메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 286, Issue 5437, 1999, Pages 77-84

The Galilean satellites

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN; SILICATE;

EID: 0033214012     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5437.77     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (151)

References (173)
  • 4
    • 0011772888 scopus 로고
    • Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
    • B. K. Lucchitta and L. A. Soderblom, in Satellites of Jupiter (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1982), pp. 521-555; M. C. Malin and D. C. Pieri, in Satellites (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1986), pp. 689- 717.
    • (1982) Satellites of Jupiter , pp. 521-555
    • Lucchitta, B.K.1    Soderblom, L.A.2
  • 5
    • 0002422819 scopus 로고
    • Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
    • B. K. Lucchitta and L. A. Soderblom, in Satellites of Jupiter (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1982), pp. 521-555; M. C. Malin and D. C. Pieri, in Satellites (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1986), pp. 689-717.
    • (1986) Satellites , pp. 689-717
    • Malin, M.C.1    Pieri, D.C.2
  • 6
    • 0345239078 scopus 로고
    • Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
    • W. B. McKinnon and E. M. Parmentier, in Satellites (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1986), pp. 718-763.
    • (1986) Satellites , pp. 718-763
    • McKinnon, W.B.1    Parmentier, E.M.2
  • 7
    • 10744223899 scopus 로고
    • B. A. Smith et al., Science 204, 951 (1979); B. A. Smith et al., ibid. 206, 927 (1979). See (70) for an opposing view on possible early volcanism on Callisto
    • (1979) Science , vol.204 , pp. 951
    • Smith, B.A.1
  • 8
    • 0000220271 scopus 로고
    • B. A. Smith et al., Science 204, 951 (1979); B. A. Smith et al., ibid. 206, 927 (1979). See (70) for an opposing view on possible early volcanism on Callisto
    • (1979) Science , vol.206 , pp. 927
    • Smith, B.A.1
  • 10
    • 0345239076 scopus 로고
    • See special issue of Space. Sci. Rev. 60 (nos. 1 to 4) (1992) for instrument descriptions.
    • (1992) Space. Sci. Rev. , vol.60 , Issue.1-4 SPEC. ISSUE
  • 12
    • 0027446001 scopus 로고
    • P. M. Schenk, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 15,635 (1991); ibid. 98, 7475 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 7475
  • 13
    • 0001566803 scopus 로고
    • _, Ibid. 100, 19023 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 19023
  • 17
  • 18
    • 0344376282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Three-layer models containing an iron core cannot match the data, but a four-layer model containing an iron core, silicate mantle, mixed rock and ice mantle, and outermost ice layer has not been investigated and might fit the observations.
  • 19
    • 0031539514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. B. McKinnon, Icarus 130, 540 (1997). However, evidence that Europa and Ganymede are nearly hydrostatic suggests caution in adopting this alternative. At the other extreme, a factor of two variation in the assumed rock/ice ratio of accreting planetesimals would allow the moment of inertia to be consistent with an undifferentiated Callisto.
    • (1997) Icarus , vol.130 , pp. 540
    • McKinnon, W.B.1
  • 20
    • 0000262520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. G. Kivelson et al., J. Geophys. Res. 104, 4609 (1999); K. K. Khurana et al. Nature 395, 777 (1998).
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 4609
    • Kivelson, M.G.1
  • 21
    • 0032558839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. G. Kivelson et al., J. Geophys. Res. 104, 4609 (1999); K. K. Khurana et al. Nature 395, 777 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.395 , pp. 777
    • Khurana, K.K.1
  • 22
    • 0344376281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • An ionosphere can also potentially provide conductivity, but the high electron densities required and the typically patchy nature of ionospheres suggest that this is unlikely.
  • 23
  • 24
    • 0345670886 scopus 로고
    • _, ibid. 94, 368 (1991); D. L. Hogenboom, J. S. Kargel, J. P. Ganasan, L. Lee, ibid. 115, 258 (1995); D. L. Hogenboom, J. S. Kargel, P. V. Pahalawatta, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXX (1999) [CD-ROM].
    • (1991) Icarus , vol.94 , pp. 368
  • 25
    • 0001144060 scopus 로고
    • _, ibid. 94, 368 (1991); D. L. Hogenboom, J. S. Kargel, J. P. Ganasan, L. Lee, ibid. 115, 258 (1995); D. L. Hogenboom, J. S. Kargel, P. V. Pahalawatta, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXX (1999) [CD-ROM].
    • (1995) Icarus , vol.115 , pp. 258
    • Hogenboom, D.L.1    Kargel, J.S.2    Ganasan, J.P.3    Lee, L.4
  • 27
    • 0002015462 scopus 로고
    • 2O mole fraction of ∼0.01 (∼10% solar). Complete freezing of such an ocean would be prevented because corrective heat loss in the overlying ice would be negligible close to the lowered freezing temperature [R. L. Kirk and D. J. Stevenson, Icarus 69, 91 (1987 )] .
    • (1982) Icarus , vol.52 , pp. 14
    • Lunine, J.I.1    Stevenson, D.J.2
  • 28
    • 0002271542 scopus 로고
    • 2O mole fraction of ∼0.01 (∼10% solar). Complete freezing of such an ocean would be prevented because corrective heat loss in the overlying ice would be negligible close to the lowered freezing temperature [R. L. Kirk and D. J. Stevenson, Icarus 69, 91 (1987 )] .
    • (1987) Icarus , vol.69 , pp. 91
    • Kirk, R.L.1    Stevenson, D.J.2
  • 30
    • 0000670314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. B. McCord et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 8603 (1998); T. B. McCord et al., Science 278, 271 (1997).
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 8603
    • McCord, T.B.1
  • 31
    • 0030881862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. B. McCord et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 8603 (1998); T. B. McCord et al., Science 278, 271 (1997).
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 271
    • McCord, T.B.1
  • 32
    • 0029659603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Carlson et al., ibid. 274, 385 (1996).
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 385
    • Carlson, R.1
  • 39
  • 40
    • 0011772888 scopus 로고
    • Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
    • A. Woronow, R. G. Strom, M. Gurnis, in Satellites of Jupiter (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1982), pp. 237-276. Unpublished images from Galileo's 21st orbit hint that small craters may not be depleted in all locations.
    • (1982) Satellites of Jupiter , pp. 237-276
    • Woronow, A.1    Strom, R.G.2    Gurnis, M.3
  • 44
  • 48
    • 0019899154 scopus 로고
    • M. P. Golombek, J. Geophys. Res. 87 (suppl.), A77 (1982); E. M. Parmentier, S. W. Squyres, J. W. Head III, M. L. Allison, Nature 295, 290 (1982).
    • (1982) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.87 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Golombek, M.P.1
  • 53
    • 0344376275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Topographic lows within grooved terrain are generally three times darker than the topographic highs (36). A possible cause is sloughing of a dark veneer into topographic lows during tectonism, which might expose underlying bright ice and thereby explain the brightening, although the idea remains qualitative.
  • 55
    • 0001343596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A necking instability refers to runaway pinching (or "necking") of thin lithospheric regions during lithospheric extension. This mechanism was evaluated as unlikely during the Voyager era, but new rheological data for ice have prompted a reanalysis, indicating that the mechanism may indeed be feasible. See (37); D. L. Herrick and D. J. Stevenson, Icarus 85, 191 (1990); A. J. Dombard and W. B. McKinnon, in preparation.
    • (1990) Icarus , vol.85 , pp. 191
    • Herrick, D.L.1    Stevenson, D.J.2
  • 56
    • 0001343596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in preparation
    • A necking instability refers to runaway pinching (or "necking") of thin lithospheric regions during lithospheric extension. This mechanism was evaluated as unlikely during the Voyager era, but new rheological data for ice have prompted a reanalysis, indicating that the mechanism may indeed be feasible. See (37); D. L. Herrick and D. J. Stevenson, Icarus 85, 191 (1990); A. J. Dombard and W. B. McKinnon, in preparation.
    • Dombard, A.J.1    McKinnon, W.B.2
  • 57
    • 0000169542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G. C. Collins, J. W. Head III, R. T. Pappalardo, Icarus 135, 345 (1998). The complexity of the tectonized terrains seen by Galileo and the need to extrapolate patterns to low-resolution Voyager images argue for caution in adopting a given stratigraphy, although the coherence of the inferred stress pattern does lend the proposed stratigraphy credence.
    • (1998) Icarus , vol.135 , pp. 345
    • Collins, G.C.1    Head J.W. III2    Pappalardo, R.T.3
  • 58
  • 59
    • 0042523388 scopus 로고
    • A. P. Showman and R. Malhotra, Icarus 127, 93 (1997); R. Malhotra, ibid. 94, 399 (1991).
    • (1991) Icarus , vol.94 , pp. 399
    • Malhotra, R.1
  • 60
    • 0025674941 scopus 로고
    • W. C. Tittemore, Science 250, 263 (1990); R. Greenberg, Icarus 70, 334 (1987).
    • (1990) Science , vol.250 , pp. 263
    • Tittemore, W.C.1
  • 61
    • 0001228534 scopus 로고
    • W. C. Tittemore, Science 250, 263 (1990); R. Greenberg, Icarus 70, 334 (1987).
    • (1987) Icarus , vol.70 , pp. 334
    • Greenberg, R.1
  • 63
    • 0032581861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. G. Kivelson et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19, 963 (1998); M. G. Kivelson et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2155 (1997); M. G. Kivelson et al., Nature 384, 537 (1996).
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 19963
    • Kivelson, M.G.1
  • 64
    • 0031236161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. G. Kivelson et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19, 963 (1998); M. G. Kivelson et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2155 (1997); M. G. Kivelson et al., Nature 384, 537 (1996).
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 2155
    • Kivelson, M.G.1
  • 65
    • 0029661107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. G. Kivelson et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19, 963 (1998); M. G. Kivelson et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2155 (1997); M. G. Kivelson et al., Nature 384, 537 (1996).
    • (1996) Nature , vol.384 , pp. 537
    • Kivelson, M.G.1
  • 68
    • 0031234985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. J. Williams, B. Mauk, R. W. McEntire, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 17523 (1998); D. J. Williams et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2163 (1997).
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 2163
    • Williams, D.J.1
  • 72
    • 0010810007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Z. Kuang and D. J. Stevenson, Eos 77 (fall meet. suppl.), F437 (1996).
    • (1996) Eos , vol.77 , Issue.FALL MEET. SUPPL.
    • Kuang, Z.1    Stevenson, D.J.2
  • 73
    • 0345239061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 11 W of mean tidal heating within the silicate layer, ∼20% of current radiogenic heat production. This value is insufficient to cause a major heating of the core. Scenarios in which the heat is deposited episodically should be considered, but it is unclear that they will get around the fact that the total resonant heat budget is modest.
  • 76
    • 0031542494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. R. Spencer, W. M. Calvin, M. J. Person, ibid. 100, 19049 (1995); W. M. Calvin and J. R. Spencer, Icarus 130, 505 (1997).
    • (1997) Icarus , vol.130 , pp. 505
    • Calvin, W.M.1    Spencer, J.R.2
  • 79
    • 0001428171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. M. Calvin, R. E. Johnson, J. R. Spencer, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 673 (1996); R. A. Vidal, D. Bahr, R. A. Baragiola, M. Peters, Science 276, 1839 (1997); M. T. Sieger, W. C. Simpson, T. M. Orlando, Nature 394, 554 (1998); R. A. Baragiola and D. A. Bahr, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 25865 (1998); R. E. Johnson, ibid. 104, 14179 (1999); R. A. Baragiola, C. L. Atteberry, D. A. Bahr, M. Peters, ibid., p. 14183.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 673
    • Calvin, W.M.1    Johnson, R.E.2    Spencer, J.R.3
  • 80
    • 0030810743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. M. Calvin, R. E. Johnson, J. R. Spencer, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 673 (1996); R. A. Vidal, D. Bahr, R. A. Baragiola, M. Peters, Science 276, 1839 (1997); M. T. Sieger, W. C. Simpson, T. M. Orlando, Nature 394, 554 (1998); R. A. Baragiola and D. A. Bahr, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 25865 (1998); R. E. Johnson, ibid. 104, 14179 (1999); R. A. Baragiola, C. L. Atteberry, D. A. Bahr, M. Peters, ibid., p. 14183.
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 1839
    • Vidal, R.A.1    Bahr, D.2    Baragiola, R.A.3    Peters, M.4
  • 81
    • 0032490718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. M. Calvin, R. E. Johnson, J. R. Spencer, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 673 (1996); R. A. Vidal, D. Bahr, R. A. Baragiola, M. Peters, Science 276, 1839 (1997); M. T. Sieger, W. C. Simpson, T. M. Orlando, Nature 394, 554 (1998); R. A. Baragiola and D. A. Bahr, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 25865 (1998); R. E. Johnson, ibid. 104, 14179 (1999); R. A. Baragiola, C. L. Atteberry, D. A. Bahr, M. Peters, ibid., p. 14183.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.394 , pp. 554
    • Sieger, M.T.1    Simpson, W.C.2    Orlando, T.M.3
  • 82
    • 0000856244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. M. Calvin, R. E. Johnson, J. R. Spencer, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 673 (1996); R. A. Vidal, D. Bahr, R. A. Baragiola, M. Peters, Science 276, 1839 (1997); M. T. Sieger, W. C. Simpson, T. M. Orlando, Nature 394, 554 (1998); R. A. Baragiola and D. A. Bahr, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 25865 (1998); R. E. Johnson, ibid. 104, 14179 (1999); R. A. Baragiola, C. L. Atteberry, D. A. Bahr, M. Peters, ibid., p. 14183.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 25865
    • Baragiola, R.A.1    Bahr, D.A.2
  • 83
    • 0001428171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. M. Calvin, R. E. Johnson, J. R. Spencer, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 673 (1996); R. A. Vidal, D. Bahr, R. A. Baragiola, M. Peters, Science 276, 1839 (1997); M. T. Sieger, W. C. Simpson, T. M. Orlando, Nature 394, 554 (1998); R. A. Baragiola and D. A. Bahr, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 25865 (1998); R. E. Johnson, ibid. 104, 14179 (1999); R. A. Baragiola, C. L. Atteberry, D. A. Bahr, M. Peters, ibid., p. 14183.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 14179
    • Johnson, R.E.1
  • 84
    • 0001428171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. M. Calvin, R. E. Johnson, J. R. Spencer, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 673 (1996); R. A. Vidal, D. Bahr, R. A. Baragiola, M. Peters, Science 276, 1839 (1997); M. T. Sieger, W. C. Simpson, T. M. Orlando, Nature 394, 554 (1998); R. A. Baragiola and D. A. Bahr, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 25865 (1998); R. E. Johnson, ibid. 104, 14179 (1999); R. A. Baragiola, C. L. Atteberry, D. A. Bahr, M. Peters, ibid., p. 14183.
    • J. Geophys. Res. , pp. 14183
    • Baragiola, R.A.1    Atteberry, C.L.2    Bahr, D.A.3    Peters, M.4
  • 87
    • 0031234016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C. A. Barth et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2147 (1997); L. A. Frank, W. R. Paterson, K. L. Acherson, S. J. Bolton, ibid., p. 2151.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 2147
    • Barth, C.A.1
  • 90
    • 0002683750 scopus 로고
    • A. L. Lane, R. M. Nelson, D. L. Matson, Nature 292, 38 (1981); M. Ockert, R. Nelson, A. Lane, D. Matson, Icarus 70, 499 (1987); B. Buratti and M. Golombek, ibid. 75, 437 (1988).
    • (1981) Nature , vol.292 , pp. 38
    • Lane, A.L.1    Nelson, R.M.2    Matson, D.L.3
  • 91
    • 0001295064 scopus 로고
    • A. L. Lane, R. M. Nelson, D. L. Matson, Nature 292, 38 (1981); M. Ockert, R. Nelson, A. Lane, D. Matson, Icarus 70, 499 (1987); B. Buratti and M. Golombek, ibid. 75, 437 (1988).
    • (1987) Icarus , vol.70 , pp. 499
    • Ockert, M.1    Nelson, R.2    Lane, A.3    Matson, D.4
  • 92
    • 45449124252 scopus 로고
    • A. L. Lane, R. M. Nelson, D. L. Matson, Nature 292, 38 (1981); M. Ockert, R. Nelson, A. Lane, D. Matson, Icarus 70, 499 (1987); B. Buratti and M. Golombek, ibid. 75, 437 (1988).
    • (1988) Icarus , vol.75 , pp. 437
    • Buratti, B.1    Golombek, M.2
  • 93
    • 0000552597 scopus 로고
    • R. T. Reynolds and P. M. Cassen, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 121 (1979); P. M. Cassen, S. J. Peate, R. T. Reynolds, in Satellites of Jupiter (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1982), pp. 93-128.
    • (1979) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.6 , pp. 121
    • Reynolds, R.T.1    Cassen, P.M.2
  • 94
    • 0011772888 scopus 로고
    • Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
    • R. T. Reynolds and P. M. Cassen, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 121 (1979); P. M. Cassen, S. J. Peate, R. T. Reynolds, in Satellites of Jupiter (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1982), pp. 93-128.
    • (1982) Satellites of Jupiter , pp. 93-128
    • Cassen, P.M.1    Peate, S.J.2    Reynolds, R.T.3
  • 95
    • 0001377739 scopus 로고
    • P. Cassen, R. T. Reynolds, S. J. Peale, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 731 (1979); P. Cassen, S. J. Peale, R. T. Reynolds, ibid 7, 987 (1980); S. W. Squyres, R. T. Reynolds, P. M. Cassen, S. J. Peale, Nature 301, 225 (1983); G. W. Ojakangas and D. J. Stevenson, Icarus 81, 220 (1989).
    • (1979) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.6 , pp. 731
    • Cassen, P.1    Reynolds, R.T.2    Peale, S.J.3
  • 96
    • 0039590598 scopus 로고
    • P. Cassen, R. T. Reynolds, S. J. Peale, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 731 (1979); P. Cassen, S. J. Peale, R. T. Reynolds, ibid 7, 987 (1980); S. W. Squyres, R. T. Reynolds, P. M. Cassen, S. J. Peale, Nature 301, 225 (1983); G. W. Ojakangas and D. J. Stevenson, Icarus 81, 220 (1989).
    • (1980) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.7 , pp. 987
    • Cassen, P.1    Peale, S.J.2    Reynolds, R.T.3
  • 97
    • 0021081345 scopus 로고
    • P. Cassen, R. T. Reynolds, S. J. Peale, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 731 (1979); P. Cassen, S. J. Peale, R. T. Reynolds, ibid 7, 987 (1980); S. W. Squyres, R. T. Reynolds, P. M. Cassen, S. J. Peale, Nature 301, 225 (1983); G. W. Ojakangas and D. J. Stevenson, Icarus 81, 220 (1989).
    • (1983) Nature , vol.301 , pp. 225
    • Squyres, S.W.1    Reynolds, R.T.2    Cassen, P.M.3    Peale, S.J.4
  • 98
    • 0000148225 scopus 로고
    • P. Cassen, R. T. Reynolds, S. J. Peale, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 731 (1979); P. Cassen, S. J. Peale, R. T. Reynolds, ibid 7, 987 (1980); S. W. Squyres, R. T. Reynolds, P. M. Cassen, S. J. Peale, Nature 301, 225 (1983); G. W. Ojakangas and D. J. Stevenson, Icarus 81, 220 (1989).
    • (1989) Icarus , vol.81 , pp. 220
    • Ojakangas, G.W.1    Stevenson, D.J.2
  • 99
    • 0032566557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. D. Anderson et al., Science 281, 2019 (1998); J. D. Anderson, E. L. Lau, W. L. Sjogren, C. Schubert, W. B. Moore, ibid. 276, 1236 (1997).
    • (1998) Science , vol.281 , pp. 2019
    • Anderson, J.D.1
  • 101
    • 0039572480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Greeley et al., Icarus 135, 4 (1998).
    • (1998) Icarus , vol.135 , pp. 4
    • Greeley, R.1
  • 103
    • 18144435537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. H. Carr et al., Nature 391, 363 (1998); N. A. Spaun, J. W. Head, G. C. Collins, L. M. Prockter, R. T. Pappalardo, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 4277 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.391 , pp. 363
    • Carr, M.H.1
  • 106
  • 115
    • 0030120019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. C. Leith and W. B. McKinnon, Icarus 120, 387 (1996); P. Helfenstein and E. M. Parmentier, ibid. 61, 175 (1985); A. S. McEwen, Nature 321, 49 (1986).
    • (1996) Icarus , vol.120 , pp. 387
    • Leith, A.C.1    McKinnon, W.B.2
  • 116
    • 0039649078 scopus 로고
    • A. C. Leith and W. B. McKinnon, Icarus 120, 387 (1996); P. Helfenstein and E. M. Parmentier, ibid. 61, 175 (1985); A. S. McEwen, Nature 321, 49 (1986).
    • (1985) Icarus , vol.61 , pp. 175
    • Helfenstein, P.1    Parmentier, E.M.2
  • 117
    • 0002798659 scopus 로고
    • A. C. Leith and W. B. McKinnon, Icarus 120, 387 (1996); P. Helfenstein and E. M. Parmentier, ibid. 61, 175 (1985); A. S. McEwen, Nature 321, 49 (1986).
    • (1986) Nature , vol.321 , pp. 49
    • McEwen, A.S.1
  • 118
    • 0032556888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. E. Geissler et al., Nature 391, 368 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.391 , pp. 368
    • Geissler, P.E.1
  • 119
    • 0000933346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G. Hoppa et al., Icarus 137, 341 (1999).
    • (1999) Icarus , vol.137 , pp. 341
    • Hoppa, G.1
  • 120
    • 0344329323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in preparation
    • C. B. Phillips et al., in preparation.
    • Phillips, C.B.1
  • 123
    • 0033605630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. W. Carlson et al., Science 283, 2062 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 2062
    • Carlson, R.W.1
  • 124
    • 17144364330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. B. McCord et al., J. Geophys. Res. 104, 11827 (1999); T. B. McCord et al., Science 280, 1242 (1998); R. W. Carlson, R. E. Johnson, M. S. Anderson, Science 286, 97 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 11827
    • McCord, T.B.1
  • 125
    • 0032557698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. B. McCord et al., J. Geophys. Res. 104, 11827 (1999); T. B. McCord et al., Science 280, 1242 (1998); R. W. Carlson, R. E. Johnson, M. S. Anderson, Science 286, 97 (1999).
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 1242
    • McCord, T.B.1
  • 126
    • 0033215336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. B. McCord et al., J. Geophys. Res. 104, 11827 (1999); T. B. McCord et al., Science 280, 1242 (1998); R. W. Carlson, R. E. Johnson, M. S. Anderson, Science 286, 97 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , pp. 97
    • Carlson, R.W.1    Johnson, R.E.2    Anderson, M.S.3
  • 127
    • 0001874738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B. E. Clark et al., Icarus 135, 95 (1998).
    • (1998) Icarus , vol.135 , pp. 95
    • Clark, B.E.1
  • 131
    • 0032581842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. J. Kliore, D. P. Hinson, F. M. Hasar, A. F. Nagy, T. E. Cravens, Science 277, 355 (1997); J. Saur, D. F. Strobel, F. M. Neubauer, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19947 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 19947
    • Saur, J.1    Strobel, D.F.2    Neubauer, F.M.3
  • 133
    • 0032556889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Sullivan et al., Nature 391, 371 (1998); R. T. Pappalardo and R. J. Sullivan, Icarus 123, 557 (1996); P. M. Schenk and W. B. McKinnon, ibid. 79, 75 (1989).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.391 , pp. 371
    • Sullivan, R.1
  • 134
    • 0030268365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Sullivan et al., Nature 391, 371 (1998); R. T. Pappalardo and R. J. Sullivan, Icarus 123, 557 (1996); P. M. Schenk and W. B. McKinnon, ibid. 79, 75 (1989).
    • (1996) Icarus , vol.123 , pp. 557
    • Pappalardo, R.T.1    Sullivan, R.J.2
  • 135
    • 0002358164 scopus 로고
    • R. Sullivan et al., Nature 391, 371 (1998); R. T. Pappalardo and R. J. Sullivan, Icarus 123, 557 (1996); P. M. Schenk and W. B. McKinnon, ibid. 79, 75 (1989).
    • (1989) Icarus , vol.79 , pp. 75
    • Schenk, P.M.1    McKinnon, W.B.2
  • 136
    • 0000211515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. M. Moore et al., Icarus 135, 127 (1998); E. P. Turtle, C. P. Phillips, A. S. McEwen, J. M. Moore, R. Greeley, Lunar. Planet. Sci. Conf. XXIX (1998) [CD- ROM]. The impact structures allegedly associated with puncture through the lithosphere are extremely flat at the scale of the whole feature, often contain several concentric ridges or troughs, and lack raised rims, central peaks, and central pits characteristic of craters formed by impact into solid ice or rock.
    • (1998) Icarus , vol.135 , pp. 127
    • Moore, J.M.1
  • 137
    • 0000211515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD-ROM
    • J. M. Moore et al., Icarus 135, 127 (1998); E. P. Turtle, C. P. Phillips, A. S. McEwen, J. M. Moore, R. Greeley, Lunar. Planet. Sci. Conf. XXIX (1998) [CD-ROM]. The impact structures allegedly associated with puncture through the lithosphere are extremely flat at the scale of the whole feature, often contain several concentric ridges or troughs, and lack raised rims, central peaks, and central pits characteristic of craters formed by impact into solid ice or rock.
    • (1998) Lunar. Planet. Sci. Conf. , vol.29
    • Turtle, E.P.1    Phillips, C.P.2    McEwen, A.S.3    Moore, J.M.4    Greeley, R.5
  • 140
    • 0031138880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. R. Spencer et al., Icarus 127, 221 (1997); J. I. Moses and D. B. Nash, ibid. 89, 277 (1991); A. S. McEwen, Ibid. 73, 385 (1988); R. Steudel et al., J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4971 (1986).
    • (1997) Icarus , vol.127 , pp. 221
    • Spencer, J.R.1
  • 141
    • 0000786605 scopus 로고
    • J. R. Spencer et al., Icarus 127, 221 (1997); J. I. Moses and D. B. Nash, ibid. 89, 277 (1991); A. S. McEwen, Ibid. 73, 385 (1988); R. Steudel et al., J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4971 (1986).
    • (1991) Icarus , vol.89 , pp. 277
    • Moses, J.I.1    Nash, D.B.2
  • 142
    • 0001594833 scopus 로고
    • J. R. Spencer et al., Icarus 127, 221 (1997); J. I. Moses and D. B. Nash, ibid. 89, 277 (1991); A. S. McEwen, Ibid. 73, 385 (1988); R. Steudel et al., J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4971 (1986).
    • (1988) Icarus , vol.73 , pp. 385
    • McEwen, A.S.1
  • 143
    • 0031138880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. R. Spencer et al., Icarus 127, 221 (1997); J. I. Moses and D. B. Nash, ibid. 89, 277 (1991); A. S. McEwen, Ibid. 73, 385 (1988); R. Steudel et al., J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4971 (1986).
    • (1986) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.91 , pp. 4971
    • Steudel, R.1
  • 144
    • 0002916771 scopus 로고
    • D. Morrison, Ed. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
    • J. C. Pearl and W. M. Sinton, in Satellites of Jupiter, D. Morrison, Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1982), pp. 724-755.
    • (1982) Satellites of Jupiter , pp. 724-755
    • Pearl, J.C.1    Sinton, W.M.2
  • 146
    • 0344766744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. S. McEwen et al., Science 281, 87 (1998); A. S. McEwen et al., Icarus 135, 181 (1998); J. R. Spencer et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2451 (1997).
    • (1998) Science , vol.281 , pp. 87
    • McEwen, A.S.1
  • 147
    • 0001471362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. S. McEwen et al., Science 281, 87 (1998); A. S. McEwen et al., Icarus 135, 181 (1998); J. R. Spencer et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2451 (1997).
    • (1998) Icarus , vol.135 , pp. 181
    • McEwen, A.S.1
  • 148
    • 0031251924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. S. McEwen et al., Science 281, 87 (1998); A. S. McEwen et al., Icarus 135, 181 (1998); J. R. Spencer et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2451 (1997).
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 2451
    • Spencer, J.R.1
  • 149
    • 0344761304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. H. Carr et al., Icarus 135, 141 (1998); P. M. Schenk and M. H. Bulmer, Science 279, 1514 (1998).
    • (1998) Icarus , vol.135 , pp. 141
    • Carr, M.H.1
  • 150
    • 0032489636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. H. Carr et al., Icarus 135, 141 (1998); P. M. Schenk and M. H. Bulmer, Science 279, 1514 (1998).
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 1514
    • Schenk, P.M.1    Bulmer, M.H.2
  • 152
    • 0000272986 scopus 로고
    • D. L. Blaney et al., Icarus 113, 220 (1995); D. L. Blaney et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2459 (1997).
    • (1995) Icarus , vol.113 , pp. 220
    • Blaney, D.L.1
  • 153
    • 0031252064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. L. Blaney et al., Icarus 113, 220 (1995); D. L. Blaney et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2459 (1997).
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 2459
    • Blaney, D.L.1
  • 154
    • 0000737182 scopus 로고
    • D. Morrison, Ed. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
    • R. Greenberg, in Satellites of Jupiter, D. Morrison, Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1982), pp. 65-92; G. W. Ojakangas and D. J. Stevenson, Icarus 66, 341 (1986).
    • (1982) Satellites of Jupiter , pp. 65-92
    • Greenberg, R.1
  • 155
    • 0000454024 scopus 로고
    • R. Greenberg, in Satellites of Jupiter, D. Morrison, Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1982), pp. 65- 92; G. W. Ojakangas and D. J. Stevenson, Icarus 66, 341 (1986).
    • (1986) Icarus , vol.66 , pp. 341
    • Ojakangas, G.W.1    Stevenson, D.J.2
  • 158
    • 0000130543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. C. Thomas et al., Icarus 135, 175 (1998).
    • (1998) Icarus , vol.135 , pp. 175
    • Thomas, P.C.1
  • 159
  • 160
    • 0141598886 scopus 로고
    • U. Weinbruch and T. Spohn, Planet. Space Sci 43, 1045 (1995); C. R. Sarson, C. A. Jones, K. Zhang, G. Schubert, Science 276, 1106 (1997); G. R. Sarson, C. A. Jones, K. Zhang, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 111, 47 (1999).
    • (1995) Planet. Space Sci , vol.43 , pp. 1045
    • Weinbruch, U.1    Spohn, T.2
  • 161
    • 0030989199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U. Weinbruch and T. Spohn, Planet. Space Sci 43, 1045 (1995); C. R. Sarson, C. A. Jones, K. Zhang, G. Schubert, Science 276, 1106 (1997); G. R. Sarson, C. A. Jones, K. Zhang, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 111, 47 (1999).
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 1106
    • Sarson, C.R.1    Jones, C.A.2    Zhang, K.3    Schubert, G.4
  • 162
    • 0033601883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U. Weinbruch and T. Spohn, Planet. Space Sci 43, 1045 (1995); C. R. Sarson, C. A. Jones, K. Zhang, G. Schubert, Science 276, 1106 (1997); G. R. Sarson, C. A. Jones, K. Zhang, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 111, 47 (1999).
    • (1999) Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. , vol.111 , pp. 47
    • Sarson, G.R.1    Jones, C.A.2    Zhang, K.3
  • 164
    • 0029852516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L. A. Frank et al., Science 274, 394 (1996); J. A. Linker, K. K. Khurana, M. C. Kivelson, R. J. Walker, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19867 (1998).
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 394
    • Frank, L.A.1
  • 167
    • 0033555851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F. L. Roesler et al., Science 283, 353 (1999); P. E. Geissler et al., ibid. 285, 870 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 353
    • Roesler, F.L.1
  • 168
    • 0033529583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F. L. Roesler et al., Science 283, 353 (1999); P. E. Geissler et al., ibid. 285, 870 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 870
    • Geissler, P.E.1
  • 169
    • 0001209623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The detailed dynamics, including transport processes and energy flow within the plasma torus, constitute a large subject beyond the scope of the present article; the reader is referred to (99) and F. J. Crary et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 103, 29359 (1998)] for recent results.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 29359
    • Crary, F.J.1
  • 170
    • 0002454756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • San Juan Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA
    • D. J. Stevenson, in Europa Ocean Conference (San Juan Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, 1996), pp. 69-70.
    • (1996) Europa Ocean Conference , pp. 69-70
    • Stevenson, D.J.1
  • 171
    • 0001040364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. E. Davies et al., Icarus 135, 372 (1998).
    • (1998) Icarus , vol.135 , pp. 372
    • Davies, M.E.1
  • 173
    • 0344761303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We thank T. E. Dowling, W. B. McKinnon, R. T. Pappalardo, P. Schenk, N. Schneider, J. Spencer, J. Stansberry, and D. J. Stevenson for discussions. This work was supported by NASA.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.