Neuroprotective strategies: Voltage-gated Na+-channel down-modulation versus presynaptic glutamate release inhibition

Reviews in the Neurosciences

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 203-211

  Obrenovitch, Tihomir P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Excitotoxicity; Glutamate; Na+ channel blockers; Neuronal death; Neuroprotection; Riluzole; Voltage gated Na+ channels

Indexed keywords

2,4 DIAMINO 5 (2,3,5 TRICHLOROPHENYL)PYRIMIDINE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; GLUTAMIC ACID; LIDOCAINE; RILUZOLE; SODIUM CHANNEL; SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; SODIUM ION;

BRAIN CELL; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CELL VOLUME; CHANNEL GATING; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PRESYNAPTIC NERVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0031750674     PISSN: 03341763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/REVNEURO.1998.9.3.203     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Asai S, Iribe Y, Kohno T, Ishikawa K. Real-time monitoring of biphasic glutamate release using dialysis electrode in rat acute brain ischemia. NeuroReport 1996; 7: 1092-1096.
2. Astrup J. Energy-requiring cell functions in the ischemic brain. Their critical supply and possible inhibition in protective therapy. J Neurosurg 1982; 56: 482-487.
3. + transport. J Neurosci 1992; 12: 840-853.
4. Back T, Ginsberg MD, Dietrich WD, Watson BD. Induction of spreading depression in the ischaemic hemisphere following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion: Effect on infarct morphology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16: 202-213.
5. Balkan S, Ozben T, Balkan E, Oguz N, Serteser M, Gumuslu S. Effects of lamotrigine on brain nitrite and cGMP levels during focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Acta Neurol Scand 1997; 95: 140-146.
6. Bareyre F, Wahl F, McIntosh TK, Stutzmann JM. Time course of cerebral edema after traumatic brain injury in rats: effects of riluzole and mannitol. J Neurotrauma 1997; 14: 839-849.
7. Becquet D, Faudon M, Hery F. In vivo evidence for an inhibitory glutamatergic control of serotonin release in the cat caudate nucleus: involvement of GABA neurons. Brain Res 1990; 519: 82-88.
8. Benavides J, Camelin JC, Mitrani N, Flamand F, Uzan A, Legrand J-J, Gueremy C, Le Fur G. 2-Amino-6-trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole, a possible antagonist of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. II. Biochemical properties. Neuropharmacology 1985; 24: 1085-1092.
9. Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD, Green EJ, Busto R. Chronic histopathological consequences of fluid-percussion brain injury in rats: Effects of post-traumatic hypothermia. Acta Neuropathol 1997; 93: 190-199.
10. Carafoli E. Intracellular calcium homeostasis. Ann Rev Biochem 1987; 56: 395-433.
11. Chéramy A, Romo R, Godeheu G, Baruch P, Glowinski J. In vivo presynaptic control of dopamine release in the cat caudate nucleus - II. Facilitatory or inhibitory influence of L-glutamate. Neuroscience 1986; 19: 1081-1090.
12. Claus JJ, Breteler MMB, Kasan D, Krenning EP, Bots ML, Grobbee DE, VanSwieten JC, VanHarskamp F, Hofman A. Regional cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular risk factors in the elderly population. Neurobiol Aging 1998; 19: 57-64.
13. Clifton GL, Jiang JY, Lyeth BG, Jenkins LW, Hamm RJ, Hayes RL. Marked protection by moderate hypothermia after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11: 114-121.
14. Crumrine RC, Bergstrand K, Cooper AT, Faison WL, Cooper BR. Lamotrigine protects hippocampal CA1 neurons from ischemic damage after cardiac arrest. Stroke 1997; 28: 2230-2236.
15. Culmsee C, Junker V, Wolz P, Semkova I, Krieglstein J. Lubeluzole protects hippocampal neurons from excitotoxicity in vitro and reduces brain damage caused by ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 342: 193-201.
16. Doble A. The pharmacology and mechanism of action of riluzole. Neurology 1996; 47(Suppl 4): S233-S241.
17. Erecinska M, Silver IA. ATP and brain function. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989; 9: 2-19.
18. Gill R, Lodge D. Pharmacology of AMPA antagonists and their role in neuroprotection. Int Rev Neurobiol 1997; 40: 197-232.
19. Gozlan H, Diabira D, Chinestra P, Ben-Ari Y. Anoxic LTP is mediated by the redox modulatory site of the NMDA receptor. J Neurophysiol 1994; 72: 3017-3022.
20. Hamm PJ, Temple MD, Pike BR, Ellis EF. The effect of postinjury administration of polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase (pegorgotein, Dismutec) or lidocaine on behavioral function following fluid-percussion brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 1996; 13: 325-332.
21. Hille B. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1991.
22. Hsu KS, Huang CC. Characterization of the anoxia-induced long-term synaptic potentiation in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122: 671-681.
23. Humm JL, Kozlowski DA, James DC, Gotts JE, Schallert T. Use-dependent exacerbation of brain damage occurs during an early post-lesion vulnerable period. Brain Res 1998; 783: 286-292.
24. Iijima T, Shimase C, Sawa H, Sankawa H. Spreading depression induces depletion of MAP2 in area CA3 of hippocampus in a rat unilateral carotid artery occlusion model. J Neurotrauma 1998; 15: 277-284.
25. Izumi Y, Katsuki H, Benz AM, Zorumski CF. Oxygen deprivation produces delayed inhibition of long-term potentiation by activation of NMDA receptors and nitric oxide synthase. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998; 18: 97-108.
26. Kawaguchi K, Graham SH. Neuroprotective effects of the glutamate release inhibitor 619C89 in temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain Res 1997; 749: 131-134.
27. Koizumi H, Fujisawa H, Ito H, Maekawa T, Di X, Bullock R. Effects of mild hypothermia on cerebral blood flow-independent changes in cortical extracellular levels of amino acids following contusion trauma in the rat brain. Brain Res 1997; 747: 304-312.
28. Lang F, Busch GL, Ritter M, Volkl H, Waldegger S, Gulbins E, Haussinger D. Functional significance of cell volume regulatory mechanisms. Physiol Rev 1998; 78: 247-306.
29. Lekieffre D, Meldrum BS. The pyrimidine-derivative, BW1003C87, protects CA1 and striatal neurons following severe forebrain ischaemia in rats. A microdialysis and histological study. Neuroscience 1993; 56: 93-99.
30. Lesch KP, Balling U, Seemann M, Teufel A, Bengel D, Heils A, Godeck P, Riederer P. Molecular heterogeneity of neurotransporters: Implications for neurodegeneration. J Neural Trans 1997; 49 (Suppl): 155-167.
31. MacIver MB, Amagasu SM, Mikulec AA, Monroe FA. Riluzole anesthesia: Use-dependent block of presynaptic glutamate fibers. Anesthesiology 1996; 85: 626-634.
32. Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, Obrist WD, Kochanek PM, Palmer AM, Wisniewski SR, DeKosky ST. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 540-546.
33. Martin D, Thompson MA, Nadler JV. The neuroprotective agent riluzole inhibits release of glutamate and aspartate from slices of hippocampal area CA1. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 250: 473-476.
34. Mecocci P, Beal MF, Cecchetti R, Polidori MC, Cherubini A, Chionne F, Avellini L, Romano G, Senin U. Mitochondrial membrane fluidity and oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in aged and AD human brain. Mol Chem Neuropathol 1997; 31: 53-64.
35. Miele M, Boutelle MG, Fillenz M. The source of physiologically stimulated glutamate efflux from the striatum of conscious rats. J Physiol (Lond) 1996; 497: 745-751.
36. Morales-Villagran A, Tapia R. Preferential stimulation of glutamate release by 4-aminopyridine in rat striatum in vivo. Neurochem Int 1996; 28: 35-40.
37. Nilsson P, Ronne-Engström E, Flink R, Ungerstedt U, Carlson H, Hillered L. Epileptic seizure activity in the acute phase following cortical impact trauma in rat. Brain Res 1994; 637: 227-232.
38. Obrenovitch TP. The ischaemic penumbra: Twenty years on. Cerebrovasc Brain Rev 1995; 7: 297-323.
39. Obrenovitch TP. Origins of glutamate release in ischaemia. Acta Neurochirg (Wien) 1996; 66 (Suppl): 50-55.
40. Obrenovitch TP, Scheller D, Matsumoto T, Tegtmeier F, Höller M, Symon L. Rapid redistribution of hydrogen ions is associated with depolarization and repolarization subsequent to cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion. J Neurophysiol 1990; 64: 1125-1133.
41. Obrenovitch TP, Urenjak J. Altered glutamatergic transmission in neurological disorders: from high extracellular glutamate to excessive synaptic efficacy. Prog Neurobiol 1997; 51: 39-87.
42. Obrenovitch TP, Urenjak J. Actions of riluzole in animal models of CNS ischaemia and trauma. Rev Contemp Pharmacother 1997; 8: 227-235.
43. Obrenovitch TP, Urenjak J. Is high extracellular glutamate the key to excitotoxicity in traumatic brain injury? J Neurotrauma 1997; 14: 677-698.
44. Obrenovitch TP, Urenjak J, Richards DA, Ueda Y, Curzon G, Symon L. Extracellular neuroactive amino-acids in the rat striatum during ischemia - Comparison between penumbral conditions and ischemia with sustained anoxic depolarization. J Neurochem 1993; 61: 178-186.
45. Obrenovitch TP, Zilkha E, Urenjak J. Effects of pharmacological inhibition of glutamate-uptake on ischaemia-induced glutamate efflux and anoxic depolarization latency. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1998; 357: 225-231.
46. Ogata T, Nakamura Y, Shibata T, Kataoka K. Release of excitatory amino acids from cultured hippocampal astrocytes induced by a hypoxic-hypoglycemic stimulation. J Neurochem 1992; 58: 1957-1959.
47. Orrego F, Villanueva S. The chemical nature of the main central excitatory transmitter: A critical appraisal based upon release studies and synaptic vesicle localization. Neuroscience 1993; 56: 539-555.
48. Peluffo H, Estevez A, Barbeito L, Stutzmann JM. Riluzole promotes survival of rat motoneurons in vitro by stimulating trophic activity produced by spinal astrocyte monolayers. Neurosci Lett 1997; 228: 207-211.
49. Reddy NL, Connaughton S, Daly D, Fischer JB. Synthesis and characterization of N-(acenaphth-5-yl)-N′-(4-methoxynaphth-1-yl)guanidine as a glutamate release inhibitor and potential antiischemic agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995; 5: 2259-2262.
50. Reeves TM, Lyeth BG, Povlishock JT. Long-term potentiation deficits and excitability changes following traumatic brain injury. Exp Brain Res 1995; 106: 248-256.
51. 3H]-D-aspartate from primary astrocyte cultures in response to raised external potassium. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 7803-7811.
52. Sánchez-Armass S, Martinez-Zaguilan R, Martinez GM. Regulation of pH in rat brain synaptosomes. I. Role of sodium, bicarbonate, and potassium. J Neurophysiol 1994; 71: 2236-2248.
53. Schultz JB, Matthews RT, Henshaw DR, Beal MF. Neuroprotective strategies for treatment of lesions produced by mitochondrial toxins - Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroscience 1996; 71: 1043-1048.
54. Segovia G, Porras A, Mora F. Effects of 4-amino-pyridine on extracellular concentrations of glutamate in striatum of the freely moving rat. Neurochem Res 1997; 22: 1491-1497.
55. Shaw PJ, Ince PG. Glutamate, excitotoxicity and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 1997; 244(Suppl 2): S3-S14.
56. Small DL, Buchan AM. NMDA antagonists: Their role in neuroprotection. Int Rev Neurobiol 1997; 40: 137-171.
57. Söllner TP, Rothman JE. Neurotransmission: harnessing fusion machinery at the synapse. Trends Neurosci 1994; 17: 344-349.
58. Takahashi M, Billups B, Rossi D, Sarantis M, Hamann M, Attwell D. The role of glutamate transporters in glutamate homeostasis in the brain. J Exp Biol 1997; 200: 401-409.
59. Thoresen M, Wyatt J. Keeping a cool head, post-hypoxic hypothermia - an old idea revisited. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86: 1029-1033.
60. +-channel inhibitors: an analysis of plasma membrane ion fluxes. J Neurochem 1996; 67: 389-397.
61. Timmerman W, Westerink BH. Brain microdialysis of GABA and glutamate: what does it signify? Synapse 1997; 27: 242-261.
62. Tsuchida E, Harms JF, Woodward JJ, Bullock R. A use-dependent sodium-channel antagonist, 619C89, in reduction of ischemic brain damage and glutamate release after acute subdural hematoma in the rat. J Neurosurg 1996; 85: 104-111.
63. Ueda Y, Obrenovitch TP, Lok S-Y, Sarna GS, Symon L. Efflux of glutamate produced by short ischemia of varied severity in the rat striatum. Stroke 1992; 23: 253-259.
64. Umemiya M, Berger AJ. Inhibition by riluzole of glycinergic postsynaptic currents in rat hypoglossal motoneurones. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 116: 3227-3230.
65. + channels: A rational and effective strategy against ischemic brain damage. Pharmacol Rev 1996; 48: 21-67.
66. Urenjak J, Obrenovitch TP. Pharmacological modulation of sodium channels by riluzole: an alternative to anti-excitotoxic actions. Rev Contemp Pharmacother 1997; 8: 237-246.
67. + influx. Pharmacology 1991; 43: 26-35.
68. Wada E, Shigemoto R, Kinoshita A, Ohishi H, Mizuno N. Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in axon terminals of projection fibers from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs: A light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1998; 393: 493-504.
69. Wahl F, Obrenovitch TP, Hardy AM, Plotkine M, Boulu R, Symon L. Extracellular glutamate during focal cerebral ischaemia in rats: Time course and calcium-dependency. J Neurochem 1994; 63: 1003-1011.
70. Wahl F, Renou E, Mary V, Stutzmann J-M. Riluzole reduces brain lesions and improves neurological function in rats after a traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 1997; 756: 247-255.
71. Xie Y, Dengler K, Zacharias E, Wilffert B, Tegtmeier F. Effects of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) on cellular ion homeostasis in rat brain subjected to complete ischemia. Brain Res 1994; 652: 216-224.
72. Waldmeier PC, Baumann PA, Wicki P, Feldtrauer JJ, Stierlin C, Schmutz M. Similar potency of carbamazepine, oxcarbamazepine, and lamotrigine in inhibiting the release of glutamate and other neurotransmitters. Neurology 1995; 45: 1907-1913.
73. Warner DS, Takaoka S, Wu B, Ludwig PS, Pearlstein RD, Brinkhous AD, Dexter F. Electroencephalographic burst suppression is not required to elicit maximal neuroprotection from pentobarbital in a rat model of focal cerebral-ischemia. Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 1475-1484.
74. Zhang C, Raghupathi R, Saatman KE, Smith DH, Stutzmann JM, Wahl F, McIntosh TK. Riluzole attenuates cortical lesion size, but not hippocampal neuronal loss, following traumatic brain injury in the rat. J Neurosci Res 1998; 52: 342-349.