Near-infrared spectroscopy and spectral mapping of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites: Results from Galileo's initial orbit

Science

Volumn 274, Issue 5286, 1996, Pages 385-388

  Carlson, R ^a   Smythe, W ^a   Baines, K ^a   Barbinis, E ^a   Becker, K ^a   Burns, R ^a   Calcutt, S ^a   Calvin, W ^a   Clark, R ^a   Danielson, G ^a   Davies, A ^a   Drossart, P ^a   Encrenaz, T ^a   Fanale, F ^a   Granahan, J ^a   Hansen, G ^a   Herrera, P ^a   Hibbitts, C ^a   Hui, J ^a   Irwin, P ^a   Johnson, T ^a   Kamp, L ^a   Kieffer, H ^a   Leader, F ^a   Lellouch, E ^a   Lopes Gautier, R ^a   Matson, D ^a   McCord, T ^a   Mehlman, R ^a   Ocampo, A ^a   Orton, G ^a   Roos Serote, M ^a   Segura, M ^a   Shirley, J ^a   Soderblom, L ^a   Stevenson, A ^a   Taylor, F ^a   Torson, J ^a   Weir, A ^a   Weissman, P ^a   more..

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; METHANE; PHOSPHINE;

ARTICLE; ASTRONOMY; ATMOSPHERE; CLOUD; IMAGING SYSTEM; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPACE; TELECOMMUNICATION; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT; VOLCANO; WATER VAPOR;

FLIGHT EXPERIMENT; GALILEO PROJECT; LONG DURATION; UNMANNED;

AMMONIA; CARBON DIOXIDE; EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT; HYDROXIDES; JUPITER; METHANE; PHOSPHINES; SPECTROSCOPY, NEAR-INFRARED; WATER;

CALLISTO; SIGANUS;

GALILEO; IR SPECTROSCOPY;

CALLISTO; EUROPA; GANYMEDE; IO; JUPITER;

EID: 0029659603     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5286.385     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. R. Carlson, P. R. Weissman, W.D. Smythe, J. C. Mahoney, Space Sci. Rev. 60, 457 (1990).
2. During the first orbit, the instrument suffered a transient memory anomaly, which rendered some part of the data not useful. It is thought that particle radiation effects altered the instrument memory, eventually halting the processor. Some lo monitoring observations as well as GRS spectra and spectral images were lost. The instrument has been successfully reset and is ready for upcoming orbits.
3. The Galileo Probe entered at 6.5°N [R. Young, M. A. Smith, C. K. Sobeck. Science 272, 837 (1996)], just within a hot spot (G. Orton et al., ibid., p. 839).
4. The Galileo Probe entered at 6.5°N [R. Young, M. A. Smith, C. K. Sobeck. Science 272, 837 (1996)], just within a hot spot (G. Orton et al., ibid., p. 839).
5. 2O cloud were made by S. J. Weidenschilling and J. S. Lewis, Icarus 20, 465 (1973).
6. 2O cloud were made by S. J. Weidenschilling and J. S. Lewis, Icarus 20, 465 (1973).
7. 2O cloud were made by S. J. Weidenschilling and J. S. Lewis, Icarus 20, 465 (1973).
8. The ammonia ice reflectance spectrum of Fig. 2 is from U. Fink and G. Sill, in Comets, L. Wilkening, Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1982), pp. 164-202. The ammonia gas spectrum was computed for a vertical path starting at the 1 bar level and an ammonia mixing ratio of 14 ppmv, using absorption coefficients from I. Kleiner, G. Tarrago, Q-L. Kou, G. Guelachvili, L. Brown, 14th International Conference on High Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy, Prague, September 1996. Both spectra are evaluated for the NIMS spectral resolution.
9. The ammonia ice reflectance spectrum of Fig. 2 is from U. Fink and G. Sill, in Comets, L. Wilkening, Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1982), pp. 164-202. The ammonia gas spectrum was computed for a vertical path starting at the 1 bar level and an ammonia mixing ratio of 14 ppmv, using absorption coefficients from I. Kleiner, G. Tarrago, Q-L. Kou, G. Guelachvili, L. Brown, 14th International Conference on High Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy, Prague, September 1996. Both spectra are evaluated for the NIMS spectral resolution.
10. We used two independent line-by-line radiative transfer models [after P. Drossart and T. Encrenaz, Icarus 52, 483 (1982); also E. Lellouch, P. Drossart, T. Encrenaz, ibid. 77, 457 (1989); and P, Irwin et al., Adv. Space Sci., in press).
11. We used two independent line-by-line radiative transfer models [after P. Drossart and T. Encrenaz, Icarus 52, 483 (1982); also E. Lellouch, P. Drossart, T. Encrenaz, ibid. 77, 457 (1989); and P, Irwin et al., Adv. Space Sci., in press).
12. We used two independent line-by-line radiative transfer models [after P. Drossart and T. Encrenaz, Icarus 52, 483 (1982); also E. Lellouch, P. Drossart, T. Encrenaz, ibid. 77, 457 (1989); and P, Irwin et al., Adv. Space Sci., in press).
13. 2 was from J, Borysow, L. Trafton, L Frommhold, and G. Birnbaum [Astrophys. J. 296, 644 (1985)] . A single cloud with a base at 1.5 bars [B. Ragent, D. S. Colburn, P. Avrin, K. A. Rages, Science 272, 854 (1996)] was modeled as a gray absorbing layer.
14. 2 was from J, Borysow, L. Trafton, L Frommhold, and G. Birnbaum [Astrophys. J. 296, 644 (1985)] . A single cloud with a base at 1.5 bars [B. Ragent, D. S. Colburn, P. Avrin, K. A. Rages, Science 272, 854 (1996)] was modeled as a gray absorbing layer.
15. 2 was from J, Borysow, L. Trafton, L Frommhold, and G. Birnbaum [Astrophys. J. 296, 644 (1985)] . A single cloud with a base at 1.5 bars [B. Ragent, D. S. Colburn, P. Avrin, K. A. Rages, Science 272, 854 (1996)] was modeled as a gray absorbing layer.
16. 2 was from J, Borysow, L. Trafton, L Frommhold, and G. Birnbaum [Astrophys. J. 296, 644 (1985)] . A single cloud with a base at 1.5 bars [B. Ragent, D. S. Colburn, P. Avrin, K. A. Rages, Science 272, 854 (1996)] was modeled as a gray absorbing layer.
17. 2 was from J, Borysow, L. Trafton, L Frommhold, and G. Birnbaum [Astrophys. J. 296, 644 (1985)] . A single cloud with a base at 1.5 bars [B. Ragent, D. S. Colburn, P. Avrin, K. A. Rages, Science 272, 854 (1996)] was modeled as a gray absorbing layer.
18. 2 was from J, Borysow, L. Trafton, L Frommhold, and G. Birnbaum [Astrophys. J. 296, 644 (1985)] . A single cloud with a base at 1.5 bars [B. Ragent, D. S. Colburn, P. Avrin, K. A. Rages, Science 272, 854 (1996)] was modeled as a gray absorbing layer.
19. 2 was from J, Borysow, L. Trafton, L Frommhold, and G. Birnbaum [Astrophys. J. 296, 644 (1985)] . A single cloud with a base at 1.5 bars [B. Ragent, D. S. Colburn, P. Avrin, K. A. Rages, Science 272, 854 (1996)] was modeled as a gray absorbing layer.
20. 2 was from J, Borysow, L. Trafton, L Frommhold, and G. Birnbaum [Astrophys. J. 296, 644 (1985)] . A single cloud with a base at 1.5 bars [B. Ragent, D. S. Colburn, P. Avrin, K. A. Rages, Science 272, 854 (1996)] was modeled as a gray absorbing layer.
21. 2 was from J, Borysow, L. Trafton, L Frommhold, and G. Birnbaum [Astrophys. J. 296, 644 (1985)] . A single cloud with a base at 1.5 bars [B. Ragent, D. S. Colburn, P. Avrin, K. A. Rages, Science 272, 854 (1996)] was modeled as a gray absorbing layer.
22. 3 condensation level).
23. 3 condensation level).
24. 3 condensation level).
25. 3 condensation level).
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28. R. Clark, ibid. 86, 3087 (1981).
29. J. R. Spencer, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 24, 125 (1996).
30. We thank the Galileo staff who reprogrammed the spacecraft, tested the combined system, and successfully brought back the acquired data. For CDS programming efforts: T. Brady, D. Erickson, F, Ford, E. Greenberg, B. Jaffe, B. Miller, E. Nicolich, and D. Winther; for devising the NIMS Iossless data compression algorithm, R. Rice; for testing support: G. Laborde, C. Compton, M. Orozco, M. Molander, Q. Chau, J. Mirelez, W. Currie, J. Dodds, R. Nava, G. Levanas, R. Morgan, T. Verbich, H. Tran, A. Tallman, R. Scrivner, R. Wendlandt, M. Fahid, W. Huffman, A. Vaughs, B. Bennett, B. Beaudry, E. Imlay, T. Nelson, P. Donatucci, G. LaBorde, K. McGraw, E. Nilsen, G. Snyder, J. Glance, P. Broer, M. Varuna, J. Michael, and D. Bluhm; for inflight loads: R. Barry, N. Simon, R. Weaver, and other members mentioned earlier; for playback support: A. Dicicco and J. Culwell; for observation design: B. Cracchiola and L. Crowell; for ground data support: H. Mortenson, D. Jenson, D. Knight, S. Noland, C. Stanley, and J. Yoshimizu; and for computer and general support: T. Arakelian, N. Cline, J. Alonzo, and J. Gardner. Portions of the work described herein was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.