Spherical supramolecular minidendrimers self-organized in an 'inverse micellar'-like thermotropic body-centered cubic liquid crystalline phase

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 122, Issue 8, 2000, Pages 1684-1689

  Yeardley, Duncan J P ^a   Ungar, Goran ^a   Percec, Virgil ^b   Holerca, Marian N ^b   Johansson, Gary ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DENDRIMER;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; MICELLE; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; THERMODYNAMICS; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

EID: 0034049339     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja993915q     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
2. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
3. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
4. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
5. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
6. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
7. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
8. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
9. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
10. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
11. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
12. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
13. For recent reviews on dendritic building blocks see: (a) Fréchet, J. M. J. Science 1994, 263, 1710. (b) Newcome, G. R.; Moorefield C, N.; Vogtle, F. Dendritic Molecules; VCH: Weinheim, 1996. (c) Moore, J. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 402. (d) Tomalia, D. A.; Esfand, R. Chem. Ind. 1997, 416. (e) Smith, D. K.; Diederich, F. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353. (f) Frey, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2193. (g) Vögtle, F., Ed. Dendrimers; Topics Curr. Chem. Vol. 197; Springer, Berlin, 1998. (h) Mathews, O. A.; Shipway, A. N.; Stoddart, F. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1. (i) Fischer, M.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 884. (j) Bosman, A. W.; Janssen H. M.; Meijer, E. W. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1665. (k) Berresheim, A. J.; Müller, M.; Müllen, K. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1747. (l) Moore, J. S. Curr. Opin. Coll. Int. Sci. 1999, 4, 108. (m) Roovers, J.; Comanita, B. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1999, 142, 179.
14. For selected references on cylindrical supramolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Stebani, U.; Lattermann, G. Adv. Mat. 1995, 7, 578. (d) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855. (e) Pesak, D.; Moore, J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1636. (f) Suarez, M.; Lehn, J.-M.; Zimmerman, S. C.; Skoulios, A.; Heinrich, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9526. (g) Meier, H.; Lehmann, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 643. (h) Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Mosier, P. E.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11061. (i) Brewis, M.; Clarkson, G. J.; Holder, A. M.; McKeon, N. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 969.
15. For selected references on cylindrical supramolecular dendrimers self- organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Stebani, U.; Lattermann, G. Adv. Mat. 1995, 7, 578. (d) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855. (e) Pesak, D.; Moore, J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1636. (f) Suarez, M.; Lehn, J.-M.; Zimmerman, S. C.; Skoulios, A.; Heinrich, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9526. (g) Meier, H.; Lehmann, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 643. (h) Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Mosier, P. E.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11061. (i) Brewis, M.; Clarkson, G. J.; Holder, A. M.; McKeon, N. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 969.
16. For selected references on cylindrical supramolecular dendrimers self- organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Stebani, U.; Lattermann, G. Adv. Mat. 1995, 7, 578. (d) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855. (e) Pesak, D.; Moore, J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1636. (f) Suarez, M.; Lehn, J.-M.; Zimmerman, S. C.; Skoulios, A.; Heinrich, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9526. (g) Meier, H.; Lehmann, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 643. (h) Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Mosier, P. E.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11061. (i) Brewis, M.; Clarkson, G. J.; Holder, A. M.; McKeon, N. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 969.
17. For selected references on cylindrical supramolecular dendrimers self- organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Stebani, U.; Lattermann, G. Adv. Mat. 1995, 7, 578. (d) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855. (e) Pesak, D.; Moore, J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1636. (f) Suarez, M.; Lehn, J.-M.; Zimmerman, S. C.; Skoulios, A.; Heinrich, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9526. (g) Meier, H.; Lehmann, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 643. (h) Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Mosier, P. E.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11061. (i) Brewis, M.; Clarkson, G. J.; Holder, A. M.; McKeon, N. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 969.
18. For selected references on cylindrical supramolecular dendrimers self- organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Stebani, U.; Lattermann, G. Adv. Mat. 1995, 7, 578. (d) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855. (e) Pesak, D.; Moore, J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1636. (f) Suarez, M.; Lehn, J.-M.; Zimmerman, S. C.; Skoulios, A.; Heinrich, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9526. (g) Meier, H.; Lehmann, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 643. (h) Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Mosier, P. E.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11061. (i) Brewis, M.; Clarkson, G. J.; Holder, A. M.; McKeon, N. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 969.
19. For selected references on cylindrical supramolecular dendrimers self- organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Stebani, U.; Lattermann, G. Adv. Mat. 1995, 7, 578. (d) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855. (e) Pesak, D.; Moore, J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1636. (f) Suarez, M.; Lehn, J.-M.; Zimmerman, S. C.; Skoulios, A.; Heinrich, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9526. (g) Meier, H.; Lehmann, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 643. (h) Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Mosier, P. E.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11061. (i) Brewis, M.; Clarkson, G. J.; Holder, A. M.; McKeon, N. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 969.
20. For selected references on cylindrical supramolecular dendrimers self- organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Stebani, U.; Lattermann, G. Adv. Mat. 1995, 7, 578. (d) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855. (e) Pesak, D.; Moore, J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1636. (f) Suarez, M.; Lehn, J.-M.; Zimmerman, S. C.; Skoulios, A.; Heinrich, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9526. (g) Meier, H.; Lehmann, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 643. (h) Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Mosier, P. E.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11061. (i) Brewis, M.; Clarkson, G. J.; Holder, A. M.; McKeon, N. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 969.
21. For selected references on cylindrical supramolecular dendrimers self- organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Stebani, U.; Lattermann, G. Adv. Mat. 1995, 7, 578. (d) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855. (e) Pesak, D.; Moore, J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1636. (f) Suarez, M.; Lehn, J.-M.; Zimmerman, S. C.; Skoulios, A.; Heinrich, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9526. (g) Meier, H.; Lehmann, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 643. (h) Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Mosier, P. E.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11061. (i) Brewis, M.; Clarkson, G. J.; Holder, A. M.; McKeon, N. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 969.
22. For selected references on cylindrical supramolecular dendrimers self- organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Heck, J.; Ungar, G.; Batty, S. V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1411. (b) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Abramic, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 447. (c) Stebani, U.; Lattermann, G. Adv. Mat. 1995, 7, 578. (d) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9855. (e) Pesak, D.; Moore, J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1636. (f) Suarez, M.; Lehn, J.-M.; Zimmerman, S. C.; Skoulios, A.; Heinrich, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9526. (g) Meier, H.; Lehmann, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 643. (h) Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Mosier, P. E.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11061. (i) Brewis, M.; Clarkson, G. J.; Holder, A. M.; McKeon, N. B. Chem. Commun. 1998, 969.
23. For selected references on cylindrical macromolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck.; J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Castillo, A. A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (d) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (e) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Moller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807. (f) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646. (g) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464. (h) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5783. (i) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Cho, W.- D.; Jamieson, A. M.; Kim, J.; Leman, T.; Schmidt, M.; Gerle, M.; Moller, M.; Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8619. (j) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Moller, M.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 359. (k) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ungar, G.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1745. (l) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V.; Moller, M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2653.
24. For selected references on cylindrical macromolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck.; J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Castillo, A. A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (d) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (e) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Moller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807. (f) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646. (g) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464. (h) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5783. (i) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Cho, W.- D.; Jamieson, A. M.; Kim, J.; Leman, T.; Schmidt, M.; Gerle, M.; Moller, M.; Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8619. (j) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Moller, M.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 359. (k) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ungar, G.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1745. (l) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V.; Moller, M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2653.
25. For selected references on cylindrical macromolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck.; J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Castillo, A. A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (d) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (e) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Moller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807. (f) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646. (g) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464. (h) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5783. (i) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Cho, W.- D.; Jamieson, A. M.; Kim, J.; Leman, T.; Schmidt, M.; Gerle, M.; Moller, M.; Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8619. (j) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Moller, M.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 359. (k) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ungar, G.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1745. (l) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V.; Moller, M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2653.
26. For selected references on cylindrical macromolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck.; J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Castillo, A. A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (d) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (e) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Moller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807. (f) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646. (g) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464. (h) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5783. (i) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Cho, W.- D.; Jamieson, A. M.; Kim, J.; Leman, T.; Schmidt, M.; Gerle, M.; Moller, M.; Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8619. (j) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Moller, M.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 359. (k) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ungar, G.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1745. (l) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V.; Moller, M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2653.
27. For selected references on cylindrical macromolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck.; J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Castillo, A. A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (d) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (e) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Moller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807. (f) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646. (g) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464. (h) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5783. (i) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Cho, W.- D.; Jamieson, A. M.; Kim, J.; Leman, T.; Schmidt, M.; Gerle, M.; Moller, M.; Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8619. (j) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Moller, M.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 359. (k) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ungar, G.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1745. (l) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V.; Moller, M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2653.
28. For selected references on cylindrical macromolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck.; J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Castillo, A. A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (d) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (e) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Moller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807. (f) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646. (g) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464. (h) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5783. (i) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Cho, W.- D.; Jamieson, A. M.; Kim, J.; Leman, T.; Schmidt, M.; Gerle, M.; Moller, M.; Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8619. (j) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Moller, M.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 359. (k) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ungar, G.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1745. (l) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V.; Moller, M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2653.
29. For selected references on cylindrical macromolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck.; J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Castillo, A. A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (d) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (e) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Moller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807. (f) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646. (g) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464. (h) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5783. (i) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Cho, W.- D.; Jamieson, A. M.; Kim, J.; Leman, T.; Schmidt, M.; Gerle, M.; Moller, M.; Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8619. (j) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Moller, M.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 359. (k) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ungar, G.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1745. (l) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V.; Moller, M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2653.
30. For selected references on cylindrical macromolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck.; J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Castillo, A. A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (d) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (e) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Moller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807. (f) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646. (g) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464. (h) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5783. (i) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Cho, W.- D.; Jamieson, A. M.; Kim, J.; Leman, T.; Schmidt, M.; Gerle, M.; Moller, M.; Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8619. (j) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Moller, M.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 359. (k) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ungar, G.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1745. (l) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V.; Moller, M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2653.
31. For selected references on cylindrical macromolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck.; J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Castillo, A. A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (d) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (e) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Moller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807. (f) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646. (g) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464. (h) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5783. (i) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Cho, W.-D.; Jamieson, A. M.; Kim, J.; Leman, T.; Schmidt, M.; Gerle, M.; Moller, M.; Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8619. (j) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Moller, M.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 359. (k) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ungar, G.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1745. (l) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V.; Moller, M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2653.
32. For selected references on cylindrical macromolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck.; J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Castillo, A. A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (d) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (e) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Moller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807. (f) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646. (g) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464. (h) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5783. (i) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Cho, W.- D.; Jamieson, A. M.; Kim, J.; Leman, T.; Schmidt, M.; Gerle, M.; Moller, M.; Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8619. (j) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Moller, M.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 359. (k) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ungar, G.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1745. (l) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V.; Moller, M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2653.
33. For selected references on cylindrical macromolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck.; J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Castillo, A. A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (d) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (e) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Moller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807. (f) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646. (g) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464. (h) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5783. (i) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Cho, W.- D.; Jamieson, A. M.; Kim, J.; Leman, T.; Schmidt, M.; Gerle, M.; Moller, M.; Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8619. (j) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Moller, M.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 359. (k) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ungar, G.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1745. (l) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V.; Moller, M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2653.
34. For selected references on cylindrical macromolecular dendrimers self-organized in hexagonal columnar LC lattices see: (a) Percec, V.; Heck.; J.; Lee, M.; Ungar, G.; Castillo, A. A. J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1033. (b) Percec, V.; Heck, J.; Tomazos, D.; Falkenberg, F.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2799. (c) Percec, V.; Heck, J. A.; Tomazos, D.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 2381. (d) Percec, V.; Tomazos, D.; Heck, J.; Blackwell, H.; Ungar, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1994, 31. (e) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Kwon, Y. K.; Blackwell, J.; Moller, M.; Slangen, P. J. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8807. (f) Johansson, G.; Percec, V.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 646. (g) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Zhou, J. P. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1464. (h) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 5783. (i) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Cho, W.- D.; Jamieson, A. M.; Kim, J.; Leman, T.; Schmidt, M.; Gerle, M.; Moller, M.; Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8619. (j) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Moller, M.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 359. (k) Percec, V.; Schlueter, D.; Ungar, G.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Zhang, A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1745. (l) Prokhorova, S. A.; Sheiko, S. S.; Ahn, C.-H.; Percec, V.; Moller, M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2653.
35. For spherical supramolecular dendrimers self-organized in a Pm3n cubic LC lattice see: Balagurusamy, V. S. K.; Ungar, G.; Percec, V.; Johansson, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 1539.
36. For macromolecular dendrimers that change their shape from spherical to cylindrical by increasing their degree of polymerization see: (a) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P.; Moller, M.; Sheiko, S. S. Nature 1998, 391, 161. (b) Yin, R.; Zhu, Y.; Tomalia, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2678.
37. For macromolecular dendrimers that change their shape from spherical to cylindrical by increasing their degree of polymerization see: (a) Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P.; Moller, M.; Sheiko, S. S. Nature 1998, 391, 161. (b) Yin, R.; Zhu, Y.; Tomalia, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2678.
38. For cylindrical and spherical supramolecular dendrimers that change their shapes as a function of generation number see: (a) Hudson, S. D.; Jung, H.-T.; Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Johansson, G.; Ungar, G.; Balagurusamy, V. S. K. Science 1997, 278, 449.
39. (b) Percec, V.; Cho, W.-D.; Mosier, P. E.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11061.
40. For the co-assembly of a hexagonal columnar LC superlattice and the demonstration of the synthetic capabilities of minidendritic building blocks see: Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H.; Bera, T. K.; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 1070.
41. For additional examples of LCs generated with the aid of minidendrons see: (a) Zheng, H.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 77. (b) van Nunen, J. L. M.; Folmer, B. F. B.; Nolte, R. J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 283. (c) Tschierske, C. J. J. Mat. Chem. 1998, 8, 1485. (d) Pegenan, A.; Cheng, X. H.; Tschierske, C.; Goring, P.; Diele, S. New J. Chem. 1999, 23, 465.
42. For additional examples of LCs generated with the aid of minidendrons see: (a) Zheng, H.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 77. (b) van Nunen, J. L. M.; Folmer, B. F. B.; Nolte, R. J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 283. (c) Tschierske, C. J. J. Mat. Chem. 1998, 8, 1485. (d) Pegenan, A.; Cheng, X. H.; Tschierske, C.; Goring, P.; Diele, S. New J. Chem. 1999, 23, 465.
43. For additional examples of LCs generated with the aid of minidendrons see: (a) Zheng, H.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 77. (b) van Nunen, J. L. M.; Folmer, B. F. B.; Nolte, R. J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 283. (c) Tschierske, C. J. J. Mat. Chem. 1998, 8, 1485. (d) Pegenan, A.; Cheng, X. H.; Tschierske, C.; Goring, P.; Diele, S. New J. Chem. 1999, 23, 465.
44. For additional examples of LCs generated with the aid of minidendrons see: (a) Zheng, H.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 77. (b) van Nunen, J. L. M.; Folmer, B. F. B.; Nolte, R. J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 283. (c) Tschierske, C. J. J. Mat. Chem. 1998, 8, 1485. (d) Pegenan, A.; Cheng, X. H.; Tschierske, C.; Goring, P.; Diele, S. New J. Chem. 1999, 23, 465.
45. (a) Jiang, D.-L.; Aida, T. Nature 1997, 388, 454.
46. (b) Sooklal, K.; Hanus, L. H.; Ploehn, H. J.; Murphy, C. J. Adv. Mat. 1998, 10, 1083.
47. (c) Zhao, M.; Sun, Z. L.; Crooks, R. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4877.
48. (d) Balogh, L.; Tomalia, D. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998. 120, 4877.
49. (e) Kawa, M.; Fréchet, J. M. J. Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 286.
50. (f) Bao, Z.; Amundson, K. R.; Lovinger, A. J. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 8647.
51. Gulik, A.; Delacroix, H.; Kirschner, G.; Luzzati, V. J. Phys. II (France) 1995, 5, 445.
52. (a) Fischer, H.; Ghosh, S. S.; Heiney, P. A.; Maliszewskyj, N. C.; Plesnivy, T.; Ringsdorf, H.; Seitz, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 795.
53. (b) Fischer, H.; Plesnivy, T.; Ringsdorf, H.; Seitz, M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1615.
54. (c) Stebani, U.; Latterman, G.; Festag, R.; Wittemberg, M.; Wendorff, J. H. J. Mater. Chem. 1995, 5, 2247.
55. (d) Stebani, U.; Latterman, G. Adv. Mat. 1995, 7, 578.
56. (e) Seitz, M.; Plesnivy, T.; Schimossek, K.; Edelmann, M.; Ringsdorf, H.; Fischer, H.; Uyama, H.; Kobayashi, S. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 6560.
57. (f) Ungar, G.; Abramic, D.; Percec, V.; Heck, J. A. Liq. Cryst. 1996, 21, 73.
58. (g) Johansson, G. Ph.D. Thesis Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, August 1996.
59. (h) Percec, V.; Johansson, G.; Schlueter, D.; Ronda, J. C.; Ungar, G. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 101, 43.
60. (i) Stebani, U.; Latterman, G.; Wittemberg, M.; Wendorff, J. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1858.
61. (j) Fischer, H.; Plesnivy, T.; Ringsdorf, H.; Seitz, M. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 343.
62. Mariani, P.; Luzzati, V.; Delacroix, H. J. Mol. Biol. 1998, 204, 165-189.
63. Seddon, J. M. Biochem. Biophis. Acta 1990, 1031, 1-69.
64. Seddon, J.; Temple, R. New Scientist 1991, 130, 45.
65. For a recent review on thermotropic cubic phases see: (a) Diele, S.; Göring, P. In Handbook of Liquid Crystals; Demus, D., Goodby, J., Gray, G. W., Spiess, H.-W., Vill, V., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 1998; Vol. 2B, pp 887-900. For several examples of thermotropic bicontinuous cubic LC phase of Im3m symmetry see: (b) Levelut, A. M.; Fang, Y. J. Phys. Colloq. France 1990, 51, Suppl. C7229. (c) Kutzumizu, S.; Ichikawa, T.; Nojima, S.; Yano, S. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1181.
66. For a recent review on thermotropic cubic phases see: (a) Diele, S.; Göring, P. In Handbook of Liquid Crystals; Demus, D., Goodby, J., Gray, G. W., Spiess, H.-W., Vill, V., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 1998; Vol. 2B, pp 887-900. For several examples of thermotropic bicontinuous cubic LC phase of Im3m symmetry see: (b) Levelut, A. M.; Fang, Y. J. Phys. Colloq. France 1990, 51, Suppl. C7229. (c) Kutzumizu, S.; Ichikawa, T.; Nojima, S.; Yano, S. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1181.
67. For a recent review on thermotropic cubic phases see: (a) Diele, S.; Göring, P. In Handbook of Liquid Crystals; Demus, D., Goodby, J., Gray, G. W., Spiess, H.-W., Vill, V., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 1998; Vol. 2B, pp 887-900. For several examples of thermotropic bicontinuous cubic LC phase of Im3m symmetry see: (b) Levelut, A. M.; Fang, Y. J. Phys. Colloq. France 1990, 51, Suppl. C7229. (c) Kutzumizu, S.; Ichikawa, T.; Nojima, S.; Yano, S. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1181.
68. Luzzati, V.; Vargas, V.; Gulik, A.; Mariani, P.; Seddon, R. M.; Rivas, E. Biochemistry 1992, 31, 279.
69. Seddon, J. M.; Zeb, N.; Templer, R. H.; McElhaney, R. N.; Mannock, D. A. Langmuir 1996, 12, 5250.
70. For several representative publications on complex phase behavior in block copolymers see, for example: (a) Bates, F. S. Science 1991, 25, 898. (b) Hillmyer, M. A.; Bates, F. S.; Almdal, K.; Mortensen, K.; Ryan, A. J.; Fairclough, J. P.A Science 1996, 271, 976. (c) Fredrikson, G. H.; Bates F. S. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1996, 26, 501.
71. For several representative publications on complex phase behavior in block copolymers see, for example: (a) Bates, F. S. Science 1991, 25, 898. (b) Hillmyer, M. A.; Bates, F. S.; Almdal, K.; Mortensen, K.; Ryan, A. J.; Fairclough, J. P.A Science 1996, 271, 976. (c) Fredrikson, G. H.; Bates F. S. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1996, 26, 501.
72. For several representative publications on complex phase behavior in block copolymers see, for example: (a) Bates, F. S. Science 1991, 25, 898. (b) Hillmyer, M. A.; Bates, F. S.; Almdal, K.; Mortensen, K.; Ryan, A. J.; Fairclough, J. P.A Science 1996, 271, 976. (c) Fredrikson, G. H.; Bates F. S. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1996, 26, 501.
73. (d) Thomas, E. L.; Anderson, D. M.; Henkee, C. S.; Hoffman, D. Nature 1988, 134, 598.
74. (e) Shefelbine, T. A.; Vigild, M. E.; Matsen, M. W.; Hajduk, D. A.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Cussler, E. L.; Bates, F. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 8457.
75. Pedemonte, E.; Turturro, A.; Blanchi, U.; Devetta, P. Polymer 1973, 14, 145.
76. Bates, F. S.; Cohen, R. E.; Berney, C. V. Macromolecules 1982, 15, 589.