The paradigm of Th1 and Th2 cytokines: Its relevance to aotoimmunity and allergy

Immunologic Research

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 147-161

  Singh, V K ^a,b   Mehrotra, S ^a   Agarwal, S S ^b  

^a Department of Immunology ^*  (India)

^b SANJAY GANDHI POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Allergy; Autoimmunity; Th1 and Th2 cytokines

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; CYTOKINE; LYMPHOKINE;

ALLERGIC DISEASE; ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; ALLERGY; ANIMAL MODEL; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CELL POLARITY; CELL PROTECTION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; DISEASE SEVERITY; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HELPER CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN CELL; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION; UVEITIS;

EID: 0032741665     PISSN: 0257277X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/bf02786470     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. 1 Fresno M, Kopf M, Rivas L: Cytokines and infectious diseases. Immunol Today 1997;18:56-58.
2. 2 Mosmann TR, Cherwinski II, Bond MW, Giedlin MA, Coffman RI: Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 1986;136:2348-2357.
3. 3 Romagnani S: The Th1/Th2 paradigm. Immunol Today 1997;-18:263-266.
4. 4 Rook GA, Stanford JL: Give us this day our daily germs. Immunol Today 1998;19:113-116.
5. 5 Cohen IR: The Th1/Th2 Dichotomy, hsp60 autoimmunity,and type I diabetes. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1997;84:103-106.
6. + T cells and their role in the induction and prevention of autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 1991;-123:37-64.
7. 7 Romagnani S: Human Th1 and Th2: Doubt on more. Immunol Today 1991;12:256-257.
8. 8 Allen JE, Maizels RM: Th1-Th2: Reliable paradigm or dangerous Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of Th1.Th2 cytokines: Induction, Polarization and their role. * = Two types of CD8 cells are also called Tc1 and Tc2, X = inhibition.dogma? Immunol Today 1997;18:387-392.
9. + T cell responses: The alternative approach. Annu Rev Immunol 1997;-15:297-322.
10. + T cells. Annu Rev Immunol 1994;12:635-674.
11. 11 Del Prete G: The concept of type-1 and type-2 helper T cells and their cytokines in humans. Int Rev Immunol 1998;16:427-455.
12. + T cells. J Exp Med 1997;185:461-469.
13. + cells. Ann New York Acad Sci 1996;-759:349-350.
14. 14 Martin R, Ruddle NH, Reingold S, Hafler DA: T helper cell differentiation in multiple sclerosis and autoimmunity. Immunol Today 1998;19:495-498.
15. 15 Jacobson NG, Szabo SJ, Weber-Nordt RM, Zhang Z, Schoeiber RD, Parnell JE, Jr., Murphy KM: Interleukin 12 signaling in T helper cell type I (Th1) cells involves tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 and 4. J Exp Med 1995;181:1755-1762.
16. 16 Kaplan MH, Sum YL, Hoey T, Grusby MJ: Impaired IL-12 responses and enhanced development of Th2 cells in Stat 4 deficient mice. Nature 1996;382:174-177.
17. 17 Hou J, Schindler U, Henzel WJ, HO TG, Brasseur M, MacKnight SL: An interleukin-4 induced transcription factor:-IL-4 Stat. Science 1994;265:1701-1706.
18. 18 Takeda K, Tanaku T, Shi W, Matsumoto M, Minami M, Kashiwamura S, Yoshida N, Kishimoto T, Akira S: Essential role of stat 6 in IL-4 signaling. Nature 1996;380: 627-630.
19. 19 Lane P, Flynn S, Walker L, Raykundalia C, Broker T, Gulbrason-Judge A: CD4 cytokine differentiation who and what decides? Immunologist 1988;6:182-185.
20. 20 Kuchroo VK, Das MP, Brown JA, Ranger AM, Zamvil SS, Sobel RA, Weiner HL, Nabavi N, Glimcher LH: B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Th1/Th2 development pathways: Application to autoimmune disease therapy. Cell 1995;80:707-718.
21. 21 Romagnani S: Th1 and Th2 in human diseases. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1996;80:225-235.
22. + T cells can be primed in vitro to produce IL-4. J Immunol 1992;148:1652-1656.
23. 23 Caton AJ, Swartzentruber JR, Kuhl AL, Cading SR, Stark SE: Activation and negative selection of functionally distinct subset of antibody secreting cells by Influenza haemagglutinin as a viral and a neo-self antigen. J Exp Med 1996;183:13-26.
24. 24 Luther SA, Gulbranson-Judge A, Acha-Orbea H, Mac Lennan ICM: Viral superantigen drives extrafollicular and follicular B cell differentiation leading to virus-specific antibody production. J Exp Med 1997;185:551-562.
25. 25 Esser C, Radbrunch A: Immunoglobulin class switching: Molecular and cellular analysis. Annu. Rev Immunol 1990;8:717-735.
26. 26 Martin RM, Lew AM: Is IgG2a a good Th1 marker in mice? Immunol Today 1998;19:49.
27. 27 Snapper CM, Paul WE: Interferon gamma and B cell stimulatory factor-1 reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production. Science 1987;236:944-947.
28. 28 Martin RM, Silva A, Lew AM: The Igh-I sequence of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse assigns it to the IgG2c isotype. Immunogenetics 1997;46:167-168.
29. 29 Duret P, Sheela R, Pelletier L: Th1 and Th2 cells in autoimmunity. Clin Exp Immunol 1995;101(S):9-12.
30. + T cell subsets in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 1997;9:872-873.
31. + T cells in the pathogenesis of organ specific autoimmune diseases. Immunol Today 1995;16:34-38.
32. 32 Battelli E, Das MP, Howard ED, Weiner HL, Sobel RA, Kuchroo VK: IL-10 is critical in the regulation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis as demonstrated by studies of IL-10 and IL-4 deficient and transgenic mice. J Immunol 1998;161:3299-3306.
33. 33 Lafaille JJ, Keere FV, Hsu Al, Baron JL, Haas W, Raine CS, Tonegawa S: Myelin basic protein-specific T helper2 (Th2) cells cause experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in immunodeficient hosts rather than protect them from the disease. J Exp Med 1997;186:307-312
34. 34 Liblau R, Steinman L, Brocke S: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in IL-4-deficient mice. Int Immunol 1997;9:799-803.
35. 35 Cannela B, Gao YL, Brosnan C, Raine CS: IL-10 fails to abrogate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci 1996;45:735-746.
36. 36 Xu H, Rizzo H, Silver PB, Caspi RR: Uveitogenicity is associated with a Th1-like lymphokine profile: Cytokine dependent modulation of early and committed effector T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Cell Immunol 1997;178:69-78.
37. 37 Saoudi A, Kuhn J, Huygen K, de-Kozak Y, Velu T, Goldman M, Duret P, Bellon B: Th2 activated cells prevent experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis, a Th1 dependent autoimmune disease. Eur J Immunol 1993;23:3096-3103.
38. 38 Caspi RR, Silver PB, Chan CC, Sun B, Agarwal RK, Wells J, Oddo S, Fujino Y, Najafian F, Wilder RL: Genetic susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in the rats associated with an elevated Th1 response. J Immunol 1996;157:-2668-2675.
39. 39 Rizzo LV, XU H, Chan CC, Wiggert B, Caspi RR: IL-10 has a protective role in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Int Immunol 1998;-10:807-814.
40. 40 Tarrant TK, Silver PB, Chan CC, Wiggert B, Caspi RR: Endogenous IL-12 is required for induction and expression of experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Immunol 1998;161:122-127.
41. 41 Jones LS, Rizzo LV, Agarwal RK, Tarrant TK, Chan CC, Wiggert B, Caspi RR: Interferon gamma-deficient mice develop experimental autoimmune uveitis in the context of a deviant effector response. J Immunol 1997;158:5997-6005.
42. 42 Caspi RR, Chan CC, Grubbs BG, Silver PB, Wiggert B, Parsa CF, Bahmanyar S, Billiau A, Herremans H: Endogenous systemic IFN-γ has a protective effect against ocular autoimmunity in mice. J Immunol 1994;52:890-899.
43. 43 Caspi RR, Silver PB, Agarwal RK, Rizzo LV, Chan CC, Tarrant TK: Systemic administration of IL-12 protects mice from experimental autoimmune uveitis through a mechanism involving IFN-γ. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;-99:S368.
44. 44 Sun B, Rizzo LV, Sun SH, Chan CC, Wiggert B, Wilder RL, Caspi RR: Genetic susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveitis involves more than a predisposition to generate a T-helper-1-like or a T helper-2-like response. J Immunol 1997;159:1004-1111.
45. 45 Heurtier AH, Biotard C: T cell regulating in murine and human autoimmune diabetes: The role of Th1 and Th2 cells. Diabetes Metab 1997;23:377-385.
46. 46 Pakala SV, Kurrer MO, Katz JD: T helper 2 (Th2) T cells induce acute pancreatitis and diabetes in immune compromised nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. J Exp Med 1997;186:299-306.
47. 47 Pennline KJ, Roque-Gaffney E, Monahan E: Recombinant human IL-10 prevents the onset of diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994;71:169-175.
48. 48 Wogensen L, Lee M-S, Sarvetnick N: Production of interleukin 10 by islet cells accelerates immune mediated destruction of β cells in non obese diabetic mice. J Exp Med 1994;179:1379-1384.
49. 49 Shehadeh N, Calcinaro F, Bradley BJ, Bruchlim I, Vardi P, Lafferty KJ: Effect of adjuvant therapy on development of diabetes in mouse and man. Lancet 1994;343:706-707.
50. 50 Balasa B, Savetnick N: The paradoxical effects of interleukin-10 in the immunoregulation of autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmunity 1997;9:283-286.
51. 51 Williams RO, Feldmann M, Maini RN: Anti-tumor necrosis factor ameliorates joint disease in murine-collagen-induced arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:9784-9788.
52. 52 Horsfall AC, Bulter DM, Marinova L, Warden PJ, William RO, Maini RM, Feldman M: Suppression of collagen-induced arthritis by continuous administration of IL-4. J Immunol 1997;159:5687-5696.
53. 53 De Franco M, Gille-Perramant M-F, Mevel J-C, Coudere J: T helper subset involvement in two high antibody responder lines of mice (Biozzi mice): HI (susceptible) and H II (resistant) to collagen induced arthritis. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:132-136.
54. 54 Kageyama Y, Koide Y, Yoshida A, Uchijima M, Arai T, Mijamoto S, Ozeki T, Hijoshi M, Kushida K, Inoue T: Reduced susceptibility to collagen-induced arthritis in mice deficient in IFN-gamma receptor. J Immunol 1998;161:1542-1548.
55. 55 Romball CG, Weigle WO: Transfer of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis with T cell clones. J Immunol 1987;138:1092-1098.
56. 56 Stull SJ, Sharp GC, Kyriakos M, Bickell JT, Braley-Mullen H: Induction of granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice with in vitro activated effector T cells and anti-IFN-γ antibody. J Immunol 1992;149:2219-2226.
57. 57 Jacob CO, van der Meide PH, McDevitt HO: In vivo treatment of (NZB X NZW)F1 lupus-like nephritis mice with monoclonal antibody to γ-interferon. J Exp Med 1987;166:798-803.
58. 58 Ozmen L, Roman D, Fountoulakis M, Schmid G, Ryffel B, Garotta G: Experimental therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus: The treatment of NZB/W mice with mouse soluble interferon-γ receptor inhibits the onset of glomerulonephritis. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:6-12.
59. 59 Finck BK, Chan B, Wofsy D: Interleukin 6 promotes murine lupus in NZB/NZW F1 mice. J Clin Invest 1994;94:585-591.
60. 60 Ishida H, Muchamuel T, Sakaguchi S, Menon S, Howard M: Continuous administration of anti interleukin 10 antibodies delays onset of autoimmunity in NZB/W mice. J Exp Med 1994;179:305-310.
61. 61 Zhang J, Markovic-Plese S, Lacet B, Raus J, Weiner HL, Hafler DA: Increased frequency of interleukin 2-responsive T cells specific for myelin basic protein and proteo-lipid protein in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 1994;179:973-984.
62. 62 Tang L, Benjaponpitak S, Dekruyff RM, Umetsu DT: Reduced prevalence of allergic disease in patients with multiple sclerosis is associated with enhanced IL-12 production. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:428-435.
63. 63 Windhagen A, Anderson DE, Carrizosa A, Balashov K, Weiner HL, Hafler DA: Cytokine secretion of myelin basic protein reactive T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 1998;91:1-9.
64. 64 Vandevyver C, Motmans K, Stinissen F, Zhang J, Raus J: Cytokine m-RNA profile of myelin basic protein reactive T cell clones in patients with multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity 1998;8:77-89.
65. 65 Hohnoki K, Inoue A, Koh CS: Elevated serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-4 and TNF-α/unelevaled serum levels of IL-10 in patients with demyclinating diseases during the acute stage. J Neuroimmunol 1998;87:27-32.
66. 66 Link H : The cytokine storm in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 1998;4:12-15.
67. 67 Panitch HS, Hirsch RL, Schindler J, Johnson KP: Treatment of multiple sclerosis with γ interferon: Exacerbations associated with activation of the immune system. Neurology 1987;37:1097-1102.
68. 68 Laman JD, Thompson EJ, Kappos L: Balancing the Th1/TH2 in multiple sclerosis. Immunol Today 1998;19:489-490.
69. 69 Kusaba M, Honda J, Fukuda T, Oizumi K: Analysis of type 1 and type 2 cells in synovial fluid and peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1998;25:1466-1471.
70. 70 Elliott MJ, Maini RN, Feldmann M, Fox-Long A, Charles P, Katsikis P, Brennan M, Walker J, Biji H, Ghrayeb J, Woody J: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with chimeric monoclonal antibodies to TNF-α, safety, clinical efficacy and regulation of acute phase response. Arthritis Rheum 1993;-36:1681-1686.
71. 71 Cope AP, Londei M, Chu NR, Cohen SBA, Elliott MJ, Brennan F, Maini RN, Feldmann M: Chronic exposure to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in vitro impairs the activation of T cells through the T cell receptor/CD3 complex: Reversal in vivo by anti-TNF antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 1994;94:749-760.
72. 72 Verhoef CM, Van Roon JA, Vianen ME, Bruijnzcel-Koomen CA, Lafeber FP, Bijlsma JW: Mutual antagonism of rheumatoid arthritis and hay fever; a role for type 1/type-2 T cell balance. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;75:275-280.
73. 73 Raziuddin S, Bahabri S, Al-Dalaan A, Siraj AK, al-Sedairy S: A mixed Th1/Th2 cell cytokine response predominates in systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: Immunoregulatory IL-10 function. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998;86:192-198.
74. 74 Del Prete G, Maggi E, Pizzolo G, Romagnani S: The cytokines and HIV infection: A complex and fascinating link. Immunol Today 1995;16:76-80.
75. 75 Llorente L, Zou W, Levy Y, Richaud-Patin Y, Wijdenes J, Alcocer-Verela J, Morel-Fourrier B, Brouet J-C, Alarcon-Segovia D, Galanaud P, Emilie D: Role of interleukin-10 in the B lymphocyte hyperactivity and autoantibody production of human systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 1995;181:839-844.
76. 76 Heusser CH, Brinkmann V: Immune response and pathophysiology of the allergic reaction. Ther Umsch 1994;51:14-18.
77. 77 Romagnani S: Lymphokine production by human T cells in disease states. Annu Rev Immunol 1994;-12:227-257.
78. 78 Maggi E: The Th1/Th2 paradigm in allergy. Immunotechnology 1998;3:-233-244.
79. + cells in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1997;215:11-20.
80. 80 Zurawaski G, de Vries JE: Interleukin 13, an interleukin 4-like cytokine that acts on monocyte and B cells, but not on T cells. Immunol Today 1994;15:19-26.
81. 81 Kiniwa M, Gateley M, Chizzonite R, Fargeas C, Delespesse G: Recombinant interleukin 12 suppresses the synthesis of immunoglobulin E by interleukin 4 stimulated human lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1992;90: 262-266.
82. 82 Yamamoto S, Hamasaki Y, Ishii E, Ichimaru T, Miyazaki G: Unbalanced production of interleukin-5 and interkeukin-2 in children with atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997;78:517-523.
83. 83 Hamid Q, Nasser T, Minshall EM, Song YL, Boguniewicz M, Leung DY: In vivo expression of IL-12 and IL-13 in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;98: 225-231.
84. 84 Thepen T, Langeveld-Wildschut EG, Bihari IC, van Wichen DF, van Reijsen FC, Mudde GC, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA: Bi phasic response against aero allergen in atopic dermatitis showing a switch from an initial Th2 response to a Th1 response in situ: An immunocytochemical study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;97: 828-837.
85. 85 Bohm I, Bauer R: Th1 cells, Th2 cells and atopic dermatitis. Hautartz 1997;48:223-227.
86. 86 Sugimara K, Hashiguchi S, Takahashi Y, Hino K, Kurimoto M, Fukuda K, Ohyama M, Yamada G: Th1/Th2 response profiles to the major allergens Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 of Japanese cedar pollen. Allergy 1996;51: 732-740.
87. 87 Ebner C, Siemann U, Bohle B, Willheim M, Wiedermann U, Schenk S, Klotz F, Ebner H, Kraft D, Scheiner O: Immunological changes during specific immunotherapy of grass pollen allergy: Reduced lymphoproliferative responses to allergen and shift from Th2 to Th1 in T-cell clones specific for Ph1 p 1, a major grass pollen allergen. Clin Exp Allergy 1997;27:1007-1015.
88. 88 Laan MP, Baert MR, Vrendendaal AE, Savelkoul HF: Differential mRNA expression and production of interleukin-4 and interferon-γ in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of house-dust mite-allergic patients. Eur Cytokine Netw 1998;9:75-84.
89. 89 Munoz-Bellido FJ, Monteserin FJ, Escribano MM, Delgad J, Velazquez E, Conde J: Effect of seasonal exposure to pollen on non-specific interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interferon-γ in vitro release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects with pollinosis. Allergy 1998;53:420-5.
90. 90 Probst P, Kuntzlin D, Fleischer B:Th2-type infiltrating T cells in nickel-induced contact dermatitis. Cell Immunol 1995;165:134-140
91. 91 Crimi E, Gaffi D, Frittoli E, Borgonovo B, Burastero SE: Depletion of circulating allergen-specific Th2 lymphocytes after allergen exposure in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;99:788-797.
92. 92 Noon L: Prophylactic inoculation against hay fever. Lancet 1991;-i:1572-1573.
93. 93 Bousqust J, Becker WM, Hejaoui A, Chanal CP, Lebel B, Dhivert H, Michel FB: Clinical and immunological reactivity of patients allergic to grass pollens and multiple pollen species. II. Efficacy of a double-blind placebo-controlled, specific immunotherapy with standardized extracts. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991;89:43.
94. + T cells from allergic individuals. J Exp Med 1993;178:2123-2130.
95. + cells accompany inhibition of allergen-induced late skin responses after successful grass pollen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;99:254-260.
96. 96 Manetti R, Parronchi P, Guidizi MG, Piccini M-P, Maggi E, Trinchieri G, Romagnani S: Natural killer cell stimulatory factor interleukin 12 (IL-12) induces T helper type 1 (Th1)-specific immune responses and inhibits the development of IL-4 producing Th cells. J Exp Med 1993; 177:1199-1204.
97. 97 Magnan A, Vervloet D. Allergies: determinants of T2 lymphocyte polarization and desensitization mechanisms. Rev Mal Respir 1997;14:173-181.