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Volumn 283, Issue 5410, 1999, Pages 2062-2064

Hydrogen peroxide on the surface of Europa

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE;

EID: 0033605630     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5410.2062     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (274)

References (44)
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    • note
    • The measurements were obtained on 6 November 1997, when Galileo was 480,000 km from Europa. The orbital phase angle and subsolar longitude were 89°, and the subspacecraft longitude was 152°.
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    • We adopt, for the effective penetration depth, that level for which the optical depth for equivalent isotropic scatterers is unity. Using similarity relations [B. Hapke, Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1993), p. 197] with computed single-scattering albedos and asymmetry parameters (25), we find penetration depths for a nonporous medium of 60-μm ice grains of about 60, 250, and 500 μm for wavelengths of 3.5 μm, 210 nm, and 300 nm, respectively.
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    • R. W. Carlson and T. Arakelian [Antarctic J. U. S. 28, 256 (1993)] outline the computational method. We used UV and IR optical constants from S. G. Warren [Appl. Opt. 23, 1206 (1984)] and J. E. Bertie, H. J. Labbe, and E. Whalley [J. Chem. Phys. 50, 4501 (1969)], respectively.
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    • respectively
    • R. W. Carlson and T. Arakelian [Antarctic J. U. S. 28, 256 (1993)] outline the computational method. We used UV and IR optical constants from S. G. Warren [Appl. Opt. 23, 1206 (1984)] and J. E. Bertie, H. J. Labbe, and E. Whalley [J. Chem. Phys. 50, 4501 (1969)], respectively.
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    • note
    • Samples 3 mm thick were frozen, forming granular, diffusing surfaces. The diffuse reflectance was measured, avoiding specular reflection. The UV and IR laboratory measurements were performed at the JPL Vibrational Spectroscopy Laboratory with the use of an Analect diffuse-reflectance attachment with Bio-Rad FTS 6000 and Cary 5E spectrometers.
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    • -4 M data from (26) were used
    • -4 M data from (26) were used.
  • 37
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    • in preparation
    • We used electron and ion fluxes (for an unmagnetized body at Europa's orbit) and stopping depths in ice from J. F. Cooper, R E. Johnson, B. H. Mauk, and N. Gehrels (Icarus, in preparation). Ion fluxes were increased by a factor of 2 for the finite gyroradius effect (4).
    • Icarus
    • Cooper, J.F.1    Johnson, R.E.2    Mauk, B.H.3    Gehrels, N.4
  • 38
  • 44
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    • note
    • Portions of the work described herein were performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.


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