메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 298-305

HIV-1 evolution under pressure of protease inhibitors: Climbing the stairs of viral fitness

Author keywords

Drug resistance; Gag Pol protein processing; Human immunodeficiency virus; Protease inhibitors; Second site suppressor; Translational frameshift; Viral fitness; Virus evolution

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; GAG PROTEIN; POL PROTEIN; PROTEIN PRECURSOR; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR;

EID: 0032869255     PISSN: 10217770     EISSN: 14230127     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02253518     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (62)

References (59)
  • 2
    • 0030842451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forced evolution of a regulatory RNA helix in the HIV-1 genome
    • Berkhout B, Klaver B, Das AT. Forced evolution of a regulatory RNA helix in the HIV-1 genome. Nucleic Acids Res 25:940-947;1997.
    • (1997) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.25 , pp. 940-947
    • Berkhout, B.1    Klaver, B.2    Das, A.T.3
  • 3
    • 0033081160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposed alternatives for the use of anti-HIV drugs
    • Berkhout B. Proposed alternatives for the use of anti-HIV drugs. Drug Resist Updates 2:69-70;1999.
    • (1999) Drug Resist Updates , vol.2 , pp. 69-70
    • Berkhout, B.1
  • 4
    • 0032932711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic instability of live-attenuated HIV-1 vaccine strains
    • Berkhout B, Verhoef K, van Wamel JLB, Back B. Genetic instability of live-attenuated HIV-1 vaccine strains. J Virol 73:1138-1145;1999.
    • (1999) J Virol , vol.73 , pp. 1138-1145
    • Berkhout, B.1    Verhoef, K.2    Van Wamel, J.L.B.3    Back, B.4
  • 5
    • 84878727337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional analysis of RNA signals in the HIV-1 genome by forced evolution
    • Barciszcwski J, Clark BFC, eds. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, in press
    • Berkhout B, Das AT. Functional analysis of RNA signals in the HIV-1 genome by forced evolution. In: Barciszcwski J, Clark BFC, eds. RNA Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, in press.
    • RNA Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    • Berkhout, B.1    Das, A.T.2
  • 6
    • 0029067808 scopus 로고
    • Reversion of a Moloney murine leukemia virus RNase H mutant at a second site restores enzyme function and infectivity
    • Blain SW, Hendrickson WA, Goff SP. Reversion of a Moloney murine leukemia virus RNase H mutant at a second site restores enzyme function and infectivity. J Virol 69: 5113-5116;1995.
    • (1995) J Virol , vol.69 , pp. 5113-5116
    • Blain, S.W.1    Hendrickson, W.A.2    Goff, S.P.3
  • 7
    • 0030065565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance of HIV-1 to protease inhibitors: Selection of resistance mutations in the presence and in the absence of the drug
    • Borman A, Paulous S, Clavel F. Resistance of HIV-1 to protease inhibitors: Selection of resistance mutations in the presence and in the absence of the drug. J Gen Virol 77:419-426; 1996.
    • (1996) J Gen Virol , vol.77 , pp. 419-426
    • Borman, A.1    Paulous, S.2    Clavel, F.3
  • 8
    • 0031849665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased resistance to ABT-378, a novel protease inhibitor
    • Carrillo A, Stewart KD, Sham HL, Norbeck DW, Kohlbrenner WE, Leonard JM, Kempf DJ, Molla A. In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased resistance to ABT-378, a novel protease inhibitor. J Virol 72:7532-7541;1998.
    • (1998) J Virol , vol.72 , pp. 7532-7541
    • Carrillo, A.1    Stewart, K.D.2    Sham, H.L.3    Norbeck, D.W.4    Kohlbrenner, W.E.5    Leonard, J.M.6    Kempf, D.J.7    Molla, A.8
  • 9
    • 0344334073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to protease inhibitors on reverse transcriptase processing, activity, and drug sensitivity
    • Carron de la Carrière L, Paulous S, Clavel F, Mammano F. Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to protease inhibitors on reverse transcriptase processing, activity, and drug sensitivity. J Virol 73:3455-3459; 1999.
    • (1999) J Virol , vol.73 , pp. 3455-3459
    • Carron De La Carrière, L.1    Paulous, S.2    Clavel, F.3    Mammano, F.4
  • 10
    • 0028952146 scopus 로고
    • HIV population dynamics in vivo: Implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy
    • Coffin JM. HIV population dynamics in vivo: Implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science 267:483-489;1995.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 483-489
    • Coffin, J.M.1
  • 12
    • 0031015475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired fitness of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with high-level resistance to protease inhibitors
    • Croteau G, Doyon L, Thibeault D, McKercher G, Pilote L, Lamarre D. Impaired fitness of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with high-level resistance to protease inhibitors. J Virol 71:1089-1096;1997.
    • (1997) J Virol , vol.71 , pp. 1089-1096
    • Croteau, G.1    Doyon, L.2    Thibeault, D.3    McKercher, G.4    Pilote, L.5    Lamarre, D.6
  • 13
    • 0032503234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved envelope function selected by long-term cultivation of a translation-impaired HIV-1 mutant
    • Das AT, van Dam AP, Klaver B, Berkhout B. Improved envelope function selected by long-term cultivation of a translation-impaired HIV-1 mutant. Virology 244:552-562;1998.
    • (1998) Virology , vol.244 , pp. 552-562
    • Das, A.T.1    Van Dam, A.P.2    Klaver, B.3    Berkhout, B.4
  • 16
    • 0030747157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA virus mutations and fitness for survival
    • Domingo E, Holland JJ. RNA virus mutations and fitness for survival. Annu Rev Microbiol 51:151-178;1997.
    • (1997) Annu Rev Microbiol , vol.51 , pp. 151-178
    • Domingo, E.1    Holland, J.J.2
  • 17
    • 0029899093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second locus involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to protease inhibitors
    • Doyon L, Croteau G, Thibeault D, Poulin F, Pilote L, Lamarre D. Second locus involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to protease inhibitors. J Virol 70:3763-3769;1996.
    • (1996) J Virol , vol.70 , pp. 3763-3769
    • Doyon, L.1    Croteau, G.2    Thibeault, D.3    Poulin, F.4    Pilote, L.5    Lamarre, D.6
  • 18
    • 0031748806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel Gag-Pol frameshift site in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants resistant to protease inhibitors
    • Doyon L, Payant C, Brakier-Gingras E, Lamarre D. Novel Gag-Pol frameshift site in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants resistant to protease inhibitors. J Virol 72: 6146-6150;1998.
    • (1998) J Virol , vol.72 , pp. 6146-6150
    • Doyon, L.1    Payant, C.2    Brakier-Gingras, E.3    Lamarre, D.4
  • 19
    • 0031950370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotypic changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 associated with loss of suppression of plasma viral RNA levels in subjects treated with ritonavir (norvir) monotherapy
    • Eastman PS, Mittler J, Kelso R, Gee C, Boyer E, Kolberg J, Urdea M, Leonard JM, Norbeck DW, Mo H, Markowitz M. Genotypic changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 associated with loss of suppression of plasma viral RNA levels in subjects treated with ritonavir (norvir) monotherapy. J Virol 72:5154-5164; 1998.
    • (1998) J Virol , vol.72 , pp. 5154-5164
    • Eastman, P.S.1    Mittler, J.2    Kelso, R.3    Gee, C.4    Boyer, E.5    Kolberg, J.6    Urdea, M.7    Leonard, J.M.8    Norbeck, D.W.9    Mo, H.10    Markowitz, M.11
  • 21
    • 0029745634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A drug resistance mutation in the inhibitor binding pocket of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase impairs DNA synthesis and RNA degradation
    • Fan N, Rank KB, Slade DE, Poppe SM, Evans DB, Kopta LA, Olmsted RA, Thomas RC, Tarpley WG, Sharma SK. A drug resistance mutation in the inhibitor binding pocket of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase impairs DNA synthesis and RNA degradation. Biochemistry 35:9737-9745;1996.
    • (1996) Biochemistry , vol.35 , pp. 9737-9745
    • Fan, N.1    Rank, K.B.2    Slade, D.E.3    Poppe, S.M.4    Evans, D.B.5    Kopta, L.A.6    Olmsted, R.A.7    Thomas, R.C.8    Tarpley, W.G.9    Sharma, S.K.10
  • 23
    • 0030926277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Broad spectrum of in vivo fitness of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subpopulations differing at reverse transcriptase codons 41 and 215
    • Goudsmit J, de Ronde A, de Rooij E, de Boer RJ. Broad spectrum of in vivo fitness of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subpopulations differing at reverse transcriptase codons 41 and 215. J Virol 71:4479-4484;1998.
    • (1998) J Virol , vol.71 , pp. 4479-4484
    • Goudsmit, J.1    De Ronde, A.2    De Rooij, E.3    De Boer, R.J.4
  • 24
    • 0031958266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative replication fitness of zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates in vitro
    • Harrigan PR, Bloor S, Larder BA. Relative replication fitness of zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates in vitro. J Virol 72:3773-3778;1998.
    • (1998) J Virol , vol.72 , pp. 3773-3778
    • Harrigan, P.R.1    Bloor, S.2    Larder, B.A.3
  • 26
    • 0031583997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of a G48H mutant of HIV-1 protease explains how glycinc-48 replacements produce mutants resistant to inhibitor drugs
    • Hong L, Zhang X-J, Foundling S, Hartsuck JA, Tang J. Structure of a G48H mutant of HIV-1 protease explains how glycinc-48 replacements produce mutants resistant to inhibitor drugs. FEBS Lett 420:11-16;1997.
    • (1997) FEBS Lett , vol.420 , pp. 11-16
    • Hong, L.1    Zhang, X.-J.2    Foundling, S.3    Hartsuck, J.A.4    Tang, J.5
  • 27
    • 0030772853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Higher fidelity of RNA-dependent DNA mispair extension by M 184V drug-resistant than wild-type reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Hsu M, Inouye P, Rezende L, Richard N, Li Z, Prasad VR, Wainberg MA. Higher fidelity of RNA-dependent DNA mispair extension by M 184V drug-resistant than wild-type reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4532-4536; 1997.
    • (1997) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.25 , pp. 4532-4536
    • Hsu, M.1    Inouye, P.2    Rezende, L.3    Richard, N.4    Li, Z.5    Prasad, V.R.6    Wainberg, M.A.7
  • 28
    • 0032573488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of a covalently trapped catalytic complex of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: Implications for drug resistance
    • Huang H, Chopra R, Verdine GL, Harrison SC. Structure of a covalently trapped catalytic complex of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: Implications for drug resistance. Science 282:1669-1675;1998.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 1669-1675
    • Huang, H.1    Chopra, R.2    Verdine, G.L.3    Harrison, S.C.4
  • 30
    • 0028286025 scopus 로고
    • Selection of multiple human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants that encode viral proteases with decreased sensitivity to an inhibitor of the viral protease
    • Kaplan A, Michael S, Wehbie R, Knigge M, Paul D, Everitt L, Kempf D, Norbeck D, Erickson J, Swanstrom R. Selection of multiple human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants that encode viral proteases with decreased sensitivity to an inhibitor of the viral protease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:5597-5601;1994.
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.91 , pp. 5597-5601
    • Kaplan, A.1    Michael, S.2    Wehbie, R.3    Knigge, M.4    Paul, D.5    Everitt, L.6    Kempf, D.7    Norbeck, D.8    Erickson, J.9    Swanstrom, R.10
  • 31
    • 0029885139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide substitution patterns can predict the requirements for drug-resistance of HIV-1 proteins
    • Keulen W, Boucher C, Berkhout B. Nucleotide substitution patterns can predict the requirements for drug-resistance of HIV-1 proteins. Antiviral Res 31:45-57;1996.
    • (1996) Antiviral Res , vol.31 , pp. 45-57
    • Keulen, W.1    Boucher, C.2    Berkhout, B.3
  • 32
    • 0030896362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial appearance of the 184Ile variant in lamivudine-treated patients is caused by the mutational bias of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase
    • Keulen W, Back NKT, van Wijk A, Boucher CAB, Berkhout B. Initial appearance of the 184Ile variant in lamivudine-treated patients is caused by the mutational bias of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. J Virol 71:3346-3350;1997.
    • (1997) J Virol , vol.71 , pp. 3346-3350
    • Keulen, W.1    Back, N.K.T.2    Van Wijk, A.3    Boucher, C.A.B.4    Berkhout, B.5
  • 33
    • 0028304885 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of a disrupted TAR RNA hairpin structure in the HIV-1 virus
    • Klaver B, Berkhout B. Evolution of a disrupted TAR RNA hairpin structure in the HIV-1 virus. EMBO J 13:2650-2659;1994.
    • (1994) EMBO J , vol.13 , pp. 2650-2659
    • Klaver, B.1    Berkhout, B.2
  • 34
    • 0026693137 scopus 로고
    • Crystal structure at 3.5 Å resolution of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase complexed with an inhibitor
    • Kohlstaedt LA, Wang J, Friedman JM, Rice PA, Steitz TA. Crystal structure at 3.5 Å resolution of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase complexed with an inhibitor. Science 256:1783-1790; 1992.
    • (1992) Science , vol.256 , pp. 1783-1790
    • Kohlstaedt, L.A.1    Wang, J.2    Friedman, J.M.3    Rice, P.A.4    Steitz, T.A.5
  • 35
  • 36
    • 0031949856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compensatory point mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag region that are distal from deletion mutations in the dimerization initiation site can restore viral replication
    • Liang C, Rong L, Laughrea M, Kleiman L, Wainberg MA. Compensatory point mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag region that are distal from deletion mutations in the dimerization initiation site can restore viral replication. J Virol 72:6629-6636; 1998.
    • (1998) J Virol , vol.72 , pp. 6629-6636
    • Liang, C.1    Rong, L.2    Laughrea, M.3    Kleiman, L.4    Wainberg, M.A.5
  • 38
    • 0031846317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistanceassociated loss of viral fitness in human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Phenotypic analysis of protease and gag coevolution in protease inhibitor-treated patients
    • Mammano F, Petit C, Clavel F. Resistanceassociated loss of viral fitness in human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Phenotypic analysis of protease and gag coevolution in protease inhibitor-treated patients. J Virol 72:7632-7637;1998.
    • (1998) J Virol , vol.72 , pp. 7632-7637
    • Mammano, F.1    Petit, C.2    Clavel, F.3
  • 39
    • 0028854676 scopus 로고
    • Selection and analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased resistance to ABT-538, a novel protease inhibitor
    • Markowitz M, Mo H, Kempf DJ, Norbeek DW, Bhat TN, Erickson JW, Ho DD. Selection and analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased resistance to ABT-538, a novel protease inhibitor. J Virol 69:701-706;1995.
    • (1995) J Virol , vol.69 , pp. 701-706
    • Markowitz, M.1    Mo, H.2    Kempf, D.J.3    Norbeek, D.W.4    Bhat, T.N.5    Erickson, J.W.6    Ho, D.D.7
  • 42
    • 0029897567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Alkylamino)piperidine bis(heteroaryl) piperizine analogs and potent, broad-spectrum nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of drug-resistant isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and select for drug-resistant variants of HIV-1 IIIB with reduced replication phenotypes
    • Olmsted RA, Slade DE, Kopta LA, Poppe SM, Poel TJ, Newport SW, Rank KB, Biles C, Morge RA, Dueweke TJ, Yagi Y, Romero DL, Thomas RC, Sharma SK, Tarpley WG. (Alkylamino)piperidine bis(heteroaryl) piperizine analogs and potent, broad-spectrum nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of drug-resistant isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and select for drug-resistant variants of HIV-1 IIIB with reduced replication phenotypes. J Virol 70:3698-3705; 1996.
    • (1996) J Virol , vol.70 , pp. 3698-3705
    • Olmsted, R.A.1    Slade, D.E.2    Kopta, L.A.3    Poppe, S.M.4    Poel, T.J.5    Newport, S.W.6    Rank, K.B.7    Biles, C.8    Morge, R.A.9    Dueweke, T.J.10    Yagi, Y.11    Romero, D.L.12    Thomas, R.C.13    Sharma, S.K.14    Tarpley, W.G.15
  • 43
    • 0030791104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased polymerase fidelity of the 3TC-resistant variants of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
    • Oude Essink BB, Back NKT, Berkhout B. Increased polymerase fidelity of the 3TC-resistant variants of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Nucleic Acids Res 25:3212-3217;1997.
    • (1997) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.25 , pp. 3212-3217
    • Oude Essink, B.B.1    Back, N.K.T.2    Berkhout, B.3
  • 45
    • 0031897968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of multidideoxynucleoside resistance-conferring mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase on polymerase fidelity and error specificity
    • Rezende LF, Curr K, Ueno T, Mitsuya H, Prasad VK. The impact of multidideoxynucleoside resistance-conferring mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase on polymerase fidelity and error specificity. J Virol 72:2890-2895;1998.
    • (1998) J Virol , vol.72 , pp. 2890-2895
    • Rezende, L.F.1    Curr, K.2    Ueno, T.3    Mitsuya, H.4    Prasad, V.K.5
  • 46
    • 0029563229 scopus 로고
    • Development of drug resistance to HIV-1 protease inhibitors
    • Ridky T, Leis J. Development of drug resistance to HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Biol Chem 270:29621-29623;1995.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 29621-29623
    • Ridky, T.1    Leis, J.2
  • 47
    • 0032578505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-resistant HIV-1 proteases identify enzyme residues important for substrate selection and catalytic rate
    • Ridky TW, Kikonyogo A, Leis J. Drug-resistant HIV-1 proteases identify enzyme residues important for substrate selection and catalytic rate. Biochemistry 37:13835-13845;1998.
    • (1998) Biochemistry , vol.37 , pp. 13835-13845
    • Ridky, T.W.1    Kikonyogo, A.2    Leis, J.3
  • 49
    • 0028241446 scopus 로고
    • Mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease associated with drug resistance
    • Schinazi R, Larder BA, Mellors J. Mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease associated with drug resistance. Int Antiviral News 5:72-75;1994.
    • (1994) Int Antiviral News , vol.5 , pp. 72-75
    • Schinazi, R.1    Larder, B.A.2    Mellors, J.3
  • 51
    • 0029861757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversion of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase mutant at a second site restores enzyme function and virus infectivity
    • Taddeo B, Carlini F, Verani P, Engelman A. Reversion of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase mutant at a second site restores enzyme function and virus infectivity. J Virol 70:8277-8284;1996.
    • (1996) J Virol , vol.70 , pp. 8277-8284
    • Taddeo, B.1    Carlini, F.2    Verani, P.3    Engelman, A.4
  • 53
    • 0032902876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the HIV-1 LTR promoter by conversion of an NF-ΚB enhancer element into a GABP binding site
    • Verhoef K, Sanders RW, Fontaine V, Kitajima S, Berkhout B. Evolution of the HIV-1 LTR promoter by conversion of an NF-ΚB enhancer element into a GABP binding site. J Virol 73: 1331-1340;1999.
    • (1999) J Virol , vol.73 , pp. 1331-1340
    • Verhoef, K.1    Sanders, R.W.2    Fontaine, V.3    Kitajima, S.4    Berkhout, B.5
  • 54
    • 0032976394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A second-site mutation that restores replication of a Tat-defective human immunodeficiency virus
    • Verhoef K, Berkhout B. A second-site mutation that restores replication of a Tat-defective human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 73: 2781-2789;1999.
    • (1999) J Virol , vol.73 , pp. 2781-2789
    • Verhoef, K.1    Berkhout, B.2
  • 56
    • 0024381645 scopus 로고
    • Functional interaction of constant and variable domains of human immunodeficiency virus type gp120
    • Willey RL, Ross EK, Buckler-White AJ, Theodore TS, Martin MA. Functional interaction of constant and variable domains of human immunodeficiency virus type gp120. J Virol 63: 3595-3600;1989.
    • (1989) J Virol , vol.63 , pp. 3595-3600
    • Willey, R.L.1    Ross, E.K.2    Buckler-White, A.J.3    Theodore, T.S.4    Martin, M.A.5
  • 57
    • 0031949563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease genotypes and in vitro protease inhibitors susceptibilities of isolates from individuals who were switched to other protease inhibitors after long-term saquinavir treatment
    • Winters MA, Schapiro JM, Lawrence J, Merigan TC. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease genotypes and in vitro protease inhibitors susceptibilities of isolates from individuals who were switched to other protease inhibitors after long-term saquinavir treatment. J Virol 72:5303-5306;1998.
    • (1998) J Virol , vol.72 , pp. 5303-5306
    • Winters, M.A.1    Schapiro, J.M.2    Lawrence, J.3    Merigan, T.C.4
  • 58
    • 0031946007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of viral fitness associated with multiple Gag and Gag-Pol processing defects in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants selected for resistance to protease inhibitors in vivo
    • Zennou V, Mammano F, Paulous S, Mathez D, Clavel F. Loss of viral fitness associated with multiple Gag and Gag-Pol processing defects in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants selected for resistance to protease inhibitors in vivo. J Virol 72:3300-3306;1998.
    • (1998) J Virol , vol.72 , pp. 3300-3306
    • Zennou, V.1    Mammano, F.2    Paulous, S.3    Mathez, D.4    Clavel, F.5
  • 59
    • 0030769354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug resistance during indinavir therapy is caused by mutations in the protease gene and in its Gag substrate cleavage sites
    • Zhang Y, Imamichi H, Imamichi T, Lane H, Falloon J, Vasudevachari M, Salzman N. Drug resistance during indinavir therapy is caused by mutations in the protease gene and in its Gag substrate cleavage sites. J Virol 71:6662-6670;1997.
    • (1997) J Virol , vol.71 , pp. 6662-6670
    • Zhang, Y.1    Imamichi, H.2    Imamichi, T.3    Lane, H.4    Falloon, J.5    Vasudevachari, M.6    Salzman, N.7


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.