Rethinking chronic allograft nephropathy: The concept of accelerated senescence

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 167-181

  Halloran, Philip F ^a   Melk, Anette ^b   Barth, Claudia ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGING; CELL SURVIVAL; COMORBIDITY; GRAFT FAILURE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT REJECTION; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY INJURY; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0032946290     PISSN: 10466673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. Koskinen P, Lemström K, Hayry P: Chronic rejection. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 5: 269-272, 1996
2. Azuma H, Tilney NL: Immune and non-immune mechanisms of chronic rejection of kidney allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant 14: S136-S142, 1995
3. Matas AJ, Burke JF Jr, DeVault GA Jr, Monaco A, Pirsch JD: Chronic rejection. J Am Sac Nephrol 4: S23-S29, 1994
4. Paul LC: Chronic renal transplant loss. Kidney Int 47: 1491-1499, 1995
5. Kasiske BL: Clinical correlates to chronic renal allograft rejection. Kidney Int 52: S71-S74, 1997
6. Hume DM, Merrill JP, Miller BF, Thorn GW: Experiences with renal Homotransplantation in the human: Report of nine cases. J Clin Invest 34: 327-382, 1955
7. Porter KA, Owen K, Mowbray JF, Thomson WB, Kenyon JR, Peart WS: Obliterative vascular changes in four human kidney homotransplants. Br Med J 14: 639-645, 1963
8. Jeannet M, Pinn VW, Flax MH, Winn HJ, Russell PS: Humoral antibodies in renal allotransplantation in man. N Engl J Med 282: 111-117, 1970
9. Porter KA: Morphological aspects of renal homograft rejection. Br Med Bull 21: 171-175, 1965
10. Porter KA, Dossetor JB, Marchioro TL, Peart WS, Rendall JM, Starzl TE, Terasaki PI: Human renal transplants. I. Glomerular changes. Lab Invest 16: 153-181, 1967
11. Zollinger HU, Moppert J, Thiel G, Rohr HP: Morphology and pathogenosis of glomerulopathy in cadaver kidney allografts treated with antilymphocyte globulin. Curr Top Pathol 57: 1-48, 1973
12. Starzl TE, Porter KA, Andres G, Halgrimson CG, Hurwitz, R, Giles G, Terasaki PI, Penn I, Schroter GT, Lilly J, Starkie SJ, Putnam CW: Long-term survival after renal transplantation in humans (with special reference to histocompatibility matching, thymectomy, homograft glomerulonephritis, heterologous ALG, and recipient malignancy). Ann Surg 172: 437-472, 1970
13. Merrill JP: The genesis of glomerulonephritis in renal transplants. Adv Nephrol Necker Hospital 1: 65-73, 1971
14. Kasiske BL, Heim-Duthoy KL, Tortorice KL, Rao KV: The variable nature of chronic declines in renal allograft function. Transplantation 51: 330-334, 1991
15. Edwards EB, Bennett LE, Cecka JM: Effect of HLA matching on the relative risk of mortality for kidney recipients: A comparison of the mortality risk after transplant to the mortality risk of remaining on the waiting list. Transplantation 64: 1274-1277, 1997
16. Raisanen-Sokolowski A, Hayry P: Chronic allograft arteriosclerosis: Contributing factors and molecular mechanisms in the light of experimental studies. Transplant Immunol 4: 91-98, 1996
17. Solez K, Axelsen RA, Benediktsson H, Burdick JF, Cohen AH, Colvin RB, Croker BP, Droz D, Dunnill MS, Halloran PF, Häyry P, Jennette JC, Keown PA, Marcussen N, Mihatsch MJm Morozumi K, Myers BD, Nast CC, Olsen S, Racusen LC, Ramos EL, Rosen S, Sachs DH, Salomon DR, Sanfilippo F, Verani R, von Willebrand E, Yamagushi Y: International standardization of criteria for the histologic diagnosis of renal allograft rejection: The Banff working classification of kidney transplant pathology. Kidney Int 44: 411-422, 1993
18. Solez K, Benediktsson H, Cavallo T, Croker B, Demetris AJ, Drachenberg C, Emancipator S, Furness PN, Gaber LW, Gibson IW, Gough J, Gupta R, Halloran P, Häyry P, Kashgarian M, Marcussen N, Massy ZA, Mihatsch MJ, Morozumi K, Noronha I, Olsen S, Papadimitriou J, Paul LC, Picken M, Racusen LC, Ramos EL, Randhawa P, Rayner DC, Rush D, Sanfilippo F, Taskinen E, Trpkov K, Truong L, Yamuguchi Y, Yilmaz S: Report of the third Banff conference on allograft pathology (July 20-24, 1995) on classification and lesion scoring in renal allograft pathology. Transplant Proc 28: 441-444, 1996
19. Kasiske BL, Kalil RSN, Lee HS, Rao V: Histopathologic findings associated with a chronic, progressive decline in renal allograft function. Kidney Int 40: 514-524, 1991
20. Solez K, Vincenti F, Filo R, FK506 Kidney Transplant Study Group: Histopathologic findings from two-year protocol biopsies from a U.S. multicenter kidney transplant trial [Abstract]. International Congress of Immunosuppression, 1997
21. Pedagogos E, Hewitson TD, Walker RG, Nicholis KM, Becker GJ: Myofibroblast involvement in chronic transplant rejection. Transplantation 64: 1192-1197, 1997
22. Monga G, Mazzucco G, Messina M, Motta M, Wuaranta S, Novara R: Intertubular capillary changes in kidney allografts: A morphologic investigation on 61 renal specimens. Mod Pathol 5: 125-130, 1992
23. Morozumi K, Oikawu T, Fukuda M: Diagnosis of chronic rejection using peritubular and glomerular capillary lesions. Transplant Proc 28: 508-511, 1996
24. Isoniemi HM, Krogerus L, von Willebrand E, Taskinen E, Ahonen J, Häyry P: Histopathological findings in well functioning, long-term renal allografts. Kidney Int 41: 155-160, 1992
25. Nickerson P, Jeffery J, Gough J, McKenna R, Grimm P, Cheang M, Rush D: Identification of clinical and histopathologic risk factors for diminished renal function 2 years posttransplant. J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 482-487, 1998
26. Cosio FG, Qiu W, Henry ML, Falkenhain ME, Elkhammas EA, Davies EA, Bumgardner GL, Ferguson RM: Factors related to the donor organ are major determinants of renal allograft function and survival. Transplantation 62: 1571-1576, 1996
27. Miller LW, Wolford TL, Donohue TJ, Drury JH: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: New insights from intravascular ultrasound and coronary flow measurements. Transplant Rev 9: 77-96, 1995
28. Post MJ, Borst C, Kuntz RE: The relative importance of arterial remodeling compared with intimal hyperplasia in lumen renarrowing after balloon angioplasty: A study in the normal rabbit and the hypercholesterolemic Yucatan micropig. Circulation 89: 2816-2821, 1994
29. Schwartz SM, Murry CE, O'Brien ER: Vessel wall response to injury. Sci Am Sci Med 3: 12-21, 1996
30. Opelz G, Sasaki N, Terasaki PI: Prediction of long-term kidney transplant survival rates by monitoring early graft function and clinical grades. Transplantation 25: 212-215, 1978
31. Isoniemi H, Taskinen E, Häyry P: Histological chronic allograft damage index accurately predicts chronic renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 58: 1195-1198, 1994
32. Cosio FG, Pelletier RP, Falkenhain ME, Henry ML, Elkhammas EA, Davies EA, Bumgardner GL, Ferguson RM: Impact of acute rejection and early allograft function on renal allograft survival. Transplantation 63: 1611-1615, 1997
33. Tesi RJ, Elkhammas EA, Davies EA, Henry ML, Ferguson RM: Renal transplantation in older people. Lancet 343: 461-464, 1994
34. Tesi RJ, Henry ML, Eikhammas EA, Ferguson RM: Predictors of long-term primary cadaveric renal transplant survival. Clin Transplant 7: 345-352, 1993
35. Leggat JE Jr, Ojo AO, Leichtman AB, Port FK, Wolfe RA, Turenne MN, Held PJ: Long-term renal allograft survival: Prognostic implication of the timing of acute rejection episodes. Transplantation 63: 1268-1272, 1997
36. Hunsicker LG, Held PJ: The role of HLA matching for cadaveric renal transplants in the cyclosporine era. Semin Nephrol 12: 293-303, 1992
37. Ojo AO, Wolfe RA, Held PJ, Port FK, Schmouder RL: Delayed graft function: Risk factors and implications for renal allograft survival. Transplantation 63: 968-974, 1997
38. Terasaki PI, Cecka JM, Gjertson DW, Takemoto S: High survival rates of kidney transplants from spousal and living unrelated donors. N Engl J Med 333: 333-336, 1995
39. Opelz G, Wujciak T, Ritz E, for The Collaborative Transplant Study: Association of chronic kidney graft failure with recipient blood pressure. Kidney Int 53: 217-222, 1998
40. Opelz G, Vanrenterghem Y, Kirste G, Gray DWR, Horsburgh T, Lachance J-G, Largiader F, Lange H, Vujaklija-Stipanovic K, Alvarez-Grande J, Schott W, Hoyer J, Schnuelle P, Descoeudres C, Ruder H, Wujciak T, Schwarz V: Prospective evaluation of pretransplant blood transfusions in cadaver kidney recipients. Transplantation 63: 964-967, 1997
41. Opelz G, for the Collaborative Transplant Study: Critical evaluation of the association of acute with chronic graft rejection in kidney and heart transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 29: 73-76, 1997
42. Opelz G: Influence of treatment with cyclosporine, azathioprine and steroids on chronic allograft failure [The Collaborative Transplant Study]. Kidney Int 52: S89-S92, 1995
43. Massy ZA, Guijarro C, Wiederkehr MR, Ma JZ, Kasiske BL: Chronic renal allograft rejection: Immunologic and nonimmunologic risk factors. Kidney Int 49: 518-524, 1996
44. Troppmann C, Gillingham KJ, Benedetti E, Almond PS, Gruessner RWG, Najarian JS, Matas AJ: Delayed graft function, acute rejection, and outcome after cadaver renal transplantation. Transplantation 59: 962-968, 1995
45. Matas AJ: Chronic rejection: Definition and correlates. Clin Transplant 8: 162-167, 1994
46. Matas AJ, Gillingham KJ, Payne WD, Najarian JS: The impact of an acute rejection episode on long-term renal allograft survival (t1/2). Transplantation 57: 857-859, 1994
47. Almond PS, Matas A, Gillingham K, Dunn DL, Payne WD, Gores P, Gruessner R, Najarian JS: Risk factors for chronic rejection in renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 55: 752-757, 1993
48. Basadonna GP, Matas AJ, Gillingham KJ, Payne WD, Dunn DL, Sutherland DER, Gores PF, Gruessner RWG, Najarian JS: Early versus late acute renal allograft rejection: Impact on chronic rejection. Transplantation 55; 993-995, 1993
49. Gulanikar AC, MacDonald AS, Sungurtekin U, Belitsky P: The incidence and impact of early rejection episodes on graft outcome in recipients of first cadaver kidney transplants. Transplantation 53: 323-328, 1992
50. Tejani A, Cortes L, Stablein D: Clinical correlates of chronic rejection in pediatric renal transplantation: A report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Transplantation 61: 1054-1058, 1996
51. Kauffman HM, Bennett LE, McBride MA, Ellison MD: The expanded donor [Review]. Transplant Rev 11: 165-190, 1997
52. Walker SR, Parsons DA, Coplestons P, Fenton SSA, Greig PD: The Canadian organ replacement register. In: Clinical Transplants 1996, edited by Cecka JM, Terasaki PI, Los Angeles, UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, 1997, pp 91-107
53. Strandgaard S, Hansen U: Hypertension in renal allograft recipients may be conveyed by cadaveric kidneys from donors with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br Med J 292: 1041-1044, 1986
54. Smits JMA, De Meester J, Persijn GG, Claas FHJ, Vanrenterghem Y: Long-term results of solid organ transplantation: Report from the Eurotransplant International Foundation. In: Clinical Transplants 1996, edited by Cecka JM, Terasaki PI, Los Angeles, UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, 1997, pp 109-127
55. Gjertson DW: A multi-factor analysis of kidney graft outcomes at one and five years posttransplantation: 1996 UNOS update. In: Clinical Transplants 1996, edited by Cecka JM, Terasaki PI, Los Angeles, UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, 1997, pp 343-360
56. Baylis C, Schmidt R: The aging glomerulus. Semin Nephrol 16: 265-276, 1996
57. Epstein M: Aging and the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 7: 1106-1122, 1996
58. Brenner BM, MacKenzie HS: Nephron mass as a risk factor for progression of renal disease. Kidney Int 52: S124-S127, 1997
59. Thadani R, Pascual M, Bonventre JV: Acute renal failure [Review]. N Engl J Med 334: 1448-1460, 1996
60. Scornik JC, Cecka JM: Immune responsiveness and renal transplantation. In: Clinical Transplants 1996, edited by Cecka JM, Terasaki Pl, Los Angeles, UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, 1997, pp 373-379
61. Bonventre JV, Weinberg JM: Kidney preservation ex vivo for transplantation. Annu Rev Med 43: 523-553, 1992
62. Bonventre JV: Mediators of ischemic renal injury. Annu Rev Med 39: 531-544, 1988
63. Parmer MS, Kjellstrand CM, Solez K, Halloran PF: Glomerular endothelial cell detachment in paired cadaver kidney transplants: Evidence that some cadaver donors have pre-existing endothelial injury. Clin Transplant 8: 120-127, 1994
64. Vella JP, Spadafora-Ferreira M, Murphy B, Alexander SI, Harmon W, Carpenter CB, Sayegh MH: Indirect allorecognition of major histocompatibility complex allopeptides in human renal transplant recipients with chronic graft dysfunction. Transplantation 64: 795-800, 1997
65. Abe M, Kawai T, Futatsuyama K, Tanabe K, Fuchinoue S, Teraoka S, Toma H, Ota K: Postoperative production of antidonor antibody and chronic rejection in renal transplantation. Transplantation 63: 1616-1619, 1997
66. Toyoda M, Galfayan K, Calera OA, Petrosian A, Czer LSC, Jordan SC: Cytomegalovirus infection induces anti-endothelial cell antibodies in cardiac and renal allograft recipients. Transplant Immunol 5: 104-111, 1997
67. Massy ZA, Guijarro C, Kasiske BL: Clinical predictors of chronic renal allograft rejection. Kidney Int 52: S85-S88, 1996
68. van Saase JLCM, van der Woude FJ, Thorogood J, Hollander AAMJ, van Es LA, Weening JJ, van Bockel JH, Bruijn JA: The relation between acute vascular and interstitial renal allograft rejection and subsequent chronic rejection. Transplantation 59: 1280-1285, 1995
69. Vanrenterghem Y: Impact of new immunosuppressive agents on late graft outcome. Kidney Int 52: S81-S83, 1997
70. Katznelson S, Cecka JM: Immunosuppressive regimens and their effects on renal allograft outcome. In: Clinical Transplants 1996, edited by Cecka JM, Terasaki PI, Los Angeles, UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, 1997, pp 361-371
71. Held PJ, Kahan BD, Hunsicker LG, Liska D, Wolfe RA, Port FK, Gaylin DS, Garcia JR, Agodoa LYC, Krakauer H: The impact of HLA mismatches on the survival of first cadaveric kidney transplants. N Engl J Med 331: 765-770, 1994
72. Shoskes D, Cecka M: Delayed graft function predicts long-term kidney graft survival independent of early acute rejection or discharge creatinine [Abstract]. 17th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Transplant Physicians 1998
73. Halloran PF, Aprile M, Farewell V: Factors influencing early renal function in cadaver kidney transplants: A case-control study. Transplantation 45: 122-127, 1988
74. Halloran PF, Homik J, Goes N, Lui SL, Urmson J, Ramassar V, Cockfield SM: The "injury response:" A concept linking nonspecific injury, acute rejection, and long term transplant outcomes. Transplant Proc 29: 79-81, 1997
75. Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H: Antiviral immunity [Overview]. Immunol Today 18: 258-260, 1997
76. Khoruts A, Mondino A, Pape KA, Reiner SL, Jenkins MK: A natural immunological adjuvant enhances T cell clonal expansion through a CD28-dependent, interleukin (IL)-2-independent mechanism. J Exp Med 187: 225-236, 1998
77. Shoskes D, Parfrey NA, Halloran PF: Increased major histocompatibility complex antigen expression in unilateral ischemic acute tubular necrosis in the mouse. Transplantation 49: 201-207, 1990
78. Orosz CG: Endothelial activation and chronic allograft rejection. Clin Transplant 8: 299-303, 1994
79. Terasaki PI, Koyama H, Cecka JM, Gjertson DW: The hyperfiltration hypothesis in human renal transplantation. Transplantation 57: 1450-1454, 1994
80. Brenner BM, Cohen RA, Milford EL: In renal transplantation, one size may not fit all. J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 162-169, 1992
81. Brenner BD, Meyer TW, Hosletter TH: Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: The role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N Engl J Med 309: 652-659, 1982
82. Brenner BM, Troy JL, Daugharty TM: The dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat. J Am Soc Nephrol 8: 833-839, 1997
83. Sun J, Sheil AGR, Wang C, Wang L, Rokahr K, Sharland A, Jung S-E, Li L, McCaughan GW, Bishop GA: Tolerance to rat liver allografts. IV. Acceptance depends on the quantity of donor tissue and on donor leukocytes. Transplantation 62: 1725-1730, 1996
84. Rasmussen A, Davies HFS, Jamieson NV, Evans DB, Calne RY: Combined transplantation of liver and kidney from the same donor protects the kidney from rejection and improves kidney graft survival. Transplantation 59: 919-921, 1995
85. Azuma H, Nadeau K, MacKenzie HS, Brenner BM, Tilney NL: Nephron mass modulates the hemodynamic, cellular, and molecular response of the rat renal allograft. Transplantation 63: 519-528, 1997
86. Hirata M, Terasaki PI, Cho YW: Cytomegalovirus antibody status and renal transplantation: 1987-1994. Transplantation 62: 34-37, 1996
87. O'Grady JG, Sutherland S, Harvey F, Calne RY, Alexander GJM, Donaldson PT, Portmann B, Williams R: Cytomegalovirus infection and donor/recipient HLA antigens: Interdependent cofactors in pathogenesis of vanishing bileduct syndrome after liver transplantation. Lancet 2: 302-305, 1988
88. Gao SZ, Hunt SA, Schroeder JS, Alderman EL, Hill IR, Stinson EB: Early development of accelerated graft coronary artery disease: Risk factors and course. J Am Coll Cardiol 28: 673-679, 1996
89. Koskinen P, Lemström K, Mattila S, Häyry P, Nieminen MS: Cytomegalovirus infection associated accelerated heart allograft arteriosclerosis may impair the late function of the graft. Clin Transplant 10: 487-493, 1996
90. Zhou YF, Leon MB, Waclawiw MA, Popma JJ, Yu ZX, Pinkel T, Epstein SE: Association between prior Cytomegalovirus infection and the risk of restenosis after coronary atherectomy. N Engl J Med 335: 624-630, 1996
91. Nadasdy T, Smith J, Laszik Z, Waner JL, Johnson LD, Silva FG: Absence of association between cytomegalovirus infection and obliterative transplant arteriopathy in renal allograft rejection. Mod Pathol 7: 289-294, 1994
92. Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Benigni A: Understanding the nature of renal disease progression. Kidney Int 51: 2-15, 1997
93. Modena FM, Hostetter TH, Salahudeen AK, Najahan JS, Matas AJ, Rosenberg ME: Progression of kidney disease in chronic renal transplant rejection. Transplantation 52: 239-244, 1991
94. Paul LC, Benediktsson H: Post-transplant hypertension and chronic renal allograft failure. Kidney Int 48: S34-S37, 1995
95. Frei U, Schindler R, Wieters D, Grouven U, Brunkhorst R, Koch KM: Pre-transplant hypertension: A major risk factor for chronic progressive renal allograft dysfunction? Nephrol Dial Transplant 10: 1206-1211, 1995
96. Bock HA: Chronic rejection and hypertension: A chicken-and-egg problem. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10: 1126-1128, 1995
97. Luke RG: Pathophysiology and treatment of posttransplant hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 2: S37-S44, 1991
98. First MR, Neylan JF, Rocher LL, Tejani A: Hypertension after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 4: S30-S36, 1994
99. Raine AEG: Does antihypertensive therapy modify chronic allograft failure? Kidney Int 48: S107-S111, 1995
100. Massy ZA, Kasiske BL: Post-transplant hyperlipidemia: Mechanisms and management [Review]. J Am Soc Nephrol 7: 971-977, 1996
101. Guijarro C, Massy ZA, Kasiske BL: Clinical correlation between renal allograft failure and hyperlipidemia. Kidney Int 48: S56-S59, 1995
102. Dimeny E, Tufveson G, Lithell H, Larsson E, Siegbahn A, Fellström B: The influence of pretransplant lipoprotein abnormalities on the early results of renal transplantation. Eur J Clin Invest 23: 572-579, 1993
103. Isoniemi H, Nurminen M, Tikkanen MT, von Willebrand E, Krogerus L, Ahonen J, Bjorn E, Höckerstedt K, Salmela K, Häyry P: Risk factors predicting chronic rejection of renal allografts. Transplantation 57: 68-72, 1994
104. Markell MS, Sumrani N, Di Benedetto A, Friedman EA: Effect of early hyperlipidemia on graft and patient survival in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant patients. Am J Kidney Dis 22: 233-239, 1993
105. Gao SZ, Schroeder JS, Alderman EL, Hunt SH, Silverman JP, Wiederhold V, Stinson EB: Clinical and laboratory correlates of accelerated coronary artery disease in the cardiac transplant patient. Circulation 76: V56-V61, 1987
106. McManus FM, Malcolm G, Kendall TJ, Gulizia JM, Wilson JE, Winters G, Costanzo MR, Thieszen S, Radio SJ: Lipid overload and proteoglycan expression in chronic rejection of the human transplanted heart. Clin Transplant 8: 336-340, 1994
107. Motomura N, Saito S, Foegh ML: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in organ transplantation [Review]. J Nephrol 10: 68-76, 1997
108. Kobashigawa JA, Katznelson S, Laks H, Johnson JA, Yeatman L, Wang XM, Chia D, Terasaki PI, Sabad A, Cogert GA, Trosian K, Hamilton MA, Moriguchi JD, Kawata N, Hage A, Drinkwater DC, Stevenson LW: Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 333: 621-627, 1995
109. Massy ZA, Keane WF, Kasiske BL: Inhibition of the mevalonate pathway: Benefits beyond cholesterol reduction? Lancet 347: 102-103, 1996
110. Strom EH, Epper R, Mihatsch MJ: Ciclosporin-associated arteriolopathy: The renin producing vascular smooth muscle cells are more sensitive to ciclosporin toxicity. Clin Nephrol 43: 226-231, 1995
111. Mihatsch MJ, Ryffel B, Gudat F: Morphological criteria of chronic rejection: Differential diagnosis, including cyclosporine nephropathy. Transplant Proc 25: 2031-2037, 1993
112. Remuzzi G, Perico N: Cyclosporine-induced renal dysfunction in experimental animals and humans. Kidney Int 48: S70-S74, 1995
113. Kahan BD: Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: Pathogenesis, prophylaxis, therapy, and prognosis. Am J Kidney Dis 8: 323-331, 1986
114. Myers BD, Newton L: Cyclosporine-induced chronic nephropathy: An obliterative microvascular renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2: S45-S52, 1995
115. Isoniemi HM, Ahonen J, Tikkanen MJ, Willebrand EOV, Krogerus L, Eklund BH, Höckerstedt KVA, Salmela KE, Häyry PJ: Long-term consequences of different immunosuppressive regimens for renal allografts. Transplantation 55: 494-499, 1993
116. Lewis RM: Long-term use of cyclosporine A does not adversely impact on clinical outcomes following renal transplantation. Kidney Int 48: S75-S78, 1995
117. Thiel G, Bock A, Spöndlin M, Brunner FP, Mihatsch M, Rufli T, Landmann J: Long-term benefits and risks of cyclosporin A (Sandimmun): An analysis at 10 years. Transplant Proc 26: 2493-2498, 1994
118. Beckingham IJ, O'Rourke JS, Stubington SR, Hinwood M, Bishop MC, Rigg KM: Impact of cyclosporin on the incidence and prevalence of chronic rejection in renal transplants. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 79: 138-142, 1997
119. Kahan BD, Welsh M, Schoenberg L, Rutzky LP, Katz SM, Urbauer DL, Van Buren CT: Variable oral absorption of cyclosporine: A biopharmaceutical risk factor for chronic renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 62: 599-606, 1996
120. Hancock WH, Whitley WD, Tullius SG, Heemann UW, Wasowska B, Baldwin WM III, Tilney NL: Cytokines, adhesion molecules, and the pathogenesis of chronic rejection of rat renal allografts. Transplantation 56: 643-650, 1993
121. Takeda T, Imada A, Horiuchi A, Kimura M, Maekura S, Hashimoto S: Age-related changes in morphological studies in rat and human kidney [Japanese]. Jap J Nephrol 38: 555-562, 1996
122. Brenner RM, Chertow GM: The rise and fall of atrial natriuretic peptide for acute renal failure. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 6: 474-476, 1997
123. Allgren RL, Marbury TC, Rahman SN, Weisberg LS, Fenves AZ, LaFayette RA, Sweet RM, Center FC, Kurnik BRC, Conger JD, Sayegh MH, for the Auriculin Anaritide Acute Renal Failure Study Group: Anaritide in acute tubular necrosis. N Engl J Med 336: 828-834, 1997
124. Kopple JD, Hirschberg R, Guler H-P, Pike M, for the Chiron Study Group: Lack of effect of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in patients with acute renal failure (ARF). J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 1375 (Abstract)
125. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, Caggiula AW, Hunsicker L, Kusek JW, Striker G, for the The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study Group: The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med 330: 877-884, 1994
126. Greene T, Bourgoignie JJ, Habwe V, Kusek JW, Snetselaar LG, Soucie JM, Yamamoto ME: Baseline characteristics in the modification of diet in renal disease study. J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 1221-1236, 1993
127. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD: The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 329: 1456-1462, 1993
128. The GISEN Group: Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 349: 1857-1863, 1997
129. Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Tilly-Kiesi M, Ustinov J, Mennander A, Paavonen T, Tikkanen MJ, Häyry P: Hyperlipidemia accelerates allograft arteriosclerosis (chronic rejection) in the rat. Arterioscler Thromb 14: 2032-2042, 1994
130. Azuma H, Nadeau KC, Ishibashi M, Tilney NL: Prevention of functional, structural, and molecular changes of chronic rejection of rat renal allografts by a specific macrophage inhibitor. Transplantation 60: 1577-1582, 1995
131. Raisanen-Sokolowski A, Glysing-Jensen T, Mottram PL, Russell ME: Sustained anti-CD4/CD8 treatment blocks inflammatory activation and intimal thickening in mouse heart allografts. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 2115-2122, 1997
132. Azuma H, Binder J, Heemann U, Schmid C, Tullius SG, Tilney NL: Effects of RS61443 on functional and morphological changes in chronically rejecting rat kidney allografts. Transplantation 59: 460-466, 1995
133. Chandraker A, Russell ME, Glysing-Jensen T, Willett TA, Sayegh MH: T-cell costimulatory blockade in experimental chronic cardiac allograft rejection: Effects of cyclosporine and donor antigen. Transplantation 63: 1053-1058, 1997
134. Akalin E, Chandraker A, Russell ME, Turka LA, Hancock WW, Sayegh MH: CD28-B7 T cell costimulatory blockade by CTLA41g in the rat renal allograft model: Inhibition of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in vivo. Transplantation 62: 1942-1945, 1996
135. Takada M, Chandraker A, Nadeau KC, Sayegh MH, Tilney NL: The role of the B7 costimulatory pathway in experimental cold ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 100: 1199-1203, 1997
136. Coffman TM: A role for T cell co-stimulation in ischemic acute renal failure? Kidney Int 52: 1706-1707, 1997
137. Mennander A, Tiisala S, Paavonen T, Halttunen J, Häyry P: Chronic rejection of rat aortic allograft. II. Administration of cyclosporin induces accelerated allograft arteriosclerosis. Transplant Int 4: 173-179, 1991
138. Koskinen PK, Yilmaz S, Kallio E, Bruggeman CA, Häyry PJ, Lemström K: Rat cytomegalovirus infection and chronic kidney allograft rejection. Transplant Int 9: S3-S4, 1996
139. Lautenschlager I, Soots A, Krogerus L, Kauppinen H, Saarinen O, Bruggeman C, Ahonen J: Effect of cytomegalovirus on an experimental model of chronic renal allograft rejection under triple-drug treatment in the rat. Transplantation 64: 391-398, 1997
140. Lou H, Zhao Y, Delafontaine P, Kodama T, Katz N, Ramwell PW, Foegh ML: Estrogen effects on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-induced cell proliferation and IGF-1 expression in native and allograft vessels. Circulation 96: 927-933, 1997
141. Motomura N, Lou H, Maurice P, Foegh ML: Acceleration of arteriosclerosis of the rat aorta allograft by insulin growth factor-1. Transplantation 63: 932-936, 1997
142. Lahita RG: The connective tissue diseases and the overall influence of gender [Review]. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 41: 156-165, 1996
143. Azuma H, Nadeau K, Takada M, MaeKenzie HS, Tilney NL: Cellular and molecular predictors of chronic renal dysfunction after initial ischemia/reperfusion injury of a single kidney. Transplantation 64: 190-197, 1997
144. Takada M, Nadeau KC, Shaw GD, Marquette KA, Tilney NL: The cytokine-adhesion molecule cascade in ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat kidney: Inhibition by a soluble P-selectin ligand. J Clin Invest 99: 2682-2690, 1997
145. Tilney NL, Guttmann RD: Effects of initial ischemia/reperfusion injury on the transplanted kidney. Transplantation 64: 945-947, 1997
146. Kingma I, Chea R, Davidoff A, Benediktsson H, Paul LC: Glomerular capillary pressures in long-surviving rat renal allografts. Transplantation 56: 53-60, 1993
147. Haller H, Park J-K, Dragun D, Lippoldt A, Luft FC: Leukocyte infiltration and ICAM-q expression in two-kidney one-clip hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12: 899-903, 1997
148. Tullius SG, Hancock WW, Heemann U, Azuma H, Tilney NL: Reversibility of chronic renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 58: 93-99, 1994
149. Bornfeldt KE, Campbell JS, Koyama H, Argast GM, Leslie CC, Raines EW, Krebs EG, Ross R: The mtlogen-activated protein kinase pathway can mediate growth inhibition and proliferation in smooth muscle cells: Dependence on the availability of downstream targets. J Clin Invest 100: 875-885, 1997
150. Betsholtz C, Raines EW: Platelet-derived growth factor. A key regulator of connective tissue cells in embryogenesis and pathogenesis [Review]. Kidney Int 51: 1361-1369, 1997
151. Bornfeldt KE, Raines EW, Graves LM, Skinner MP, Krebs EG, Ross R: Platelet-derived growth factor: Distinct signal transduction pathways associated with migration versus proliferation [Review]. Ann NY Acad Sci 766: 416-430, 1995
152. Herren B, Raines EW, Ross R: Expression of disintegrin-like protein in cultured human vascular cells and in vivo. FASEB J 11: 173-180, 1997
153. Koyama H, Raines EW, Bornfeldt KE, Roberts JM, Ross R: Fibrillar collagen inhibits arterial smooth muscle proliferation through regulation of Cdk2 inhibitors. Cell 87: 1069-1078, 1996
154. Hayflick L, Moorhead PS: The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res 25: 585-621, 1961
155. Atadja P, Wong H, Garkavtsev I, Veillette C, Riabowol K: Increased activity of p53 in senescing fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 8348-8352, 1995
156. Alcorta DA, Xiong Y, Phelps D, Hannon G, Beach D, Barrett JC: Involvement of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 (INK4a) in replicative senescence of normal human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 13742-13747, 1996
157. Brown JP, Wei W, Sedivy JM: Bypass of senescence after disruption of p21CIP1/WAF1 gene in normal diploid human fibroblasts. Science 111: 831-834, 1997
158. Bryan TM, Reddel RR: Telomere dynamics and telomerase activity in vitro immortalised human cells [Review]. Eur J Cancer 33: 767-773, 1997
159. Vaziri H, Schächter F, Uchida I, Wei L, Zhu X, Effros R, Cohen D, Harley CB: Loss of telomeric DNA during aging of normal and trisomy 21 human lymphocytes. Am J Hum Genet 52: 661-667, 1993
160. Chang E, Harley CB: Telomere length and replicative aging in human vascular tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 11190-11194, 1995
161. Allsopp RC, Vaziri H, Patterson C, Goldstein S, Younglai EV, Futcher AB, Greider CW, Harley CB: Telomere length predicts replicative capacity of human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 10114-10118, 1992
162. von Zglinicki T, Saretzki G, Döcke W, Lotze C: Mild hyperoxia shortens telomeres and inhibits proliferation of fibroblasts: A model for senescence? Exp Cell Res 220: 186-193, 1995
163. Chen Q, Fischer A, Reagan JD, Van L-J, Ames BN: Oxidative DNA damage and senescence of human diploid fibroblast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4337-4341, 1995
164. Chiu CP, Dragowska W, Kim NW, Vaziri H, Yui J, Thomas TE, Harley CB, Lansdorp PM: Differential expression of telomeres activity in hematopoietic progenitors from adult human bone marrow. Stem Cells 14: 239-248, 1996
165. Prowse KR, Greider CW: Developmental and tissue-specific regulation of mouse telomerase and telomere length. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4818-4822, 1995
166. Schwartz SM, Liaw L: Growth control and morphogenesis in the development and pathology of arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 21: S31-S49, 1993
167. Safirstein RL, Bonventre JV: Molecular response to ischemic and nephrotoxic acute renal failure. In: Molecular Nephrology: Kidney Function in Health and Disease, edited by Schlöndorff D, Bonventre JV, New York, Marcel Dekker, 1995, pp 839-854
168. Megyesi J, Udvarhelyi N, Safirstein RL, Price PM: The p53-independent activation of transcription of p21 WAF1/CIP1/SDI1 after acute renal failure. Am J Pathol 271: F1211-F1216, 1996
169. Wynn RF, Cross MA, Hatton C, Will AM, Lashford LS, Dexter TM, Testa NG: Accelerated telomere shortening in young recipients of allogeneic bone-marrow transplants. Lancet 351: 178-181, 1998
170. Hunsicker LG, Adler S, Caggiula A, England BK, Greene T, Kusek JW, Rogers NL, Teschan PE: Predictors of the progression of renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Kidney Int 51: 1908-1919, 1997
171. Gansevoort RT, Navis GJ, Wapstra F-H, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw D: Proteinuria and progression of renal disease: Therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 6: 133-140, 1997