Dendritic cells

Current Opinion in Hematology

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 3-15

  Austyn, Jonathan M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIGEN;

CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CELL SUBPOPULATION; DENDRITIC CELL; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION;

EID: 0031952298     PISSN: 10656251     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00062752-199801000-00002     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Cella M, Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A: Origin, maturation and antigen presenting function of dendritic cells. Curr Opin Immunol 1997, 9:10-16. A review summarizing key features of dendritic cells derived from different sources.
2. Austyn JM: New insights Into the mobilization and phagocytc activity of dendritic cells. J Exp Med 1996, 183:1287-1292.
3. Steinman RM: The dendritic cell system and Its role in Immunogenicity. Annu Rev Immunol 1991, 9:271-296.
4. Pieters J: MHC class II restricted antigen presentation. Curr Opin Immunol 1997, 9:89-96.
5. Koopmann J-O, Hammerling GJ, Momburg F: Generation, intracellular transport and loading of peptldes associated with MHC class I molecules. Curr Opin Immunol 1997, 9:80-88.
6. Melian A, Beckman EM, Porcelli SA, Brenner MB: Antigen presentation by CD1 and MHC-encoded class I-like molecules. Curr Opin Immunol 1996, 8:82-88.
7. Reid CD: The dendritic cell lineage in haemopoiesis. Br J Haematol 1997, 96:217-223. A review of techniques for generating dendritic cells in culture. Includes many of the important early contributions to this area.
8. Young JW, Steinman RM: The hematopoletic development of dendritic cells: a distinct pathway for myelold differentiation. Stem Cells (Dayt) 1996, 14:376-387. A review focusing on the production and functions of myeloid dendritic cells.
9. Shortman K, Wu L, Suss G, Kronin V, Winkel K, Saunders D, Vremec D: Dendritic cells and T lymphocytes: developmental and functional Interactions. Ciba Found Symp 1997, 204:130-138. A review focusing on the development and functions of lymphoid dendritic cells.
10. Caux C, Liu Y-J, Banchereau J: Recent advances in the study of dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells. Immunol Today 1995, 16:2-4.
11. MacLennan ICM, Gulbranson-Judge A, Toellner K-M, Casamayor-Palleja M, Chan E, Sze DM-Y, Luther SA, Acha-Orbea H: The changing preference of T and B cells for partners as T-dependent antibody responses develop. Immunol Rev 1997, 156:53-66. A review describing the localization and fates of antigen-specific B cells and T cells in secondary lymphoid tissues during different phases of antibody response. A layer of complexity is now added by the finding of an additional subset of dendritic cells in germinal centers [52••].
12. + bipotential precursor that differentiates into dendritic cells in the presence of GM-CSF/TNF-α or macrophages in the presence of M-CSF [16••].
13. + progenitors were cultured with fibroblasts transfected with CD40 ligand. The cells proliferated and differentiated into dendritic cells that expressed high levels of MHC class II (HLA-DR) molecules but lacked CD1a and CD40. Development of the cells was independent of exogenous cytokines, including GM-CSF. The cells resemble dendritic cells identified in situ in tonsillar T-cell areas and could represent lymphoid or mature myeloid dendritic cells.
14. + bipotential intermediates that can generate either macrophages or myeloid dendritic cells in culture.
15. + progenitors in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia by culture in the presence of GM-CSF/interleukin-4/TNF-α. The dendritic cells are shown to contain the chronic myelogenous leukemia-specific t(9;22) translocation and to express bcrabl mRNA [93•].
16. + (myeloid) dendritic cells lacking the characteristics of Langerhans cells [12••].
17. + progenitors done using a combination of different cytokines and defines conditions leading to the arrest of the cells at an immature, processing stage or promoting terminal maturation to a mature, costimulatory stage.
18. Lutz MB, Girolomoni G, Ricciardi CP: The role of cytokines in functional regulation and differentiation of dendritic cells. Immunobiology 1996, 195:431-455.
19. Jonuleit H, Knop J, Enk AH: Cytokines and their effects on maturation, differentiation and migration of dendritic cells. Arch Dermatol Res 1996, 289:1-8.
20. + hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 1996, 87:2376-2385.
21. + bone marrow progenitors that are expanded by c-kit-ligand and yield pure dendritic cell colonies in the presence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Exp Med 1995, 182:1111-1119.
22. + progenitors in serum-free conditions if TGF-β1 is used in combination with GM-CSF/TNF-α/SCF. Many of the progeny dendritic cells contain Birbeck granules and resemble Langerhans cells. A subsequent paper from the same group demonstrates that TGF-β1 enhances the viability of the dendritic cell precursors in these cultures.
23. + cells in lymphoid tissues [68].
24. Burkly L, Hession C, Ogata L, Reilly C, Marconi LA, Olson D, Tizard R, Cate R, Lo D: Expression of relB is required for the development of thymlc medulla and dendritlc cells. Nature 1995, 373:531-536.
25. Wang JH, Nichogiannopoulou A, Wu L, Sun L, Sharpe AH, Bigby M, Georgopoulos K: Selective defects in the development of the fetal and adult lymphoid system in mice with an Ikaros null mutation. Immunity 1996, 5:537-549. A study of lymphoid defects in mice lacking a functional Ikaros gene. These mice have severe deficiencies in T cells, B cells, and NK cells together with a large reduction in or absence of thymic dendritic cells. A subsequent study [26] also shows profound deficiencies of dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissues.
26. Wu L, Nichogiannopoulou A, Shortman K, Georgopoulos K: Cell autonomous defects in dendritic cell populations of Ikaros mutant mice point to a developmental relationship with the lymphold lineage. Immunity, 1997, 7:483-492.
27. Bradley LM, Watson SR: Lymphocyte migration Into tissue: the paradlgm derived from CD4 subsets. Curr Opin Immunol 1996, 8:312-320.
28. Fearnley DB, McLellan AD, Mannering SI, Hock BD, Hart DN: Isolation of human blood dendritic cells using the CMRF-44 monoclonal antibody: Implications for studies on antigen-presenting cell function and immunotherapy. Blood 1997, 89:3708-3716.
29. Romani N, Raider D, Heuer M, Ebner S, Kampgen E, Eibl B, Niederwieser D, Schuler G: Generation of mature dendritic cells from human blood. An Improved method with special regard to clinical applicability. J Immunol Methods 1996, 196:137-151. This paper describes the potency of monocyte-conditioned medium in inducing terminal differentiation of GM-CSF/interleukin-4 monocyte-derived dendritic cells in culture. Monocyte-conditioned medium is a supernatant collected from cultures of monocytes adhering to IgG-coated plastic. Instead of the more usual 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% human plasma is used to culture the dendritic cells.
30. Bender A, Sapp M, Schuler G, Steinman RM, Bhardwaj N: Improved methods for the generation of dendritic cells from nonproliferating progenitors in human blood. J Immunol Methods 1996, 196:121-135. A companion paper to Romani et al. [29•] describing the use of monocyte-conditioned medium as a dendritic cell maturation-inducing stimulus.
31. + dendritic cells and tartrateresistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells from human monocytes. Blood 1996, 88:4029-4039.
32. Barratt-Boyes SM, Watkins SC, Finn OJ: In vivo migration of dendritic cells differentiated in vitro: a chimpanzee model. J Immunol 1997, 158:4543-4547. Demonstration that dendritic cells generated from chimpanzee blood monocytes cultured in GM-CSF/interleukin-4 can home to T-cell areas of lymph nodes after subcutaneous injection. The administered cells express high levels of MHC class II molecules CD40 and CD86 in the lymph nodes.
33. Maraskovsky E, Brasel K, Teepe M, Roux ER, Lyman SD, Shortman K, McKenna HJ: Dramatic Increase in the numbers of functionally mature dendritic cells in Flt3 ligand-treated mice: multiple dendritic cell subpopulations Identified. J Exp Med 1996, 184:1953-1962. Flt3L, a ligand for the Flt3/Flk2 tyrosine kinase receptor, stimulates proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Here, it is shown that administration of Flt3L increases the numbers of dendritic cells in mouse lymphoid tissues, including both myeloid and lymphoid dendritic cell subsets in spleen. These effects were not seen after administration of GM-CSF, GM-CSF/interluekin-4, c-kit ligand, or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
34. Vremec D, Lieschke GJ, Dunn AR, Robb L, Metcalf D, Shortman K: The influence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor on dendritic cell levels in mouse lymphoid organs. Eur J Immunol 1997, 27:40-44. A study of dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues of mice that lack a functional GM-CSF or GM-CSF receptor gene and transgenic mice with excessive levels of GM-CSF. All dendritic cell subsets appear to develop normally in the null mice, although their numbers are increased in the transgenic mice.
35. Pasparakis M, Alexopoulou L, Episkopou V, Kollias G: Immune and Inflammatory responses in TNF alpha-deficient mice: a critical requirement for TNF alpha in the formation of primary B cell follicles, follicular dendritic cell networks and germinal centers, and in the maturation of the humoral immune response. J Exp Med 1996, 184:1397-1411.
36. Pasparakis M, Alexopoulou L, Grell M, Pfizenmaier K, Bluethmann H, Kollias G: Peyer's patch organogenesis Is intact yet formation of B lymphocyte follicles Is defective in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice deficient for tumor necrosis factor and Its 55-kDa receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94:6319-6323.
37. Brocker T, Riedinger M, Karjalainen K: Targeted expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules demonstrates that dendritic cells can induce negative but not positive selection of thymocytes in vivo. J Exp Med 1997, 185:541-550. An important study targetting the CD11c (mouse dendritic cell-restricted) promoter.
38. Vremec D, Shortman K: Dendritic cell subtypes in mouse lymphoid organs. Cross-correlation of surface markers, changes with incubation, and differences among thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. J Immunol 1997, 159:565-573. A phenotypic study of dendritic cell subsets isolated from mouse lymphoid tissues. Particular attention is given to the patterns of expression of CD8α, DEC205, and CD11b. After overnight culture, levels of expression of CD8α did not change; DEC205 was upregulated, but the difference in levels was maintained between different subsets; and CD11b was upregulated to an equivalent level on all subsets. Whether or not this also applies in vivo is unclear.
39. - pro-T cell gives rise only to T cells. The dendritic cell progeny all express CDSα and, in this paper, CDSα is put forward as a marker of all lymphoid dendritic cells. In a subsequent study, however, dendritic cells were shown to develop normally in CDSα null mice and the DEC-205 molecule was proposed as a more pertinent marker of regulatory (lymphoid) dendritic cells [41].
40. lo thymic progenitor cells in a complex mixture of five to seven cytokines promotes the development of dendritic cells. This does not require GM-CSF, and dendritic cells can be generated from progenitor cells obtained from mice that lack a functional GM-CSF gene. It is speculated that the dendritic cells produced in culture represent lymphoid dendritic cells, but they do not express CD8α (or BP-1, a marker of thymic dendritic cells).
41. + dendritic cells (DC) veto cells? The role of CD8 on DC in DC development and in the regulation of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Int Immunol 1997, 9:1061-1064.
42. Osborne BA: Apoptosis and the maintenance of homoeostasis in the immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 1996, 8:245-254.
43. Suss G, Shortman K: A subclass of dendritic cells kills CD4 T cells via Fas/Fas-ligand-induced apoptosis. J Exp Med 1996, 183:1789-1796.
44. + T cells [43].
45. Inaba K, Pack M, Inaba M, Sakuta H, Isdell F, Steinman RM: High levels of an MHC II-self peptide complex on dendritic cells from the T cell areas of lymph nodes. J Exp Med, 1997, 186:665-672.
46. Steinman RM, Pack M, Inaba K: Dendritic cells in the T-cell areas of lymphoid organs. Immunol Rev 1997, 156:25-37. A review describing two subsets of dendritic cells in T-cell areas of lymphoid tissues. Also describes their features. A migratory myeloid subset probably brings in foreign antigens from the periphery for the induction of immunity, whereas a more resident lymphoid subset may present self antigens and maintain tolerance.
47. Kelsall BL, Strober W: Distinct populations of dendritic cells are present in the subepithelial dome and T call regions of the murine Peyer's patch. J Exp Med 1996, 183:237-247.
48. + dendritic cell population in mouse Peyer's patches. Eur J Immunol 1996, 26:1801-1806.
49. Galy A, Travis M, Cen D, Chen B: Human T, B, natural killer, and dendritic cells arise from a common bone marrow progenitor cell subset. Immunity 1995, 3:459-473.
50. +CD38dim cells in the human thymus can differentiate Into T, natural killer, and dendritic cells but are distinct from pluripotent stem cells. Blood 1996, 87:5196-5206.
51. - cells are localized in and around high endothelial venules in situ. The isolated cells develop into dendritic cells expressing low levels of myeloid antigens CD13 and CD33 when they are cultured with interleukin-3 and CD40 ligand. These cells may be representatives of the lymphoid dendritic cell subset.
52. - cells may stimulate germinal center T cells and aid in the generation of memory B cells.
53. McWilliam AS, Napoli S, Marsh AM, Pemper FL, Nelson DJ, Pimm CL, Stumbles PA, Wells TN, Holt PG: Dendritic cells are recruited Into the airway epithellum during the Inflammatory response to a broad spectrum of stimuli. J Exp Med 1996, 184:2429-2432. Describes the recruitment of a wave of dendritic cells into the rat respiratory tract mucosa in response to a variety of agents. The freshly isolated dendritic cells exhibit chemotaxis to N-formyl peptide and various (sometimes heterologous) CC chemokines.
54. Matyszak MK, Perry VH: The potential role of dendritic cells in immune mediated Inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system. Neuroscience 1996, 74:599-608. In the CNS of the normal rat, dendritic cells (identified using the OX62 marker) are present only in the choroid plexus and meninges. This paper demonstrates that after induction of experimental allergic encephalitis, dendritic cells can be found in perivascular cuffs within the CNS and in the CNS parenchyma close to these cuffs. They are also present in lesions resulting from an aberrant DTH response to heat-killed Calmette-Guerin bacilli organisms behind the blood-brain barrier.
55. Cella M, Engering A, Pinet V, Pieters J, Lanzavecchia A: Inflammatory stimuli Induce accumulation of MHC class II complexes on dendritic cells. Nature, 1997, 388:782-787.
56. Sallusto F, Nicolo C, De Maria R, Corinti S, Testi R: Ceramide inhibits antigen uptake and presentation by dendritic cells. J Exp Med 1996, 184:2411-2416.
57. Saleem M, Sawyer GJ, Schofield RA, Seymour ND, Gustafsson K, Fabre JW: Discordant expression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and Invariant chain in interstitial dendritic cells. Implications for self-tolerance and immunity. Transplantation 1997, 63:1134-1138.
58. Thumher M, Ramoner R, Gastl G, Radmayr C, Bock G, Herold M, Klocker H, Bartsch G: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin mycobacteria stimulate human blood dendritic cells. Int J Cancer 1997, 70:128-134.
59. Shankar G, Pickard ES, Burnham K: Superantigen-induced Langerhans cell depletion is mediated by epidermal cell-derived IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha. Cell Immunol 1996, 171:240-245.
60. Labuda M, Auatyn JM, Zuffova E, Kozuch O, Fuchsberger N, Lysy J, Nuttall PA: Importance of localized skin infection in tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission. Virology 1996, 219:357-366.
61. Johnston LJ, Halliday GM, King NJ: Phenotypic changes in Langerhans' cells after infection with arboviruses: a role in the Immune response to epidermally acquired viral infection? J Virol 1996, 70:4761-4766.
62. Taweechaisupapong S, Sriurairatana S, Angsubhakorn S, Yoksan S, Khin MM, Sahaphong S, Bhamarapravati N: Langerhans cell density and serological changes following intradermal Immunisation of mice with dengue 2 virus. J Med Microbiol 1996, 45:138-145.
63. Cumberbatch M, Dearman RJ, Kimber I: Adhesion molecule expression by epidermal Langerhans cells and lymph node dendritic cells: a comparison. Arch Dermatol Res 1996, 288:739-744.
64. Kobayashi Y: Langerhans' cells produce type IV collagenase (MMP-9) following epicutaneous stimulation with haptens. Immunology 1997, 90:496-501.
65. Laszik Z, Jansen PJ, Cummings RD, Tedder TF, McEver RP, Moore KL: P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is broadly expressed in cells of myeloid, lymphoid, and dendritic lineage and in some nonhematopoletic cells. Blood 1996, 88:3010-3021.
66. Pancook JD, Reisfeld RA, Varki N, Vitiello A, Fox RI, Montgomery AM: Expression and regulation of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 on human cells of myelomonocytic and lymphold origin. J Immunol 1997, 158:4413-4421.
67. Borkowski TA, Nelson AJ, Farr AG, Udey MC: Expression of gp40, the murine homologue of human epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM), by murine dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 1996, 26:110-114.
68. Matsuno K, Ezaki T, Kudo S, Uehara Y: A life stage of particle-laden rat dendritic cells in vivo: their terminal division, active phagocytosis, and translocation from the liver to the draining lymph node. J Exp Med 1996, 183:1865-1878.
69. Kudo S, Matsuno K, Ezaki T, Ogawa M: A novel migration pathway for rat dendritic cells from the blood: hepatic sinusoids-lymph translocation. J Exp Med 1997, 185:777-784. In the paper by Matsuno et al. [69], dendritic cells were shown to be recruited to liver sinusoids, where they phagocylosed blood-borne particles before entering hepatic lymph. Here, particle-laden dendritic cells are isolated from hepatic lymph and administered intravenously. They are shown to be capable of a blood-lymph translocation, homing to the paracortical (T-cell) areas of celiac lymph nodes. In allogeneic hosts, the dendritic cells are associated with proliferating T cells, which they had presumably activated. A frozen-section assay is used to demonstrate that the isolated dendritic cells can adhere to Kupffer cells in liver.
70. Schluger NW, Rom WN: Early responses to infection: chemokines as mediators of Inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 1997, 9:504-508.
71. Schall TJ, Bacon KB: Chemokines, leukocyte trafficking, and Inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 1994, 6:865-873.
72. Schall T: Fractalkine: a strange attractor in the chemokine landscape. Immunol Today 1997, 18:147.
73. Sozzani S, Sallusto F, Luini W, Zhou D, Piemonti L, Allavena P, Van DJ, Valitutti S, Lanzavecchia A, Mantovani A: Migration of dendritic cells in response to formyl peptides, C5a, and a distinct set of chemokines. J Immunol 1995, 155:3292-3295.
74. Sozzani S, Luini W, Borsatti A, Polentarutti N, Zhou D, Piemonti L, D'Amico G, Power CA, Wells TNC, Gobbi M, et al.: Receptor expression and responsiveness of human dendritic cells to a defined set of CC and CXC chemokines, 1997, J Immunol 159:1993-2000.
75. Godiska R, Chantry D, Raport CJ, Sozzani S, Allavena P, Leviten D, Mantovani A, Gray PW: Human macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), a novel chemoattractant for monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. J Exp Med 1997, 185:1595-1604. Decribes the discovery of a cDNA coding for this CC chemokine by random sequencing of cDNA clones from macrophages. Macrophage-derived chemokine is shown to induce chemotaxia of GM-CSF/interleukin-13 monocyte-derived dendritic cells and of interleukin-2-activated NK cells. Messenger RNA for MDC is expressed in these dendritic cells and macrophages but not in a variety of other cell types.
76. Delgado E, Finkel V, Baggiolini M, Clark-Lewis I, Mackay CR, Steinman RM, Granelli-Piperno A: Mature dendritic cells response to SDF-1, but not to several beta-chemoklnes, Immunology in press.
77. Morelli A, Larregina A, Chuluyan I, Kolkowski E, Fainboim L: Expression and modulation of C5a receptor (CD88) on skin dendritic cells. Chemotactic effect of C5a on skin migratory dendritic cells. Immunology 1996, 89:126-134.
78. Mohamadzadeh M, Poltorak AN, Bergstressor PR, Beutler B, Takashima A: Dendritic cells produce macrophage Inflammatory protein-1 gamma, a new member of the CC chemokine family. J Immunol 1996, 156:3102-3106.
79. + T cells).
80. Moore JP, Trkola A, Dragic T: Co-receptors for HIV-1 entry. Curr Opin Immunol 1997, 9:551-562.
81. Granelli-Piperno A, Moser B, Pope M, Chen D, Wei Y, Isdell F, O'Doherty U, Paxton W, Koup R, Mojsov S, et al.: Efficient Interaction of HIV-1 with purified dendritic cells via multiple chemokine coreceptors, J Exp Med 1986, 184:2433-2438. Shows that HIV-1 enters GM-CSF/interleukin-4 (plus multiple chemokine corereceptors) monocyte-derived dendritic cells and begins reverse transcription but that active viral replication does not occur. Entry of M-tropic isolates is blocked by RANTES, and entry of a T-tropic isolate is blocked by stromal derived factor-1. The dendritic cells express mRNA for both CCR5 and CXCR4, coreceptors for the respective HIV-1 isolates, and entry of M-tropic isolates is ablated in dendritic cells from persons without a functional CCR5 receptor.
82. Frankel SS, Wenig BM, Burke AP, Mannan P, Thompson LD, Abbondanzo SL, Nelson AM, Pope M, Steinman RM: Replication of HIV-1 in dendritic cell-derived syncytia at the mucosal surface of the adenoid. Science 1996, 272:115-117.
83. Frankel SS, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P, Wenig BM, Hansen CH, Heffner D, Nelson AM, Pope M, Steinman RM: Active replication of HIV-1 it the lymphoepithelial surface of the tonsil. Am J Pathol 1997, 151:89-96.
84. Everson MP, McDuffie DS, Lemak DG, Koopman WJ, McGhee JR, Beagley KW: Dendritic cells from different tissues induce production of different T cell cytokine profiles. J Leukoc Biol 1996, 59:494-498. One of the few publications indicating that dendritic cells isolated from different secondary lymphoid tissues may differ in function.
85. + B cells produced large amounts of IgM [87].
86. Fayette J, Dubois B, Vandenabeele S, Bridon J-M, Vanbervliet B, Durand I, Banchereau J, Caux C, Briere F: Human dendritic cells skew isotype switching of CD40-activated naive B cells towards IgA1 and lgA2. J Exp Med 1997, 185:1909-1918. Further evidence that dendritic cells can directly modulate T-cell-dependent B-cell growth and differentiation by inducing the IgA isotype switch [86].
87. + TNF alpha. II. Functional analysis. Blood, 1997, 90:1458-1470.
88. Mayordomo JI, Zorina T, Storkus WJ, Zitvogel L, Garcia Prats MD, de Leo AB, Lotze MT: Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells serve as potent adjuvants for peptlde-based antitumor vaccines. Stem Cells 1997, 15:94-103. A review on the use of dendritic cells for the induction of potent antitumor immunity in mouse models and on dendritic cell-based tumor immunotherapy in humans.
89. Steinman RM: Dendritic cells and Immune-based therapies. Exp Hematol 1996, 24:859-862.
90. Hsu FJ, Benike C, Fagnoni F, Liles TM, Czerwinski D, Taidi B, Engleman EG, Levy R: Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat Med 1996, 2:52-58.
91. Murphy G, Tjoa B, Ragde H, Kenny G, Boynton A: Phase I clinical trial: T-cell therapy for prostate cancer using autologous dendritic cells pulsed with HLA-A0201-specific peptides from prostate-specific membrane antigen. Prostete 1996, 29:371-380.
92. Choudhury A, Gajewski JL, Liang JC, Popat U, Claxton DF, Kliche KO, Andreeff M, Champlin RE: Use of leukemic dendritic cells for the generation of antileukemic cellular cytotoxicity against Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1997, 89:1133-1142. This paper describes the production of dendritic cells from the peripheral blood of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia by culture in the presence of GM-CSF/interleukin-4/TNF-α. The dendritic cells are shown to contain the chronic myelogenous leukemia-specific t(9;22) translocation. Autologous T cells stimulated with these dendritic cells displayed cytotoxicity against chronic myelogenous leukemia cells [15•].
93. Austyn JM: The dendritic cell system and anti-tumour immunity. In Vivo 1993, 7:193-201.
94. Nestle FO, Burg G, Fah J, Wrone ST, Nickoloff BJ: Human sunlight-induced basal-cell-carclnoma-assoclated dendritic cells are deficient in T cell co-stimulatory molecules and are impaired as antigenpresenting cells. Am J Pathol 1997, 150:641-651.
95. Qin Z, Noffz G, Mohaupt M, Blankenstein T, Blankenstein T: IL-10 prevents dendritic cell accumulation and vaccination with GM-CSF gene-modified tumor cells. J Immunol 1997, 159:770-776.
96. Ludewig B, Graf D, Gelderblom HR, Becker Y, Kroczek RA, Pauli G: Spontaneous apoptosis of dendritic cells is efficiently inhibited by TRAP (CD40-ligand) and TNF-alpha, but strongly enhanced by interleukin-10. Eur J Immunol 1995, 25:1943-1950.
97. Gabrilovich DI, Chen HL, Girgis KR, Cunningham HT, Meny GM, Nadaf S, Kavanaugh D, Carbone DP: Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors Inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells. Nat Med 1996, 2:1096-1103. Demonstrates that vascular endothelial growth factor can prevent maturation of dendritic cells but has little effect on previously matured cells.
98. Thomson AW, Lu L, Steptoe RJ, Starzl TE: Dendritic cells and the balance between transplant tolerance and Immunity. In Immune Tolerance. Edited by Banchereau J, Dodet B, Schwartz R, Trannoy E. Paris: Elsevier; 1996: 173-185.
99. Kruisbeek AM, Amsen D: Mechanisms underlying T-cell tolerance. Curr Opin Immunol 1996, 8:233-244.
100. -) prolong cardiac allograft survival in nonimmunosuppressed recipients. Transplantation 1996, 62:659-665. Administration of immature (GM-CSF-cultured) bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to allogeneic recipients 7 days before cardiac allograft is shown to prolong median graft survival from 9.5 days to 22 days. The administered cells were found to upregulate CD80 and CD86 in vivo, which may explain the failure to induce long-term survival. T cells from treated mice also show minimal antidonor mixed leukocyte reactions and cytotoxic T-cell reactivity. In contrast, administration of mature (GM-CSF/interleukin-4-cultured) dendritic cells can lead to accelerated rejection of cardiac allografts.
101. Steinman RM, Inaba K, Austyn JM: Donor-derived chimerism in recipients of organ transplants [editorial]. Hepatology 1993, 17:1153-1156.
102. + Jurkat T cells; dendritic cells cultured from Fas-deficient gld mice are ineffective. In the presence of CTLA4lg, which blocks B7-CD28 costimulatory signals, dendritic cells induce apoptosis in alloactivated T cells; the same treatment also increases apoptosis induced by dendritic cells from gld mice, indicating the existence of additional Fas-independent pathways of dendritic cell-induced cell death. This study demonstrates that presumptive myeloid dendritic cells can have regulatory effects on T-cell responses.