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1
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8944240365
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E. K. Bigg, Nature 203, 1088 (1964).
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Nature
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Bigg, E.K.1
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4
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8944239868
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D. J. Southwood, M. G. Kivelson, R. J. Walker, J. A. Slavin, ibid., p. 5959.
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J. Geophys. Res.
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Southwood, D.J.1
Kivelson, M.G.2
Walker, R.J.3
Slavin, J.A.4
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0000169079
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A. Woszczyk and C. C. Iwaniszewska, Eds. Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland
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R. A. Brown, in Exploration of the Planetary System, A. Woszczyk and C. C. Iwaniszewska, Eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, 1974), pp. 527-531.
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Exploration of the Planetary System
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Brown, R.A.1
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7
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0001119597
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L. A. Morabito, S. P. Synott, P. M. Kupferman, S. A. Collins, Science 204, 972 (1979).
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Morabito, L.A.1
Synott, S.P.2
Kupferman, P.M.3
Collins, S.A.4
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8
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0001518950
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N. F. Ness et al., ibid. 204, 982 (1979).
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Science
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Ness, N.F.1
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9
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8944262336
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note
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J = 71,492 km.
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10
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8944237968
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note
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The magnetometer investigation provides averages over selected time intervals, which can range from 16 hours to 1 minute. For the lo flyby, the 1-min averaging interval was used.
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11
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0001066751
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M. G. Kivelson, K. K. Khurana, J. D. Means, C. T. Russell, R. C. Snare, Space Sci. Rev. 60, 357 (1992).
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Space Sci. Rev.
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Kivelson, M.G.1
Khurana, K.K.2
Means, J.D.3
Russell, C.T.4
Snare, R.C.5
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12
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8944231146
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in preparation
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K. K. Khurana, in preparation.
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Khurana, K.K.1
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13
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0000787886
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J. E. P. Connerney, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 7679 (1981); J. E. P. Connemey, M. H. Acuna, N. F. Ness, ibid., p. 8370.
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J. Geophys. Res.
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Connerney, J.E.P.1
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14
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8944263293
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J. E. P. Connerney, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 7679 (1981); J. E. P. Connemey, M. H. Acuna, N. F. Ness, ibid., p. 8370.
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J. Geophys. Res.
, pp. 8370
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Connemey, J.E.P.1
Acuna, M.H.2
Ness, N.F.3
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19
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8944262184
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note
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Z perturbations along the spacecraft orbit through the wake.
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20
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8944250658
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note
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A.
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21
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0001575281
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6 A by M. H. Acuna, F. M. Neubauer, and N. F. Ness, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 8513 (1981) were rather high; the estimates decrease if a small Mach number is assumed (4) or if the ionospheric conductivity is non-uniform (27).
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(1981)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.86
, pp. 8513
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Acuna, M.H.1
Neubauer, F.M.2
Ness, N.F.3
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22
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8944250208
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note
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We estimate the current closing through lo or its ionosphere and carried in wires separated by an lo diameter along the direction outward from Jupiter and swept back 15° with respect to the plasma flow.
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23
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0042586618
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J. A. Linker, M. G. Kivelson, and R. J. Walker, Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 1311 (1988); ibid. 16, 763 (1989); J. Geophys. Res. 96, 21037 (1991); J. A. Linker, Eos 76, F343 (1995); J. A. Linker, Adv. Space Res., in press.
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(1988)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.15
, pp. 1311
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Linker, J.A.1
Kivelson, M.G.2
Walker, R.J.3
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24
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84989571897
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J. A. Linker, M. G. Kivelson, and R. J. Walker, Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 1311 (1988); ibid. 16, 763 (1989); J. Geophys. Res. 96, 21037 (1991); J. A. Linker, Eos 76, F343 (1995); J. A. Linker, Adv. Space Res., in press.
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Geophys. Res. Lett.
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, pp. 763
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25
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0042586618
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J. A. Linker, M. G. Kivelson, and R. J. Walker, Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 1311 (1988); ibid. 16, 763 (1989); J. Geophys. Res. 96, 21037 (1991); J. A. Linker, Eos 76, F343 (1995); J. A. Linker, Adv. Space Res., in press.
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J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.96
, pp. 21037
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26
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0042586618
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J. A. Linker, M. G. Kivelson, and R. J. Walker, Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 1311 (1988); ibid. 16, 763 (1989); J. Geophys. Res. 96, 21037 (1991); J. A. Linker, Eos 76, F343 (1995); J. A. Linker, Adv. Space Res., in press.
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(1995)
Eos
, vol.76
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Linker, J.A.1
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27
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0042586618
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in press
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J. A. Linker, M. G. Kivelson, and R. J. Walker, Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 1311 (1988); ibid. 16, 763 (1989); J. Geophys. Res. 96, 21037 (1991); J. A. Linker, Eos 76, F343 (1995); J. A. Linker, Adv. Space Res., in press.
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Adv. Space Res.
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Linker, J.A.1
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28
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8944230642
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note
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A = 0.2, β = 0.3. The latter value is unrealistically large but is needed for numerical stability and does fall in the β < 1 regime.
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29
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8944253282
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note
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A similar idea was put forward by Neubauer (3) to explain the excessive current estimate derived from the Voyager measurements.
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31
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0000327091
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3 at 900 km would imply an exobase at higher altitude (1300 km for the scale heights obtained in (25) whereas observations of sodium in lo's exosphere imply a maximum exobase height of 800 km [N. M. Schneider, D. M. Hunten, W. K. Wells, A. B. Schult, U. Fink, Astrophys. J. 368, 298 (1991)]. Furthermore, if a very large ionosphere is the primary source of the currents it would be difficult to explain the approximate symmetry of the wings of the perturbation about the terminator. Atmospheric models predict strong asymmetries between day side and night side exobase heights, with an exobase at or below 100 km on the night side.
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(1991)
Astrophys. J.
, vol.368
, pp. 298
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Schneider, N.M.1
Hunten, D.M.2
Wells, W.K.3
Schult, A.B.4
Fink, U.5
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34
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0003147147
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A. J. Dessler, Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
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3.5 with distance from lo [W. H. Smyth and M. R. Combi, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 22711 (1991); W. H. Smyth, Adv. Space Res. 12, 337 (1992)].
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(1983)
Physics of the Jovian Magnetosphere
, pp. 353
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Hill, T.W.1
Dessler, A.J.2
Goertz, C.K.3
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35
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0001153624
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3.5 with distance from lo [W. H. Smyth and M. R. Combi, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 22711 (1991); W. H. Smyth, Adv. Space Res. 12, 337 (1992)].
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J. Geophys. Res.
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Smyth, W.H.1
Combi, M.R.2
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36
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0009818832
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3.5 with distance from lo [W. H. Smyth and M. R. Combi, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 22711 (1991); W. H. Smyth, Adv. Space Res. 12, 337 (1992)].
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(1992)
Adv. Space Res.
, vol.12
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Smyth, W.H.1
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37
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0001334812
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3 at the Galileo location for diamagnetism to be dominant. Near the center of the wake, higher densities would probably be required as our MHD computations show that new ions are picked up in the wake at speeds considerably below corotation. The range of estimated densities is substantially higher than densities inferred at this altitude from the Pioneer 10 occultations [A. Kliore, C. L. Cain, G. Fjelbo, B. L. Seidel, S. I. Rasool, Science 183, 323 (1974)].
-
(1974)
Science
, vol.183
, pp. 323
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Kliore, A.1
Cain, C.L.2
Fjelbo, G.3
Seidel, B.L.4
Rasool, S.I.5
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39
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8944256855
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note
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If it were aligned, it would produce an increase of field strength in the wake and would bend the field in a direction opposite to the observations.
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40
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8944233344
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note
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2 antiparallel to the Jovian dipole moment corresponding to a surface equatorial field of ≃ 1300 nT for an isolated lo.
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43
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8944244992
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note
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S is the volume of the magnetized shell.
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46
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41149134169
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P. M. S. Blackett, Nature 159, 658 (1947); C. T. Russell, ibid. 272, 147 (1978).
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(1947)
Nature
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, pp. 658
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Blackett, P.M.S.1
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47
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0040864482
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P. M. S. Blackett, Nature 159, 658 (1947); C. T. Russell, ibid. 272, 147 (1978).
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(1978)
Nature
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Russell, C.T.1
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48
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8944256212
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note
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This seems unlikely as initial reports (I. Stewart, personal communication) from the ultraviolet spectrometer show no important changes in the torus emission spectrum.
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49
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0027763626
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J. E. P. Connerney, Science 262, 1035 (1993); R. Prangé et al., Nature 379, 323 (1996).
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(1993)
Science
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Connerney, J.E.P.1
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50
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0002282288
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J. E. P. Connerney, Science 262, 1035 (1993); R. Prangé et al., Nature 379, 323 (1996).
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Nature
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Prangé, R.1
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51
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0002567342
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A. J. Dessler, Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
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T. D. Carr, M. D. Desch, J. K. Alexander, Physics of the Jovian Magnetosphere, A. J. Dessler, Ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1983), p. 226.
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Physics of the Jovian Magnetosphere
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Carr, T.D.1
Desch, M.D.2
Alexander, J.K.3
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53
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8944251123
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note
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The simulations (22) assume a constant background field as an initial condition. The simulation results were rescaled by the ratio of the model Jovian field at the center of the lo wake (Fig. 1) to the background field of the simulation. The uniform background field was then subtracted, and the perturbations were added to the jovian field model.
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54
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8944226569
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note
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The preparation of the data and the diagrams was supported by S. Joy, J. Green, D. Wolkovich, and T. King. Design and development of the magnetometer was provided by R. Snare, J. Means, and R. George, D. Bindschadler and Y. Mei provided support at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. We thank D. Barbosa, G. Schubert, F. Bagenal, J. Wilson, and W. H. Smyth for providing background on some of the scientific issues. The work was partially supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory under contract JPL 958694. J.A.L. was supported by the NASA under contract NASW 4941. This is UCLA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics Publication Number 4627.
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