.
16. DE MASCAREL I, BONICHON F, COINDRE JM, TROJANI M: Prognostic significance of breast cancer axillary lymph node micrometastases assessed by two special techniques: réévaluation with longer follow-up. 'Br.J. Cancer (1992) 66:523-527.
17. MAEHARA Y, OSHIRO T, ENDO K, BABA H, ODA S, ICHIYOSHI Y: Clinical significance of occult micrometastasis in lymph nodes from patients with early gastric cancer who dies of recurrence. Surgery (1996) 119:397-402.
18. CHEN ZL, PEREZ S, HOLMES EC, WANG HJ, COULSON WF, WEN DRr Frequency and distribution of occult micrometastascs hi lymph nodes of patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma./ Natl. Can. Inst. (1993) 85:493-08.
19. HAYASHIN, ITO I, YANAGISAW AA, KATO Y, NAKAMORI S, IMAOKA S: Genetic diagnosis of lymph-node metastasis in colorectal cancer, lancet (1995) 345:1257-1259.
20. LIEFERS G, CLETON-JANSEN A, VAN DE VELDE C et al.-. Micrometastases and survival hi Stage II colorectal disease. N. Engl.J. Med. (1998) 33900:223-228.
21. CAGIR B, GELMANN A, PARK J et ah Guanylyl cyclase C messenger RNA is a biomarker for recurrent Stage II colorectal cancer. Ann. Int. Med. (1999) 131:805-812.
22. CRISSMAN JD, ZARBO RJ, MA CK, VISSCHER DW: Histopathologic parameters and DNA analysis in colorectal adcnocarcinoma. Patbol. Ann. (1989) 24:104-147.
23. CHAPIUS PH, DENT OF, FISHER R, NEWLAND RC, PHEILS MT, SMYTH E: A mulüvariate analysis of clinical and pathological variables in prognosis after resection of large bowel cancer. Br.J. Stirg. (1985) 72:698-702.
24. NEWLAND RC, CHAPIUS PH, PHEILS MT, MACPHERSON JG: The relationship of survival to staging and grading of colorectal carcinoma: a prospective study of 503 cases. CflncET(1981) 47:142-155.
25. MICHELASSI F, AYALA JJ, BALESTRACCI T, GOLDBERG R, CHAPPEL R, BLOCK GE: Verification of a new clinicopathologic staging system for colorectal adcnocarcinoma. Ann. Surg. (1991) 214:11-18.
26. Cancer: Principle and Practices of Oncology (5th Edition). De Vita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (Eds.), LippincottRaven, Philadelphia, USA (1977):575-717.
27. AMERICAN JOINT COMMITTEE ON CANCER: Colon and rectum. In: Manual for Staging of Cancer. Beahrs O, Henson D, Hutter R et al. (Eds.), JB Lippincott, Philadelpliia, USA (1988):75-80.
28. FONG Y: Surgical therapy of hepatic colorectal metastasis. Ca. CancerJ. Clin. (1999) 49:231-255.
29. WAGNER JS, ADSON MA, VAN HEERDEN JA et al.: The natural history of hepatic métastases from colorectal cancer: A comparison with resective treatment. Ann. Surg. (1984) 199:502-508.
30. WILSON SM, ADSON MA: Surgical treatment of hepatic métastases from colorectal concerns. Arch. Surg. (1976) 111:330-334.
31. SMITH JW, FORTNER JG, BURT M: Resection of hepatic and pulmonary métastases from colorectal cancer. Surg. Oncol. (1992) 1:399-404.
32. MINNARD E, FONG Y, WEIGEL T et ah. Surgical resection for hepatic and pulmonary colorectal métastases. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (1996) 15:552.
33. SLOANE P: Molecules and micromctastases. Lancet (1995) 345:1255-1256.
34. ABATI A, LIOTTA LA: Looking forward in diagnostic pathology. The molecular superhighway. Cancer (1996) 78:10-16.
35. MINSKY BD, MIES C, RICH TA, RECHT A, CHAFFEY JT: Potentially curative surgery of colon cancer: the influence of blood vessel invasion. J. Clin. One. (1988) 6:119-127.
36. ALLEE PE, TEPPER JE, GUNDERSON LL, MUNZENRIDERJE: Postoperative radiation therapy for incompletely resected colorectal carcinoma. Int. J. Rad. One. Biol. Pbys. (1989) 17:1171-1176.
37. OLSON RM, PERENCEVICH NP, MALCOLM AW, CHAFFEY JT, WILSON RE: Patterns of recurrence following curative resection of adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. Cancer (1980) 45:2969-2974.
38. SINICROPE FA, SUGARMAN SM: Role of adjuvant therapy hi surgically resected colorectal carcinoma. Gastroenterology(.l995) 109:984-993.
39. GRYFE R, SWALLOW C, BAPAT B, REDSTOM M, GALLINGER S, COUTURE J: Molecular Biology of Colorectal Cancer. Curr. Probl. Cancer (1997) 21(5):238-299.
40. ZENG ZS, SARKIS AS, ZHANG ZF et al.: p53 Nuclear overexpression: an independent predictor of survival in lymph node-positive colorectal cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol. (1994) 12:2043-2050.
41. HARTWELL LH, KASTAN M: Cell cycle control and cancer. Cancer(1994) 266:1821-1828.
42. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the use of tumor markers in breast and colorectal cancer./ Clin. Oncol. (1996) 14:2843-2877.
43. SHIVELY JE, BEATTY JD: CEA-related antigens: molecular biology and clinical significance. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. (1985) 2:355-399.
44. BOSTICK P, HOON D, COTE R: Letter to the Editor. N. Engl.J. Med. (1998) 339(22):1643.
45. ZIPPELIUS P, KUFER P, HONOLD G et ah Limitations of specific reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses for detection of micrometastatic epithelial cells in bone marrow. J. Clin. Oncol. (1997) 15:2701-2708.
46. GOLDENBERG DM, SHARKLEY RM, PRIMUS FJ: Immunocytochemical detection of carcinocmbryonic antigen test in conventional histopathology specimens. Cancer (1978) 42:1546-1553.
47. BORDES M, MICHEILS R, MARTIN F: Detection by immunofluorescence of carcinoembryonic antigen in colonie carcinoma, other malignant or benign tumors and noncancerous tissues. Digestion (1973) 9:106-115.
48. GUARINO A, COHEN M, OVERMANN G, THOMPSON M, GIANNELLA R: Binding of E. coll heat-stable enterotoxin to rat intestinal brush border and basolateral membranes. Dig. Dis. Sci. (1987) 32:1017-1026.
49. ALMENOFF JS, WILLIAMS SI, SCHEVING LA, JUDD AK, SCHOOLNIK GK: Ligand-based histochemical localiza- tlon and capture of cells expressing heat-stable enterotoxin receptors. Mol. Microbiol. (1993) 8:865-873.
50. CARRITHERS SL, PARKINSON SJ, GOLDSTEIN S, PARK P, ROBERTSON DC, WALDMAN SA: Escberlcbla coll heat-stable toxin receptors in human colonie tumors. Gastroenterology (1994) 107:1653-1661.
51. CARRITHERS S, GOLDSTEIN S, PARKINSON S, PARK P, WALDMAN SA: A novel molecular target for colorectal tumors: £. coll heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) receptors in human tissues. Dis. Colon Rectum (1996) 39:171-181.
52. CARRITHER S, BARBER MT, BISWAS S, PARKINSON S, PARK P, GOLDSTEIN S: Guanyh/1 cyclase C is a specific marker for metastatîc colorectal tumors in human extraintestinal tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1996) 93:14827-14832.
53. WALDMAN SA, CAGIR B, RAKINIC J et al.: Utility of guanyh/1 cyclase C for detecting micrometastases in lymph nodes of patients with colon cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum (1997) 41:1-6.
54. THIBODEAU SN, BREN G, SCHAID D: Microsatelllte instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science (1993) 260:816-819.
55. SANKILA R, AALTONEN LA, JARVINEN HJ et al.: Better survival rates in patients with MHJl-associated hereditary colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology (1996)110:682-687.
56. LOTHE RA, PELTOMAKI P, MELING GI et ah Genomic instability in colorectal cancer: relationship to clinicopathological variables and family history. Cancer Res. (1993) 53:5849-5852.
57. THIBODEAU SN, BREN G, SCHAIID D: Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science (1993) 260:816-819.
58. BAKER SJ, FEARON ER, NIGRO JM etal.: Chromosome 17 deletions and p53 gene mutations in colorectal carcinomas. Science (.\9&9) 244:217-221.
59. FEARON ER, CHO KR, NIGRO JM etal.: Identification of a chromosome 18q gene that is altered in colorectal cancers. Science (1990) 247:49-56.
60. JENJ, KIM H, PIANTADOSIS etal.: Allelicloss of chromosome 18q and prognosis in colorectal cancer. N. Engl.J. Med. (1994) 33K4):213-22l.
61. LIOTTA LA, STEEG PS, STETLER-STEVENSON WG: Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an imbalance of positive and negative regulation. <7
62. MATRISIAN LM: The matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. Bioessays (1992) 14:455-463.
63. GOTTESMAN MM: Introduction: do proteases play a role in cancer? Semin. Cancer Biol. (1990) 1:97-98.
64. JESSUP JM: Cathepsin B and other proteases in human colorectal carcinoma. Am.]. Patbol. (1994) 145:253-262.
65. EMMERT-BUCK MR, ROTH MJ, ZHUANG A et al.: Increased gclätlnase A (MMP-2) and cathepsin B activity in invasive tumor regions of human colon cancer samples. Am.J. Patbol. (1994) 145:1285-1290.
66. ZENG ZS, GUILLEM JG: Distinct patterns of matrix mctalloproteinasc 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinascl mKNA expression in human colorectal cancer and liver métastases. Br. J. Cancer (1995) 72:575-582.
67. ZUCKER S, LYSIK RM, ZARRABI MH, MOLL U: Mr 92,000 Type IV collagcnase is increased in plasma of patients with colon cancer and breast cancer. Cancer Res. (1993) 53:140-146.
68. ZENG ZS, HUANG Y, COHEN AM, GUILLEM JG: Prediction of colorectal cancer relapse and survival via tissue UNA levels of matrix metalloprotcinase-9. J. Clin. Oncol. (1996) 14(12):3133-3140.
69. BAUER KD, BAGWELL CD, GIARETTIW et al.: Consensus review of the clinical utility of DNA flow cytometry in colorectal cancer. Cytometry (1993) 14:486-491.
70. CHAPMAN MA, HARDCASTLE JD, ARMITAGE NC: Five-year prospective study of DNA tumor ploidy and colorectal cancer survival. Cancer (1995) 76:383-387.
71. DEAN PA, VERNAVA AM: Flow cytometry analyste of DNA content in colorectal carcinoma. Dis. Colon Rectu m (1992) 35:95-102.
72. BOTTGER TC, POTRATZ D, STÖCKLE M, WELLEK S, KUUPP J, JUNGMEYER T: Prognostic value of DNA analysis in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer (1993) 72:3579-3587.
73. CAMPO E, MIQUEL R, JARES P et al: Prognostic significance of the loss of heterozygosity on nm23-Hl and p53 genes in human colorectal carcinomas. Cancer (1994) 73:2913-2921.
74. MACDONALD NJ, DE LA ROSA A, STEEG PS: The potential roles of nm23 in cancer metastasis and cellular differentiation. Eur.J. G3)icer(1995) 31:1096-1100.
75. YAMADA N, CHUNG YS, MAEDA K et al: Increased expression of sialyl Lewis A and sialyl Lewis X in liver métastases of human colorectal carcinoma. Invasion Metastasis (1995) 15:95-102.
76. NAKAYAMA T, \VATANABE M, KATSUMATA T, TERAMOTO T, KITAJIMA M: Expression of sialyl Lewis (A) as a new prognostic factor for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer (1995) 75:2051-2056.
77. LAZARIS AC, THEODOROPOULOS GE, DAVARIS PS et al: Heat shock protein 70 and HLA-DR molecules tissue expression. Prognostic implications in colorectal cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum (1995) 38:739-745.
78. OFNER D, RIEDMAN B, MAIER H et al: Standardizing staining and analysis of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region associated proteins (AgNORs) in radically resected colorectal adenocarcinomacorrclation with tumor stage and long-term survival./ Pathol (1995) 175:441-148.
79. MULDER TP, VERSPAGET HW, SIER CF et al: Glutathione s-transfcrase pi in colorectal tumors is predictive for overall survival. Cancer Res. (1995) 55:2696-2702.
80. VAUGHN DJ, HALLER DG: The role of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of colorectal cancer. HematoUOncol. Clin. (1997) 11:699-719.
81. GOLDBERG DA, LEONG LA, DOROSHOWJH: Colorectal cancer: biochemical modulation of 5-fluorouracil by folinic acid. Clin. Oncol (1986) 1:3-6.
82. MACDONALD JS: Toxicity of 5-fluorouracil. Oncology (1999) 13(Suppl. 3):33.
83. SCHILSKY RL: Biochemical and clinical pharmacology of 5-fluorouraciL Oncology (1998) 12(Suppl.3):13-18.
84. META-ANALYSIS GROUP IN CANCER: Efficacy of intravenous continuous infusion of fluorouracil compared with bolus administration in advanced colorectal cancer./ din. Oncol. (1998) 16(1):301-308.
85. LU Z, DIASIO RB: Polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes. In: Principles of Antineoplastic Drug Development and Pharmacology. Schilsky RL, Milano GA, Ratain MJ (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA (1996):281-305.
86. GREM JL: 5-fluorpyrimidines. In: Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotberapy. Chabner BA, Longo DL (Eds.), LippincottRowen, PhUadelphia, USA (1990:149-211.
87. RUSTUM YM: Clinical implications of 5-FU modulation. Oncology (1999) 13(Suppl. 3):22-25.
88. ne Chemoterapy Source Book (2nd Edition). Perry C (Ed.), Williams & Willkins, Baltimore, USA (1996).
89. O'CONNELL MJ, MAILLIARD JA, KHAN MJ et al.: Control trial of fluorouracil and low-dose leucovorin given for six months as postoperative adjuvant therapy for colon cancer./ Clin. Oncol. (1997) 15:246-250.
90. PIEDBOISP, BUYSE M, RUSTUM Y et al.: Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: evidence in terms of response: by the advanced colorectal cancer mcta-analysis project. J Clin. Oncol. (1992) 10:896-903.
91. ABDALLA EE, BLAIR GE, JONES RA, SUE-LING HM, JOHNSON D: Mechanism of synergy of levamisole and fluorouraciL induction of human leukocyte antigen class I in colorectal cancer cell line.J. Natl. Cancer Insi. (1995) 87:489-496.
92. MOERTEL GC, FLEMING TR, MACDONALD JS et al.: Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. (1990) 322:352-358.
93. HOOK C, KIMMEL D, KROLLS L étal.: Multifocal leukoencephalopathy with 5-FU and levamisole. Ann. Netirol. (1992) 31:262-267.
94. REITHMULLER G, HOLZ E, SCHLIMOK G et al.: Monoclonal antibody therapy for resected Duke's C colorectal cancer: seven-year outcome of a multicenter randomized trial. / din. Oncol. (1998) 16:1788-1794.
95. FABERBERG J, RAGNHAMMAR P, LILJEFORS M et al.: Humoral anti-idiotypic and anti-anti-idiotypic immune response in cancer patients treated with monoclonal antibody 17-1A. Cancer Immunol. Immunotber. (1996) 42:81-87.
96. HALLER DG, CATALANO PJ, MACDANOLD JS et al.: Fluorouracil (FU), leucovorin (LV) and levamisole (LEV) adjuvant therapy for colon cancer: five-year final report of INT-0089 (abstract). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (1998) 17:256a.
97. MOERTEL CG, FLEMING TR, MACDONALD JS, HALLER DG, LAURIE JA, MAILLIARD J: Intcrgroup study of fluorouracil plus levamisole as adjuvant therapy for Stage II/Dukes B2 colon cancer. / Gin. One. (1995) 13:2936-2943.
98. MAMOUNAS E, WIEAND S, WOLMARK N, BEAR HD, ATKINS JN, ROCKETTE H: Comparative efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Dukes B versus Dukes C Colon Cancer: results from four national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project adjuvant studies (C-01, C-02, C-03 and C-04). J. Clin. One. (1999) 17:1349-1355.
99. International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of B2 Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT B2) Investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid In B2 colon cancer./ Clin. Oncol. (1999) 17:1356-1363.
100. BROWN ML, NAYFIELD SG, SHIBLEY LM: Adjuvant therapy for Stage III colon cancer: economics returns to research and cost-effectiveness of treatment./ tfatl. Cancer Inst. (1994) 86:424-430.
101. FRIEDMAN MA, MCCABE MS: Assigning care costs associated with therapeutic oncology research: a modest proposal J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1992) 84:760-763.
102. LENZ H-J, LEICHMAN CG, DANNENBERG KD et al.: Thymidylatc synthase mRNA level in adcnocarcinoma of the stomach: A predictor for primary tumor response and overall survival. / Clin. Oncol. (1996) 14:176-182.
103. ISHITSUKA H, MIWA M, ISHIKAWA T étal.: Capecitabinc: an orally available fluoropyrimidine with tumor selective properties. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. (1995) 36:407.
104. MACDONALD, JS: Adjuvant therapy of colon cancer. Ca. Cancer J. Clin. (1999) 49:202-219.
105. HUGHES M, PLANTING A, TWELVES C et al: A Phase I study of intermittent twice daily oral therapy with capecitabinc in patients with advanced and/or metastatic solid cancer. Ann. Oncol. (1996) 7(Suppl.l):87 Abstract.
106. MEROPOL NO, BUDMAN DR, CREAVEN PJ et al.: A Phase I study of continuous twice daily treatment with capecitabinc in patients with advanced and/or metastatic solid tumors. Ann. Oncol. (1996) 7(Suppl.l):87. Abstract.
107. SCHULLER J, CASSIDY J, REIGNER BG et al.-. Pharmacoklnctics and pharmacodynamics of capecitabinc in two Phase I studies. Proc.Am.Soc. Clin. OncoJ.(1996) 15:476.
108. FINDLAY M, VAN CUSTEM E, KOCHA W étal.: A randomized Phase II study of Xcloda (capccitabine) in patients With advanced colorectal cancers. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (1997) l6:227a. Abstract 798.
109. DIASIO RB: Clinical implication of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibition. Oncology (1998) 13(Suppl. 3):17-21.
110. MEROPOL NJ, RUSTUM YM, PETRELLI NJ et al: A Phase I and pharmacoklnetic of oral uracil, ftorafur and leucovorin in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Cbemother. Pbarmacol. (1996) 37:581-586.
111. PAZDUR R, LASSERE Y, RHODES V et al.: Phase II trial of uracil and tcgafur plus oral leucovorin: an effective oral regimen in the treatment of metastatic colorcctal carcinoma.J. Clin. Oncol. (1994) 12:2296-2300.
112. SMITH R, WICHERHAM DL, WIEAND SH, COLANGELO L, MAMOUNAS EP: UFT plus calcium folinate vs. 5-fiuorouracU plus calcium folinate in colon cancer. Oncology (1998) 13(Suppl.3):44-47.
113. BACCANARI, DP, DAVIS ST, KNICK VC et al.-. 5-Ethynlyiiracil: effects on the pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of 5-flurouracil. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:11064-11068.
114. JAFFER AA: Chemotherapy for gastric carcinoma: new and old options. Oncology (1998) 12(Suppl. 7):4447.
115. KHOR SL, LUCAS S, SHILSKY R et ah A Phase I/pharmacokinetic study of 5-ethynyluracil plus 5-fluorouracil I in cancer patients with solid tumor. Proc. Am. Assoc. I Cancer Res. (1995) 36:1439. Abstract. I
116. SHIRASAKA, T, SHIMAMATO Y, OHS1MO H et al.: Development of a novel form of oral 5-fluorouracil derivative (S-l) directed to the potentiation of the tumor selective cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil by two biochemical modulators. Anticancer Drugs (1996) 7:548-557.
117. HORIKOSHIN, MITACHIY, SAKATA Y étal.: S-l, neworal fluoropyrimidiiic, is very active in patients with advanced gastric cancer (early Phase II). Proc. Am. Soc. CHn. One. (1996) 15:36. Abstract.
118. SHICASAKA T, FUKUSHIMA M, SHIMAMOTO Y et al.: Metabolic characteristic and antitumor activity of BOF-A2, a new 5-fluorouracil derivative. Can To Kagaku Rboyo (1990) 17:1051-1058.
119. JACKMAN AL, CALVERT AH: Folate-based thymidylate synthase inhibitors as anticancer drugs. Ann. Oncol. (1995) 6: 871-881.
120. TOUROUTOGLOU N, PAZDUR R: Thymidylate synthase inhibitors. (1996) 2:227-243-
121. CLARKE SJ, HANWELL J, De BOER M étal.: Phase I trial of ZD 1694, a new folate-based thymidylate synthase inhibitor, in patients with solid tumors./ Clin. Oncol. (1996) 14:1495-1503-
122. ZALCBERG JR, CUNNINGHAM D, VAN CUTSEM E étal.: ZD 1694: a novel thymidylate synthase inhibitor with substantial activity in the treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (1996) 14:716-721.
123. CUNNINHAM D, ZALCBERG JR, RATH U et al.: Final results of a randomized trial comparing Tomuclcx (raltitrexed) with 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin in advanced colorectal cancer. Ann. Oncol. (1996) 7:961-965.
124. RAFI I, TAYLOR GA, CALVETE JA et al.: A Phase I clinical study of the novel antifolate AG337 given by a 5-day continuous infusion. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Reg. (1995) 36:240. Abstract 1433.
125. CALVERT AH, WALLING JM: Clinical studies with MTA. Br.J. Owcer(1998) 3(Suppl.78):35-40.
126. RINALDI DA, BURRIS HA, DORR FA etal.: Initial Phase I evaluation of the novel thymidylate synthase inhibitor, LY 231514, using the modified continual reassessment method for dose escalation. J. Clin. Oncol. (1995) 13:2842-2850.
127. CRIPPSMC, BURNELLM, JOLI VET J etal.: Phase II study of multi-targeted antifolate (LY 231514) as first-line therapy in patients with locally advanced or me tasta tic colorcctal cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (1997) 16:949. Abstract.
128. JOHN W, CLARK J, BURRIS H et al.- A Phase II trial of LY 231514 in patients with mctastatic colorcctal cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Oncol. (1997) 16:1038. Abstract.
129. JACKMAN AL, K1MBELL R, AHERNE GW et al.: Cellular pharmacology and in vivo activity of a new anticancer agent, ZD 9331: a water-soluble, nonpotyglutmatable, quinazoline-based inhibitor of thymidylate synthasc. Clin. Cancer Res. (1997) 3:911-921.
130. KAWATO J, AONUMA M, HIRITO Y et al.: Intracellular roles of SN-38, a metabolite of the camptothecin derivative CPT11, in the anti-tumor effect of CPT-11. Cancer Res. (1991) 51:4187-4191.
131. ROWINSKY EK, GROCHOW LB, ETTINGER DS et al: Phase I and pharmacologie study of the novel topoisomerase I inhibitor 7-ethyl-10-[4(l-piperidino)-l-piperidino] carbonyloxycamptothecin CPT11 administered as a 90-minutc infusion every 3 weeks. Cancer Res. (1994) 54:427-36.
132. ROUGIER P, BUGAT R, DOUILLARD JY et al.: Phase II trial of irinotccan in patients the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer in chemotherapy-naive patients and patients pretreated fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. (1997) 15:251-260.
133. CUNNINGHAM D, PYRHÖMEN S, JAMES RD et al.: APhase IQ multicenter randomized study of CPT11 vs. supportive care alone in patients with 5-FU-rcsistant metastatlc colorcctal cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (1998) 17:1. Abstract 1.
134. EXTRA JM, EPSIE M, CALVO F et al.: Phase I study of oxaliplatin in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Chemother. Pbarmacol. (1990) 25:299-303-
135. LEVI F, MISSET JL, BRIENZA S et al.: A chronopharmacologic Phase n clinical trial of 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid and oxaliplatin using ambulatory multichannel programmable pump. High antitumor effectiveness against mctastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer (1992) 69:893-900.
136. De GRANIBT A, FIGER A, SEYMOUR M et al: A randomized trial of leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin in advanced colorectal cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (1998) 17:259. Abstract 985.
137. PrinciplesandPracticeofSurgeryfortbeColon, Rectumand Amts (2nd Edition). Gordon PH, Nivatvongs S (Eds.), Quality Medical Publishing, St. Louis, Missouri, USA (1999):575-717.