Molecular biology of colorectal cancer

Current Problems in Cancer

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 233-299

  Gryfe, Robert ^a   Bapat, Bharati ^b   Gallinger, Steven ^a   Swallow, Carol ^a   Redston, Mark ^b   Couture, Jean ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA;

BIOLOGICAL MODEL; COLORECTAL TUMOR; DISEASE COURSE; GENETIC MARKER; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETICS; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MUTATION; ONCOGENE; PEDIGREE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DNA, NEOPLASM; GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; GENETIC MARKERS; GENETIC SCREENING; HUMANS; MODELS, GENETIC; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MUTATION; ONCOGENES; PEDIGREE; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0031216554     PISSN: 01470272     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0147-0272(97)80003-7     Document Type: Article

References (327)

1. Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S. Wingo PA. Cancer statistics, 1996. CA Cancer J Clin 1996:46:5-27.
2. Nowell PC. The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. Science 1976:194:23-8.
3. Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, et al. Clonal analysis using recombinant DNA probes from the X chromosome. Cancer Res 1987:48:4806-13.
4. Kern SE. Clonality: more than just a tumor-progression model. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993:85:1020-1.
5. Peto R. Epidemiology, multistage models, and short term mutagenesis tests. In: Origins of human cancer. Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 1977, p. 1403-28.
6. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990:61:759-67.
7. Barbacid M. Ras genes. Annu Rev Biochem 1987:56:779-827.
8. Shirasawa S. Furuse M, Yokoyama N, Sasazuli T. Altered growth of human colon cancer cell lines disrupted at activated Ki-ras. Science 1993:260:85-8.
9. Boguski MS. McCormick F. Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives. Nature 1993:366:643-54.
10. Smith AJ, Stern HS, Penner M, et al. Somatic APC and K-ras codon 12 mutations in aberrant crypt foci from human colons. Cancer Res 1994:54:5527-30.
11. Pretlow TP, Brasitus TA, Fulton NC. et al. K-ra.v mutations in putative preneoplastic lesions in human colon. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993:85:2004-7.
12. Yamashita N, Minamato T. Ochiai A, et al. Frequent and characteristic K-ras activation and absence of p53 protein accumulation in aberrant crypt foci of the colon. Gastroenterology 1995:108:434-40.
13. Knudson AG Jr. Hereditary cancer, oncogenes. and antioncogenes. Cancer Res 1985:45:1437-43.
14. Hansen MF, Cavenee WK. Genetics of cancer predisposition. Cancer Res 1987:47:5518-27.
15. Vogelstein B. Fearon ER, Kern SE. et al. Allelotype of colorectal carcinomas. Science 1989:244:207-11.
16. Groden J, Thliveris A, Samowitz WS, et al. Identification and characterization of the familial adenomatous polyposis coli gene. Cell 1993:66:589-600.
17. Nagase H, Nakamura Y. Mutations of the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene. Hum Mutat 1993;2:425-34.
18. Nakamura Y. The adenomatous polyposis coli gene and human cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1995; 121:529-34.
19. Kinzler KW, Nilbert MC, Su LK, et al. Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21. Science 1991;253:661-5.
20. Kinzler KW, Nilbert MC, Vogelstein B, et al. Identification of a gene located at chromosome 5q21 that is mutated in colorectal cancers. Science 1991 ;251:1366-70.
21. Miyoshi Y, Ando H, Nagase H, et al. Germline mutations of the APC gene in 53 familial adenomatous polyposis patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:4452-6.
22. Nagase H, Miyoshi Y, Horii A, et al. Screening for germline mutations in familial adenomatous polyposis patients: 61 new patients and a summary of 150 unrelated patients. Hum Mutat 1992; 1:467-73.
23. Powell SM, Zilz N, Beazer-Barclay Y, et al. APC mutations occur early during colorectal tumorigenesis. Nature 1992;359:235-7.
24. Jen J, Powell SM, Papadopoulos N, et al. Molecular determinants of dysplasia in colorectal lesions. Cancer Res 1994;54:5523-6.
25. Miyaki M, Konishi M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, et al. Coexistence of somatic and germline mutations of APC gene in desmoid tumors from patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Res 1993;53:5079-82.
26. Gallinger S, Vivona A, Odze RD, et al. Somatic APC and K-ras codon 12 mutations in periampullary adenomas and carcinomas from familial adenomatous polyposis patients. Oncogene 1995;10:1875-8.
27. Levy DB, Smith KJ, Beazler-Barclay Y, et al. Inactivation of both APC alleles in human and mouse tumors. Cancer Res 1994;54:5953-8.
28. Béroud C, Soussi T. APC gene: database of germline and somatic mutations in human tumors and cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res 1996;24:121-4.
29. MiyoshiY, Nagase H, Ando H, et al. Somatic mutations of the APC gene in colorectal tumors: mutation cluster region in the APC gene. Hum Mol Genet 1992; 1:229-33.
30. Caspari R, Friedl W, Mandl M, et al. Familial adenomatous polyposis: mutation at codon 1309 and early onset of colon cancer. Lancet 1994;343:629-32.
31. Gayther SA, Wells D, SenGupta SB, et al. Regionally clustered APC mutations are associated with a severe phenotype and occur at a high frequency in new mutation cases of adenomatous polyposis coli. Hum Mol Genet 1994;3:53-6.
32. Su LK, Johnson KA, Smith KJ, et al. Association between wild type and mutant APC gene products. Cancer Res 1993;53:2728-31.
33. Rubinfeld B, Souza B, Albert I, et al. Association of the APC gene product with catenin. Science 1991;262:1731-4.
34. Su L-K, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Association of the APC tumor suppressor protein with catenins. Science 1993;262:1734-7.
35. Su L, Burrell M, Hill DE, et al. APC binds to the novel protein EB1. Cancer Res 1995;55:2972-7.
36. Munenmitsu S, Souza B, Muller O, et al. The APC gene product associates with microtubules in vivo and promotes their assembly in vivo. Cancer Res 1994;54:3676-81.
37. Smith KJ, Levy DB, Maupin P, et al. Wild-type but not mutant APC associates with the microtubule cytoskeleton. Cancer Res 1994;54:3672-5.
38. Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 1996;87:159-70.
39. Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Apoptosis and APC in colorectal tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:7950-4.
40. 1 to S phase. EMBO J 1995; 14:5618-25.
41. Bussey HJ. In: Familial polyposis coli. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1975.
42. De Benedetti L. Sciallero S, Gismondi V. et al. Association of APC gene mutations and histological characteristics of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Res 1994:54:3553-6.
43. Spirio L, Olschwang S, Groden J, et al. Alleles of the APC gene: an attenuated form of familial polyposis. Cell 1993:75:951-7.
44. Lynch HT, Smyrk T, McGinn T, et al. Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP): a phenotypically and genotypically distinctive variant of FAR Cancer 1995;76:2427-33.
45. Olschwang S, Tiret A, Laurent-Puig R et al. Restriction of ocular fundus to a specific subgroup of APC mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli patients. Cell 1993:75:959-68
46. Traboulsi EJ, Krush AJ, Gardner EJ, et al. Prevalence and importance of pigmented ocular fundus lesions in Gardner's syndrome. N Engl J Med 1987:316:661-7.
47. Bapat BV, Parker JA, Berk T, et al. Combined use of molecular and biomarkers for presymptomatic carrier risk assessment in familial adenomatous polyposis: implications for screening guidelines. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:165-71.
48. Gardner EJ. Richards RC. Multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions occurring simultaneously with hereditary polyposis and osteomatosis. Am J Hum Genet 1953:5:139-47.
49. Hamilton SR, Liu B. Parsons R, et al. The molecular basis of Turcot's syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995:332:839-49.
50. Giardiello FM. Krush AJ, Petersen GM, et al. Phenotypic variability of familial adenomatous polyposis in 11 unrelated families with identical APC gene mutation. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:1542-7.
51. Su L-K, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. et al. Multiple intestinal neoplasia caused by a mutation in thé murine homolog of the APC gene. Science 1992:256:668-70.
52. Dietrich WF. Lander ES, Smith JS, et al. Genetic identification of Mom-1, a major modifier locus affecting min-induced intestinal neoplasia in the mouse. Cell 1993:75:631-9.
53. Spirio LN, Kutchera W. Winstead MV, et al. Three secretory phospholipaseA2 genes that map to human chromosome lp35-36 are not mutated in individuals with attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli. Cancer Res 1996:56:955-8.
54. Oshima M, Dinchuk JE, Kargman SL, et al. Suppression of intestinal polyposis in APC knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxygenäse 2 (COX-2). Cell 1996:87:803-9.
55. Giardiello FM, Hamilton SL, Krush AJ. et al. Treatment of colonie and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 1993:328:1313-6.
56. Boolbol SK. Dannenberg AJ, Chadurn A. et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression and tumor formation are blocked by sulindac in a murine model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Res 1996:56:2556-60.
57. Italian registry of familial polyposis. Causes of death and post-surgical survival in familial adenomatous polyposis: results from the Italian registry. Semin Surg Oncol 1994:10:225-34.
58. Baker SJ. Fearon ER. Nigro JM. et al. Chromosome 17 deletions and p53 gene mutations in colorectal carcinomas. Science 1989:244:217-21.
59. Hollstein M. Sidransky D, Vogelstein B. Harris CC. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 1991:253:49-53.
60. Garber JE, Goldstein AM, Kantor AF, et al. Follow-up study of twenty-four families with Li-Frautneni syndrome. Cancer Res 1991:51:6094-107.
61. Kern SE. Kinzler KW, Bruskin A, et al. Identification of p53 as a sequence-specific DNA binding protein. Science 1991:252:1708-11.
62. Hartwell LH, Kastan M. Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 1994;266:1821-8.
63. Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, et al. Genetic alterations during colorectal tumor development. N Engl J Med 1988;319:525-32.
64. Fearon ER, Cho KR, Nigro JM, et al. Identification of a chromosome 18q gene which is altered in colorectal cancers. Science 1990:247:49-56.
65. Cho KR, Oliner JD, Simons JW, et al. The DCC gene: structural analysis and mutations in colorectal carcinomas. Genomics 1994; 19:525-31.
66. Hedrick L, Cho KR, Fearon ER, et al. The DCC gene product in cellular differentiation and colorectal tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 1994;8:1174-83.
67. Massague J. The transforming growth factor- family. Ann Rev Cell Biol 1990;6:597-641.
68. Kingsley DM. The TGF- superfamily: new members, new receptors, and new genetic tests of function in different organisms. Genes Dev 1994:8:133-46.
69. Markowitz S, Wang J, Myeroff L, et al. Inactivation of the type II TGF- receptor in colon cancer cells with microsatellite instability. Science 1995:268:1336-8.
70. Parsons R, Myeroff LL, Liu B, et al. Microsatellite instability and mutations of the transforming growth factor beta type II receptor gene in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1995;55:5548-50.
71. Hahn SA, Schutte M, Hoque AT, et al. DPC4, a candidate tumor suppressor gene at human chromosome 18q21.1. Science 1996;271:350-3.
72. EppertK, Scherer SW, Ozcelik H, et al.MADR2 maps to 18q21 and encodes aTGF regulated mad-related protein that is functionally mutated in colorectal carcinoma. Cell 1996:86:543-52.
73. Riggins GJ, Thiagalingam S, Rozenblum E, et al. Mad-related genes in the human. Nat Genet 1996;13:347-9.
74. Schutte M, Hruban RH, Hedrick L, et al. DPC4 gene in various tumor types. Cancer Res 1996:56:2527-30.
75. Takagi Y, Kohmura H, Futamura M, et al. Somatic alterations of the DPC4 gene in human colorectal cancers in vivo. Gastroenterology 1996;111:1369-72.
76. Thiagalingam S, Lengauer C, Leach FS, et al. Evaluation of candidate tumour suppressor genes on chromosome 18 in colorectal cancers. Nat Genet 1996:13:343-6.
77. Morson BC. The polyp-cancer sequence in the large bowel. Proc R Soc Med 1974:67:451-7.
78. Atkin WS, Morson BC, Cusick J. Long-term risk of colorectal cancer after excision of rectosigmoid adenomas. N Engl J Med 1992;326:658-62.
79. Spencer RJ, Melton LJ, Ready RL, Ilstrup DM. Treatment of small colorectal polyps: a population-based study of the risk of subsequent carcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 1984;59:305-10.
80. Lofti AM, Spencer RJ, Ilstrup DM, et al. Colorectal polyps and the risk of subsequent carcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 1986:61:337-43.
81. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MH, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med 1993:329:1977-81.
82. Roncucci L, Stamp D, Medline A, et al. Identification and quantification of aberrant crypt foci and microadenomas in the human colon. Hum Pathol 1991:22:287-94.
83. Kern SE, Fearon ER, Tersmette KWF, et al. Allelic loss in colorectal carcinoma. JAMA 1989:261:3099-103.
84. Loeb LA. Mutator phenotype may be required for multistage carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1991:51:3075-9.
85. Koshland DE Jr. Molecule of the year: the DNA repair enzyme. Science 1994;266:1925.
86. Cleaver JE. Defective repair replication of DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum. Nature 1968:218:652-6.
87. Chaganti RS, Schonberg S, German J. A manyfold increase in sister chromatid exchanges in Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974;71:4508-12.
88. Gropp A, Platz G. Chromosome breakage and blastic transformation of lymphocytes in ataxia-telangiectasia. Hum Genet 1967:5:77-9.
89. Sasaki MS. Is Fanconi's anaemia defective in a process essential to the repair of DNA cross links? Nature 1975;257:501-3.
90. Pero RW, Miller DG, Lipkin M, et al. Reduced capacity for DNA repair synthesis in patients with or genetically predisposed to colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983:70:867-75.
91. Bender MA. Viola MV, Fiore J, et al. Normal G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity and cell survival in the cancer family syndrome. Cancer Res 1988:48:2579-84.
92. Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Velazquez A, et al. Isolation and characterization of allelic losses and gains in colorectal tumors by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:10065-9.
93. LA, Peltomaki P, Leach FS, et al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science 1993:260:812-6.
94. Peltomaki P, Aaltonen LA, Sistonen P, et al. Genetic mapping of a locus predisposing to human colorectal cancer. Science 1993:260:810-2.
95. Thibodeau SN. Bren G, Schaid D. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science 1993:260:816-9.
96. lonov Y. Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, et al. Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonie carcinogenesis. Nature 1993:363:558-61.
97. Risinger JI, Berchuck A, Kohler MF, et al. Genetic instability of microsatellites in endometrial carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993;53:5100-3.
98. Han HJ, Yanagisawa A, Kato Y, et al. Genetic instability in pancreatic cancer and poorly differentiated type of gastric cancer. Cancer Res 1993:53:5087-9.
99. 9CA Peltomaki P, Lothe RA, Aaltonen LA, et al. Microsatellite instability is associated with tumors that characterize the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma syndrome. Cancer Res 1993:53:5853-5.
100. Hailing KC. Honchel R, Pittelkow MR. et al. Microsatellite instability in keratoacanthoma. Cancer 1995;76:1765-71.
101. Mao L, Lee DJ, Tockman MS, et al. Microsatellite alterations as clonal markers for the detection of human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA 1994;91:9871-5.
102. Wooster R, Cleton-Jansen AM, Collins N, et al. Instability of short tandem repeats (microsatellites) in human cancers. Nat Genet 1994:6:152-6.
103. Konishi M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Tanaka K, et al. Molecular nature of colon tumors in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, familial polyposis, and sporadic colon cancer. Gastroenterology 1996;111:307-17.
104. Aaltonen LA. Peltomaki P, Mecklin JP. et al. Replication errors in benign and malignant tumors from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res 1994:54:1645-8.
105. Jacoby RF, Marshall DJ, Kailas S, et al. Genetic instability associated with adenoma to carcinoma progression in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Gastroenterology 1995:109:73-82.
106. Young J. Leggett B, Gustafson C, et al. Genomic instability occurs in colorectal carcinomas but not in adenomas. Hum Mutat 1993;2:351-4.
107. Augenlicht LH. Richards C, Corner G, et al. Evidence for genomic instability in human colonie aberrant crypt foci. Oncogenc 1996:12:1767-72.
108. WarthinAS. Heredity with reference to carcinoma. Arch Intern Med 1913:12:546-55.
109. Warthin AS. The further study of a cancer family. J Cancer Res 1925;9:279-86.
110. Lynch HT, Krush AJ. Cancer family "G" revisited: 1895-1970. Cancer 1971;27: 1505-1 1.
111. Boland CR, Troncale FJ. Familial colonie cancer without antecedent polyposis. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:700-1.
112. Vasen HF, Mecklin JP, Khan PM, et al. The International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (ICG-HNPCC). Dis Colon Rectum 1991:34:424-5.
113. Wildehberg J, Meselson M. Mismatch repair in heteroduplex DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975:72:2202-6.
114. Kolodner RD. Mismatch repair: mechanisms and relationship to cancer susceptibility. Trends Biochem Sci 1995:20:397-401.
115. Fishel R, Lescoe MK, Rao MR, et al. The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell 1993:75:1027-38.
116. Leach FS, Nicolaides NC, Papadopoulos N, et al. Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 1993;75:1215-25.
117. Bronner CE, Baker SM, Morrison PT, et al. Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMLH 1 is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Nature 1994;368:258-61.
118. Papadopoulos N, Nicolaides NC, Wei YF, et al. Mutation of a mutL homolog in hereditary colon cancer. Science 1994;263:1625-9.
119. Kolodner RD, Hall NR, Lipford J, et al. Structure of the human MSH2 locus and analysis of two Muir-Torre kindreds for MSH2 mutations. Genomics 1994;24: 516-26.
120. Honchel R, Hailing KC, Schaid DJ, et al. Microsatellite instability in Muir-Torre syndrome. Cancer Res 1994;54:1159-63.
121. Nicolaides NC, Papadopoulos N, Liu B, et al. Mutations of two PMS homologues in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Nature 1994:371:75-80.
122. Risinger JI, Umar A, Boyd J, et al. Mutations of msh3 in endometrial cancer and evidence for its functional role in heteroduplex repair. Nat Genet 1996:14:102-5.
123. Palombo F, Gallinari P, laccarino I, et al. GTBP, a 160-kilodalton protein essential for mismatch-binding activity in human cells. Science 1995:268:1912-4.
124. Liu B, Parsons R, Papadopoulos N, et al. Analysis of mismatch repair genes in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer patients. Nat Med 1996;2:169-74.
125. Moslein G, Tester DJ, Lindor MM, et al. Microsatellite instability and mutation analysis of hMSH2 and hMLHl in patients with sporadic, familial and hereditary colorectal cancer. Hum Mol Genet 1996:5:1245-52.
126. Liu B, Nicolaides NC, Markowitz S, et al. Mismatch repair gene defects in sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. Nat Genet 1995;9:48-55.
127. Liu B, Parsons RE, Hamilton SR, et al. hMSH2 mutations in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer kindreds. Cancer Res 1994;54:4590-4.
128. Tannergard R, Lipford JR, Kolodner R, et al. Mutation screening the hMLHl gene in Swedish hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer families. Cancer Res 1995;55: 6092-6.
129. Parsons R, Li GM, Longley M, et al. Mismatch repair deficiency in phenotypically normal human cells. Science 1995:268:738-40.
130. Umar A, Kunkel TA. DNA-replication fidelity, mismatch repair and genome instability in cancer cells. Eur J Biochem 1996:238:297-307.
131. Eshleman JR, Lang EZ, Bowerfind GK, et al. Increased mutation rate at the hprt locus accompanies microsatellite instability in colon cancer. Oncogene 1995; 10:33-7.
132. Malkhosyan S, McCarty A, Sawai H, et al. Differences in the spectrum of spontaneous mutations in the hprt gene between tumor cells of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Mutat Res 1996:316:249-59.
133. Eshleman JR, Markowitz SD, Donover PS, et al. Diverse hypermutability of multiple expressed sequence motifs present in a cancer with microsatellite instability. Oncogene 1996:12:1425-32.
134. Bhattacharyya NP, Ganesh A, Phear G, et al. Molecular analysis of mutations in mutator colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Hum Mol Genet 1995;4:2057-64.
135. Bhattacharyya NP, Skandalis A, Ganesh A, et al. Mutator phenotypes in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:6319-23.
136. Wu C, Akiyama Y, Imai K. et al. DNA alterations in cells from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer patients. Oncogene 1994;9:991-4.
137. Heinen CD, Richardson D, White R, et al. Microsatellite instability in colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines that have full-length adenomatous polyposis coli protein. Cancer Res 1995:55:4797-9.
138. Huang J. Papadopoulos N, McKinley AJ, et al. APC mutations in colorectal tumors with mismatch repair deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:9049-54.
139. Souza RE, Appel R, Yin J, et al. Microsatellite instability in the insulin-like growth factor II receptor gene in gastrointestinal tumours. Nat Genet 1996:14:255-7.
140. Liu B, Farrington SM, Petersen GM, et al. Genetic instability occurs in the majority of young patients with colorectal cancer. Nat Med 1995;1:348-52.
141. Kim H, Jen J, Vogelstein B, et al. Clinical and pathological characteristics of sporadic colorectal carcinomas with DNA replication errors in microsatellite sequences. AmJPathol 1994; 145:148-56.
142. Lynch HT, Smyrk TC, Watson P, et al. Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum and pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma: an updated review. Gastroenterology 1993:104:1535-49.
143. Sankila R, Aaltonen LA, Jarvinen HJ, et al. Better survival rates in patients with MLH1-associated hereditary colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 1996;110:682-7.
144. Nystrom-Lahti M, Kristo P, Nicolaides NC, et al. Founding mutations and Alu-mediated recombination in hereditary colon cancer. Nat Med 1995;1:1203-6.
145. Nystrom-Lahti M, Sistonen P, Mecklin JP, et al. Close linkage to chromosome 3p and conservation of ancestral founding haplotype in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer families. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:6054-8.
146. Lothe RA, Peltomaki P, Meling GI, et al. Genomic instability in colorectal cancer: relationship to clinicopathological variables and family history. Cancer Res 1993:53:5849-52.
147. Bauer KD, Bagwell CD, Giaretti W, et al. Consensus review of the clinical utility of DNA flow cytometry in colorectal cancer. Cytometry 1993; 14:486-91.
148. Wiggers T, Arends JW, Schutte B, et al. A multivariate analysis of pathologie prognostic indicators in large bowel cancer. Cancer 1988:61:386-95.
149. Jass JR. Love SB, Northover JM. A new prognostic classification of rectal cancer. Lancet 1987:1:1303-6.
150. Graham DM, Appelman HD. Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction and colorectal carcinoma: a potential histologie prognosticator. Mod Pathol 1990;3:332-5.
151. Harrison JC, Dean PJ, el-Zeky F, et al. Impact of the Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction on staging of right-sided colon cancer: results of multivariate analysis. Hum Pathol 1995;26:31-8.
152. Kat A, Thilly WG, Fang WH, et al. An alkylation-tolerant, mutator human cell line is deficient in strand-specific mismatch repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993:90:6424-8.
153. Branch P, Aquilina G, Bignami M, et al. Defective mismatch binding and a mutator phenotype in cells tolerant to DNA damage. Nature 1993;362:652-4.
154. Aebi S, Kurdi-Haidar B, Gordon R, et al. Loss of DNA mismatch repair in acquired resistance to cisplatin. Cancer Res 1996;56:3087-90.
155. Anthoney DA. Mcllwrath AJ. Gallagher WM, et al. Microsatellite instability, apoptosis, and loss of p53 function in drug-resistant tumor cells. Cancer Res 1996:56:1374-81.
156. Fink D. Nebel S. Aebi S, et al. The role of DNA mismatch repair in platinum drug resistance. Cancer Res 1996:56:4881-6.
157. Gariboldi M, Gupta M, Boland CR, et al. Increased sensitivity to campothecin in human colon carcinoma cell lines with mismatch repair deficiency [Abstract]. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1996;37:431.
158. Muto T, Bussey HJR, Morson BC. The evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 1975 ;36:2251-70.
159. Solomon MJ, McLeod RS. Members of the Canadian Task Force on Periodic Examination. Update: screening strategies for colorectal cancer. Can Med Assoc J 1994;150:1961-9.
160. Percesepe A, Anti M, Marra G, et al. Role of clinical criteria in the diagnosis of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC): results of a multivariate analysis. Int J Cancer 1994;58:799-802.
161. Percesepe A, Anti M, Rocucci L, et al. The effect of family size on estimates of the frequency of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 1995;72:1320-3.
162. Lewis CM, Neuhausen SL, Daley D, et al. Genetic heterogeneity and unmapped genes for colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1996;56:1382-8.
163. Statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology: genetic testing for cancer susceptibility (adopted on February 20, 1996). J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:1730-6.
164. Jarvinen HJ, Mecklin J-P, Sistonen P. Screening reduces colorectal cancer rate in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:1405-11.
165. ReitmairAH, Cai J-C, Bjerknes M, et al. MSH2 deficiency contributes to accelerated APC-mediated intestinal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 1996;56:2922-6.
166. Vasen HF, Mecklin J-P, Watson P, et al. Surveillance in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: an international cooperative study of 165 families. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:l-4.
167. Mecklin J-P, Jarvinen H.Treatment and follow-up strategies in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:927-9.
168. Lynch HT, Smyrk T, Lynch J, et al. Update on the differential diagnosis, surveillance and management of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 1995;31A:1039-46.
169. Willems AR, Lanker S, Patton EE, et al. Cdc53 targets phosphorylated Gt cyclins for degradation by the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway. Cell 1996;86:453-63.
170. Hunter T, Pines J. Cyclins and cancer II, cyclin D and CDK inhibitors come of age. Cell 1994;79:573-82.
171. Nicklas RB. How cells get the right chromosomes. Science 1997;275:632-7.
172. Hartwell LH, Kastan MB. Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 1994;266:1821-8.
173. Leach FS, Elledge SJ, Sherr CJ, et al. Amplification of cyclin genes in colorectal carcinomas. Cancer Res 1993;53:1986-9.
174. Polyak K, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B, et al. Early alteration of cell-cycle regulated gene expression in colorectal neoplasia. Am J Pathol 1996;149:381-7.
175. Li YJ, Laurent-Puig P, Salmon RJ, et al. Polymorphisms and probable lack of mutation in the wafl-cipl gene in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 1995;10:599-601.
176. Wyllie AH. Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature 1980;284:555-6.
177. Vaux DL, StrasserA.The molecular biology of apoptosis. ProcNatlAcad Sci USA 1996;93:2239-44.
178. McDonnell TJ. Cell division versus cell death: a functional model of multistep neoplasia. Mol Carcinog 1993;8:209-13.
179. Bedi A, Pasricha PJ, Akhtar AJ, et al. Inhibition of apoptosis during development of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1995;55:1811-6.
180. Shaw P, Bovey R, Tardy S, et al. Induction of apoptosis by wild-type p53 in a human colon tumor-derived cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:4495-9.
181. Baretton GB, Diebold J, Christoforis G, et al. Apoptosis and immunohistochemical bcl-2 expression in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Aspects of carcinogenesis and prognostic significance. Cancer 1996:77:255-64.
182. Kobayashi M, Watanabe H, Ajioka Y, et al. Correlation of p53 protein expression with apoptotic incidence in colorectal neoplasia. Virchows Archiv 1995;427:27-32.
183. Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Apoptosis and APC in colorectal tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:7950-5.
184. Hengartner MO, Horvita HR. Prevention of programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans by human Bcl-2. Cell 1994;76:665-76.
185. Vaux DL, Weissman IL, Kim SK. C. elegans cell survival gene ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of the mammalian proto-oncogene Bcl-2. Science 1992;258: 1955-7.
186. Giardiello FM, Zehnbauer BA, Hamilton SR, Jones RJ. Inhibition of apoptosis during development of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1995:55:1811-6.
187. Miyashita T, Reed JC. Bcl-2 gene transfer increases relative resistance of SD49.1 and WEH 17.2 lymphoid cells to cell death and DNA fragmentation induced by glucocorticoids and multiple chemotherapeutic drugs. Cancer Res 1992;52:5407-11.
188. Hague A, Manning AM, van der Stappen JW, et al. Escape from negative regulation of growth by transforming growth factor beta and from the induction of apoptosis by the dietary agent sodium butyrate may be important in colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1993:12:227-37.
189. Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 1990:345:458-60.
190. Haber DA. Telomeres, cancer, and immortality. N Engl J Med 1995:332:955-6.
191. Kim NW. Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR,etal. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 1994:266:2011-5.
192. Holt SE, Wright WE, Shay JW. Regulation of telomerase activity in immortal cell lines. Mol Cell Biol 1996:16:2932-9.
193. Allsopp RC. Vaziri H, Patterson C, et al. Telomere length predicts replicative capacity of human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:10114-8.
194. Morin GB. Telomere integrity and cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996:88:1095-6.
195. Li ZH. Salovaara R, Aaltonen LA, Shibata D. Telomerase activity is commonly detected in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers. Am J Pathol 1996:148:1075-9.
196. Bryan TM, Englezou A, Gupta J, et al. Telomere elongation in immortal human cells without detectable telomerase activity. EMBO J 1995:14:4240-8.
197. Goelz SE, Vogelstein B, Hamilton SR, Feinberg AP. Hypomethylation of DNA from benign and malignant human colon neoplasms. Science 1985:228:187-90.
198. Laird PW, Jackson-Grusby L, Fazeli A, et al. Suppression of intestinal neoplasia by DNA hypomethylation. Cell 1995:81:197-205.
199. Herman JG, Latif F, Weng Y, et al. Silencing of the VHL tumor suppressor gene by DNA methylation in renal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:9700-4.
200. Gama-Sosa MA, Slagel VA, Trewyn RW, et al. The 5-methylcytosine content of DNA from human tumors. Nucleic Acids Res 1983:11:6883-94.
201. Ferguson AT, Lapidus RG, Baylin SB, Davidson NE. Demethylation of the estrogen receptor gene in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells can reactivate estrogen receptor gene expression. Cancer Res 1995:55:2279-83.
202. Herman JG, Latif F, Weng Y et al. Silencing of the VHL tumor-suppressor gene by DNA methylation in renal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Set U S A 1994;91:9700-4.
203. Gonzalez-Zulueta M, Bender CM, Yang AS. et al. Methylation of the 5'CpG island of the p 16/CDKN2 tumor suppressor gene in normal and transformed human tissues correlated with gene silencing. Cancer Res 1995:55:4531-5.
204. Fielding LP. Pettigrew N. College of American Pathologists Conference XXVI on Clinical Relevance of Prognostic Markers in Solid Tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1995:119:1115-21.
205. Bosman FT. Prognostic value of pathological characteristics of colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 1995;31A:1216-21.
206. Chapman MAS, Hardcastle JD, Armitage NCM. Five-year prospective study of DNA tumor ploidy and colorectal cancer survival. Cancer 1995;76:383-7.
207. Dean PA, Vernava AM. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content in colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:95-102.
208. BöttgerTC, Potratz D, Stöckle M, et al. Prognostic value of DNA analysis in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1993;72:3579-87.
209. Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA. The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature 1991 ;531:453-5.
210. Lino H, Fukayama M, Maeda Y, et al. Molecular genetics for clinical management of colorectal carcinoma: 17p, 18q and 22q loss of heterozygosity and decreased DCC expression are correlated with the metastatic potential. Cancer 1994;73:1324-31.
211. Takanishi DM Jr, Angriman I, Yaremko ML, et al. Chromosome 17p allelic loss in colorectal carcinoma. Clinical significance. Arch Surg 1995;130:585-9.
212. Khine K, Smith DR, Goh H. High frequency of allelic deletion on chromosome 17p in advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer 1994:73:28-35.
213. Offerhaus GJA, De Feyter EP, Cornelisse CJ, et al. The relationship of DNA aneuploidy to molecular genetic alterations in colorectal carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1992:102:1612-9.
214. Slebos RJC, Baas IO, Clement M, et al. Clinical and pathological associations with p53 tumor-suppressor gene mutations and expression of p21 WAFl/cipl in colorectal carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1996;74:165-71.
215. Campo E, Miquel R, Jares P, et al. Prognostic significance of the loss of heterozygosity of nm23-Hl and p53 genes in human colorectal carcinomas. Cancer 1994;73:2913-21.
216. Laurent-Puig P, Olschwang S, Delattre O, et al. Survival and acquired genetic alterations in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:1136-41.
217. Hamelin R, Laurent-Puig P, Olschwang S, et al. Association of p53 mutations with short survival in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:42-8.
218. Lanza G Jr, Maestri I, Dubini A, et al. p53 expression in colorectal cancer: relation to tumor type, DNA ploidy pattern and short-term survival. Am J Clin Pathol 1996;105:604-12.
219. Diez M, Enriquez JM, Camunas J, et al. Prediction of recurrence in B-C stages of colorectal cancer by p53 nuclear overexpression in comparison with standard pathological features. EurJ Surg Oncol 1995;21:635-9.
220. Grewal H, Guillem JG, Klimstra DS, et al. p53 Nuclear overexpression may not be an independent prognostic marker in early colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:1176-81.
221. Lazaris AC, Theodoropoulos GE, Anastassopoulos P, et al. Prognostic significance of p53 and c-erbB-2 immunohistochemical evaluation in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Histol Histopathol 1995;10:661-8.
222. Sun X-F, Carstensen JM, Nordenskjöld B. Expression of c-erbB-2 and p53 in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Anal Cell Pathol 1995;8:203-11.
223. Sun X-F, Carstensen JM, Zhang H, et al. Prognostic significance of cytoplasmic p53 oncoprotein in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Lancet 1992;340:1369-73.
224. Mulder J-WR, Baas IO, Polak MM, et al. Evaluation of p53 protein expression as a marker for long-term prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1995;71: 1257-62.
225. Bosari S, Viale G, Bossi P, et al. Cytoplasmic accumulation of p53 protein: an independent prognostic indicator in colorectal adenocarcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:681-7.
226. Nathanson SD. Linden MD, Tender P, et al. Relationship among p53, stage, and prognosis of large bowel cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:527-34.
227. Bell S, Scott N, Cross D, et al. Prognostic value of p53 overexpression and c-Ki-ras gene mutations in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 1993:104:57-64.
228. O'Connell AJ, Schaid DJ, Ganju V, et al. Current status of adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. Cancer 1992:70:1732-9.
229. Starzynska T, Bromley M, Ghosh A, et al. Prognostic significance of p53 overexpression in gastric and colorectal carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1992:66:558-62.
230. RemvikosY, Tominaga O, Hammel P, et al. Increased p53 protein content of colorectal tumours correlates with poor survival. Br J Cancer 1992:66:758-64.
231. Scott N, Sagar P. Stewart J, et al. p53 in colorectal cancer: clinicopathological correlation and prognostic significance. Br J Cancer 1991:63:317-9.
232. Lang FF, Miller DC, Pisharody S, et al. High frequency of p53 protein accumulation without p53 gene mutation in human juvenile pilocytic, low grade and anaplastic astrocytomas. Oncogene 1994:9:949-54.
233. Tominaga O, Hamelin R, Trouvât V, et al. Frequently elevated content of immunocytochemically defined wild-type p53 protein in colorectal adenomas. Oncogene 1993:8:2653-8.
234. Han K-A, Kulesz-Martin MF. Altered expression of wild type p53 tumor suppressor gene during murine epithelial cell transformation. Cancer Res 1992;52:749-53.
235. Barnes DM, Hanby AM, Gillett CE, et al. Abnormal expression of wild type p53 protein in normal cells of a cancer family patient. Lancet 1992:340:259-63.
236. Bosari S, Viale G, Roncalli M, et al. p53 gene mutations, p53 protein accumulation and compartmentalization in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Am J Pathol 1995:147: 790-8.
237. Goh H-S, Yao J. Smith DR. p53 point mutation and survival in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res 1995:55:5217-21.
238. Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B. Clonal analysis of human colorectal tumours. Science 1987:238:193-7.
239. Cho KR, Fearon ER. DCC: linking tumor suppressor genes and altered cell surface interactions in cancer? Eur J Cancer 1995:31 A:1055-60.
240. Kataoka M, Okabayashi T, Orita K. Decreased expression of DCC mRNA in gastric and colorectal cancer. Surg Today 1995:25:1001-7.
241. Kato M, Ito Y, Kobayashi S. et al. Detection of DCC and Ki-ras gene alterations in colorectal carcinoma tissue as prognostic markers for liver metastatic recurrence. Cancer 1996:77:1729-35.
242. Jen J, Kim H, Piantadosi S, et al. Allelic loss of chromosome 18q and prognosis in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1994;331:213-21.
243. Shibata D, Reale MA, Lavin P, et al. The DCC protein and prognosis in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1996:335:1727-32.
244. Lesley J, Hyman R, Kincade PW. CD44 and its interaction with the cellular matrix. Advlmmunol 1993:54:271-335.
245. Thomas L, Byers HR, Vink J, et al. CD44H regulates tumor cell migration on hyaluronate-coated substrate. J Cell Biol 1992:118:971-7.
246. Webb DSA. Shimizu Y, van Seventer GA. et al. LFA-3, CD44, and CD45: physiologic triggers of human monocyte TNF and IL-1 release. Science 1990:249: 1295-7.
247. Herrlich P, Pals A, Ponta H. CD44 in colon cancer. Eur J Cancer 1995:31 A: 1110-2.
248. Rudy W. Hofmann M, Schwartz-Albiez R, et al. The two major CD44 proteins expressed on a metastatic rat tumor cell line are derived from different splice variants: each one individually suffices to confer metastatic behavior. Cancer Res 1993:53:1262-8.
249. Günthert U, Hofmann M, Rudy W, ct al. A new variant of glycoprotein CD44 confers metastatic potential to rat carcinoma cells. Cell 1991:65:13-24.
250. Mulder J-WR, Kruyt PM, Sewnath M, et al. Colorectal cancer prognosis and expression of exon-v6-containing CD44 proteins. Lancet 1994;344:1470-2.
251. Wielenga VJ, Heider K-H, Offerhaus GJA, et al. Expression of CD44 variant proteins in human colorectal cancer is related to tumor progression. Cancer Res 1993;53:4754-6.
252. Herrlich P, Rudy P, Hofmann M, et al. CD44 and splice variants of CD44 in normal differentiation and tumor progression. In: Hemler ME, Mihich E, editors. Cell adhesion molecules, vol 7. New York and London: Plenum Press; 1993. p. 265-88.
253. Wielenga VJ, van der Voort R, Mulder JR, et al. CD44 splice variants as prognostic markers in colorectal cancer [Abstract]. Clin Exp Metastasis 1996;14:98.
254. Yamaguchi A, Urano T, Goi T, et al. Expression of a CD44 variant containing exons 8 to 10 is a useful independent factor for the prediction of prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:1122-7.
255. Gotley D, Fawcet J, Walsh M, et al. Expression of alternatively spliced variants of the cell adhesion molecule CD44 is not related to tumor progression in colorectal cancer [Abstract]. Clin Exp Metastasis 1996; 14:28.
256. Hamilton SR. The molecular genetics of colorectal neoplasia. Gastroenterology 1993;105:3-7.
257. Finkelstein SD, Sayegh R, Christensen S, et al. Genotypic classification of colorectal adenocarcinoma biologic behavior correlates with K-ras-2 mutation type. Cancer 1993:71:3827-38.
258. Span M, Moerkerk PTM, De Goeij AFPM, et al. A detailed analysis of K-ras point mutations in relation to tumor progression and survival in colorectal cancer patients. Int J Cancer 1996;69:241-5.
259. Hardingham JE, Kotasek D, Sage RE, et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer by immunobead-PCR is a sensitive prognostic marker for relapse of disease. Mol Med 1995; 1:789-94.
260. Cottam DW, Rees RC. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases: their role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Int J Surg Oncol 1993;2:861-72.
261. Birkedal-Hansen H, Moore WGI, Bodden MK, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases: a review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1993 ;4:197-250.
262. Guillem JG, Murray MP, Zeng Z, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in colorectal cancer invasion, metastases and prognosis. Semin Colon Rectal Surg 1996;7:31-9.
263. Murray GI, Duncan ME, O'Neil P, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Nat Med 1996;2:461-2.
264. Zeng Z, Cohen A, Guillem JG. Secretion of activated 72 kD and 92 kD collagenase is associated with metastases in human colorectal cancer [Abstract]. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1995;36:78.
265. Zeng Z, CohenA, Guillem J. Elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 correlate with metastases in human colorectal cancer [Abstract]. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1994; 10:521.
266. Zeng ZS, Huang Y, Cohen AM, et al. Prediction of colorectal cancer relapse and survival via tissue RNA levels of matrix metalloprotease-9. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:3133-40.
267. Porte H, Chastre E, Prevot S, et al. Neoplastic progression of human colorectal cancer is associated with overexpression of the stromelysin-3 and BM-40/Sparc genes. IntJ Cancer 1995;64:70-5.
268. Biswas C, Zhang Y, DeCastro R, et al. The human tumor cell derived collagenase stimulatory factor (renamed EMMPRIN) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Cancer Res 1995;55:434-9.
269. Swallow CJ, Murray MP, Guillem JG. Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) cells induce matrix metalloproteinase release by human monocytes. Clin Exp Metastasis 1996;14:3-11.
270. Mori M, Barnard GF, Mimori K. et al. Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 mRNA in human colon carcinomas. Cancer 1995:75:1516-9.
271. Danø K. Andreasen PA, Grondahl-Hansen J, et al. Plasminogen activators, tissue degradation and cancer. Adv Cancer Res 1985:44:139-266.
272. Verspaget HW, Verheijen JH, De Bruin PAF, et al. Plasminogen activators in (pre)malignant conditions of the colorectum. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1989:25: 565-9.
273. De Bruin PAF. Griffioen G, Verspaget HW, et al. Plasminogen activator profiles in neoplastic tissues of the human colon. Cancer Res 1988:48:4520-4.
274. Sier CFM, Quax PHA, Vloedgraven HJM, et al. Increased urokinase receptor levels in human gastrointestinal neoplasia and related liver metastases. Invasion Metastasis 1993:13:277-88.
275. Gelister JSK, Mahmoud M. Lewin MR, et al. Plasminogen activators in human colorectal neoplasia. BMJ 1986:293:728-31.
276. Verspaget HW, Sier CFM, Ganesh S, et al. Prognostic value of plasminogen activators and inhibitors in colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 1995;31A:1105-9.
277. Grøndahl-Hansen J, Ralfkiaer E, Kirkeby LT, et al. Localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in stromal cells in adenocarcinoma of the colon in humans. Am J Pathol 1991:138:111-7.
278. Mulcahy HE. Duffy MJ, Gibbons D, et al. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and outcome in Dukes' B colorectal cancer. Lancet 1994:344:583-4.
279. Ganesh S, Sier CFM. Griffioen G, et al. Prognostic relevance of plasminogen activators and their inhibitors in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1994:54:4065-71.
280. Murnane MJ, Sheahan K, Ozdemirli M, et al. Stage-specific increases in cathepsin B messenger RNA content in human colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res 1991:51: 1137-42.
281. Murnane MJ, Shuja S, lacobuJ.io-Donahue C. et al. Multiple proteinase markers plus ras expression patterns delineate colorectal cancer subgroups independent of clinical stage. Proteases and Protease Inhibitors. American Association of Cancer Research (AACR) Special Conference, Panama City (FL), 1996, abstract B-40.
282. Sun XF. Carstensen JM, Stal O, et al. c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in relation to DNA ploidy and prognosis in colorectal adenocarcinoma. APMIS 1995:103:309-15.
283. Webb A, Scott-Mackie P, Cunningham D. et al. The prognostic value of CEA, beta HCG, AFP CA125, CA19-9 andc-erbB-2. beta HCG immunohistochemistry in advanced colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 1995:6:581-7.
284. Dorudi S. Hanby AM, Poulsom R, etal. Level of expression of E-cadherin mRNA in colorectal cancer correlates with clinical outcome. Br J Cancer 1995:71:614-6.
285. Ghadimi BM. Behrens J, BirchmeierW, et al. Loss of expression of E-cadherin, and a-, -, and y-catenin in colorectal cancer [Abstract]. Clin Exp Metastasis 1996; 14:94.
286. MacDonald NJ, De La Rosa A, Steeg PS. The potential roles of nm23 in cancer metastasis and cellular differentiation. Eur J Cancer 1995;31A:1096-1100.
287. Yamada N, Chung YS, Maeda K, et al. Increased expression of sialyl Lewis A and sialyl Lewis X in liver metastases of human colorectal carcinoma. Invasion Metastasis 1995:15:95-102.
288. Nakayama T. Watanabe M, Katsumata T, et al. Expression of sialyl Lewis (A) as a new prognostic factor for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer 1995:75:2051-6.
289. Lazaris AC, Theodoropoulos GE, Davaris PS, et al. Heat shock protein 70 and HLADR molecules tissue expression. Prognostic implications in colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1995:38:739-45.
290. Ofner D, Riedman B, Maier H, et al. Standardized staining and analysis of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region associated proteins (AgNORs) in radically resected colorectal adenocarcinoma-correlation with tumor stage and long-term survival. J Pathol 1995;175:441-8.
291. Mulder TP, Verspaget HW, Sier CF, et al. Glutathione S-transferase pi in colorectal tumors is predictive for overall survival. Cancer Res 1995;55:2696-702.
292. Mecklin JP, Jarvinen HJ, Peltokallio P. Cancer family syndrome. Genetic analysis of 22 Finnish kindreds. Gastroenterology 1986;90:328-33.
293. Aaltonen LA, Sankila R, MeckJin JP, et al. A novel approach to estimate the proportion of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer of total colorectal cancer burden. Cancer Detect Preven 1994; 18:57-63.
294. Westlake PJ, Bryant HE, Huchcroft SA, et al. Frequency of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in southern Alberta. Dig Dis Sciences 1991;36:1441-7.
295. Mecklin JP. Frequency of hereditary colorectal carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1987;93:1021-5.
296. Stephenson BM, Finan PJ, Gascoyne J, et al. Frequency of familial colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 1991;78:1162-6.
297. Kee F, Collins BJ. Families at risk of colorectal cancer: who are they? Gut 1992;33:787-90.
298. Ponz de Leon M, Sassatelli R, Sacchetti C, et al. Familial aggregation of tumors in the three-year experience of a population-based colorectal cancer registry. Cancer Res 1989;49:4344-8.
299. Kee F, Collins BJ. How prevalent is cancer family syndrome? Gut 1991;32:509-12.
300. Hall NR, Finan PJ, Ward B, et al. Genetic susceptibility to colorectal cancer in patients under 45 years of age. Br J Surg 1994;81:1485-9.
301. Praml C, Finke LH, Herfarth C, et al. Deletion mapping defines different regions in Ip34.2pter that may harbor genetic information related to human colorectal cancer. Oncogene 1995;11:1357-62.
302. Riggins GJ, Markowitz S, Wilson JK, et al. Absence of secretory phospholipase A2 gene alterations in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1995;55:5184-6.
303. Zhuang Z, Emmert-Buck MK, Roth MJ, et al. von Hippel-Lindau disease gene deletion detected in microdissected sporadic human colon carcinoma specimens. Hum Pathol 1996;27:152-6.
304. Goh HS, Khine K, Elnatan J, et al. Molecular changes of colorectal cancer in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1996;25:3-10.
305. lacopetta B, Digrandi S, Dix B, et al. Loss of heterozygosity of tumour suppressor gene loci in human colorectal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 1994;30A:664-70.
306. Curtis LJ, Bubb VJ, Gledhill S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity of MCC is not associated with mutation of the retained allele in sporadic colorectal cancer. Hum Mol Genet 1994;3:443-6.
307. Honchel R, McDonnell S, Schaid DJ, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha allelic frequency and chromosome 6 allelic imbalance in patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1996;56:145-9.
308. Cunningham C, Dunlop MG, Wyllie AH, Bird CC. Deletion mapping in colorectal cancer of a putative tumour suppressor gene in 8p22-p21.3. Oncogene 1993;8: 1391-6.
309. Kelemen PR, Yaremko ML, Kim AH, et al. Loss of heterozygosity in 8p is associated with microinvasion in colorectal carcinoma. Genes Chromosom Cancer 1994;11: 195-8.
310. Yaremko ML, Wasylyshyn ML, Paulus KL, et al. Deletion mapping reveals two regions of chromosome 8 allele loss in colorectal carcinomas. Genes Chromosom Cancer 1994; 10:1-6.
311. Cunningham C, Dunlop MG, Bird CC, et al. Deletion analysis of chromosome 8p in sporadic colorectal adenomas. Br J Cancer 1994;70:18-20.
312. Fujiwara Y, Emi M. Ohata H, et al. Evidence for the presence of two tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 8p for colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993;53:1172-4.
313. Emi M, Fujiwara Y, Nakajima T, et al. Frequent loss of heterozygosity for loci on chromosome 8p in hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer. Cancer Res 1992:52:5368-72.
314. Tomlinson IP, Bodmer WF. Chromosome 11q in sporadic colorectal carcinoma: patterns of allele loss and their significance for tumorigenesis. J Clin Pathol 1996;49: 386-90.
315. Gustafson CE. Young J, Leggett B, et al. Eoss of heterozygosity on the long arm of chromosome 11 in colorectal tumours. Br J Cancer 1994:70:395-7.
316. Keldysh PE, Dragani TA, Fleischman EW, et al. 11q deletions in human colorectal carcinomas: cytogenetics and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Genes Chromosom Cancer 1993:6:45-50.
317. Ookawa K, Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S, et al. Concordant p53 and DCC alterations and allelic losses on chromosomes 13q and 14q associated with liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1993:53:382-7.
318. Young J, Eeggett B, Ward M, et al. Frequent loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 14 occurs in advanced colorectal carcinomas. Oncogene 1993:8:671-5.
319. Smith DR, Rhine K, Goh HS. Allelic loss of the p53 gene in colorectal cancer. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1995:24:399-402.
320. Eothe RA, Fossli T, Danielsen HE, et al. Molecular genetic studies of tumor suppressor gene regions on chromosomes 13 and 17 in colorectal tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992:84:1100-8.
321. Purdie CA. Piris J. Bird CC, Wyllie AH. 17q Allele loss is associated with lymph node metastasis in locally aggressive human colorectal cancer. J Pathol 1995:175: 297-302.
322. Eeggett B, Young J. Buttenshaw R, et al. Colorectal carcinomas show frequent allelic loss on the long arm of chromosome 17 with evidence for a specific target region. Br J Cancer 1995;71:1070-3.
323. Heide I. Thiede C. Poppe K, et al. Expression and mutational analysis of Nm23-Hl in liver metastases of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 1994:70:1267-71.
324. Okada K. Urano T. Goi T, et al. Isolation of human nm23 genomes and analysis of loss of heterozygosity in primary colorectal carcinomas using a specific genomic probe. Cancer Res 1994:54:3979-82.
325. Kato M. ItoY. Kohayashi S, Isono K. Detection of DCC and Ki-ras gene alterations in colorectal carcinoma tissue as prognostic markers for liver metastatic recurrence. Cancer 1996:77:1729-35.
326. Muraoka M, Konishi M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R. et al. P300 gene alterations in colorectal and gastric carcinomas. Oncogene 1996:12:1565-9.
327. Yana I. Kurahashi H. Nakamori S, et al. Frequent loss of heterozygosity at telomeric loci on 22q in sporadic colorectal cancers. Int J Cancer 1995:60:174-7.