Pharmacology of AMPA antagonists and their role in neurophotection

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn , Issue 40, 1996, Pages 197-232

  Gill, Rammy ^a   Lodge, David ^b  

^a F HOFFMANN LA ROCHE LTD   (Switzerland)

^b ELI LILLY AND COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA AMINO 3 HYDROXY 5 METHYL 4 ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID; AMINO ACID RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT;

ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG ANTAGONISM; HUMAN; REVIEW; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK;

ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID; ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID AGONISTS; HUMANS; ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS;

EID: 33845212776     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. Abcle, A.E., Scholz, K.P., Scholz, W.K. & Miller, RJ. (1990) Excitotoxicity induced by enhanced excitatory neurotransmission in cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurones. Neuron.4,413-419.
2. Agrawal, S.G. & Evans, R.H. (1986) The primary afferent depolarizing action of kainate in the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 87, 345-355.
3. Andiné, P.,Jacobson, I. & Hagberg, H. (1988) Calcium uptake evoked by electrical stimulation is enhanced postischaemically and precedes delayed neuronal death in CA1 of rat hippocampus: involvement of jV-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J. Cereb, Blood Flow Metab. 8, 799-807.
4. Andiné, P., Jacobson, I. & Hagberg, H. (1992) Enhanced calcium uptake by CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites in the postischaemic phase despite subnormal evoked field potentials: excitatory amino acid receptor dependency and relationship to neuronal damage. J. Cereb. Blood How Metab. 12,773-783.
5. Arvin, B., Moncada, G., Le Peillet, E., Chapman, A. & Meldrum, B.S. (1992) GYKI 52466 blocks the increase in extracellular glutamate induced by ischaemia. Neuroreport 3, 235-238.
6. Astrup, J., Siesjö, B.K. & Symon, L. (1981) Thresholds in cerebral ischaemia - the ischaemic penumbra. Stroke 12, 723-725.
7. Ault, B., Evans, R.H., Francis, A.A., Oakes, DJ. & WatkinsJ.C. (1980) Selective depression of excitatory amino acid induced depolarizations by magnesium ions in isolated spinal cord preparations. J. Phjsiol. Land. 307, 413-428.
8. Balchen, T. & Diemer, N.H. (1992) The AMPA antagonist, NBQX, protects against ischaemiainduced loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neuroreport 3, 785-788.
9. Benveniste, H. (1989) Brain microdialysis. J. Neuroclum. 52, 1667-1679.
10. Benveniste, H. (1991) The excitotoxin hypothesis in relation to cerebral ischaemia. Cerebrorasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 3, 213-245.
11. Benveniste, H., Drejer, J., Schousboe, A. & Diemer, N.H. (1984) Elevation of the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in rat hippocampus during transient cerebral ischaemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis. j. Neurochm. 43, 1369-1374.
12. Benveniste, H.,Jorgensen, M.B., Sandberg, M., Christenscn, T., Hagberg, H. & Diemer, N.H. (1989) Ischaemic damage in hippocampal CA1 is dependent on glutamate release and intact innervation from CA3. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Melab. 9, 629-639.
13. Bergstedt, K., Hu, B.R. & Weloch, T. (1993) Postischaemic changes in protein synthesis in the rat brain: effects of hypothermia. Exp. Brain Res. 95, 91-99.
14. Bettler, B. & Mulle, C. (l 995) Review: neurotransmitter receptors. II. AMPA and kainate receptors. Neuropharmacology 34, 123-139.
15. Bielenberg, G.W. & Beck, T. (1991) The effects of dizocilpine (MK-801), phencyclidine, and nimodipine on infarct size 48 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Brain Res. 552, 338-342.
16. Bigge, C.F., Malone, T.C., Boxer, P.A., Nelson, C.B., Ortwine, D.E, Schelkun, R.M., Retz, D.M., Lescosky, L.J., Borosky, S.A., Vartanian, M.G.,- Schwarz, R.D., Campbell, G.W., Robichaud, LJ. & Wätjen, F. (1995) Synthesis of 1,4,7,8,9,10-hcxahydro-9-methyl-6nitropyrido[3,4-fj- quinoxaline-2,3-dione and related quinoxalinediones: characterization of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (and .A-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor and anticonvulsant activity: J. Med. them. 38, 3720-3740.
17. Birch, PJ., Grossman, CJ. & Hayes, A.G. (1988) 6,7-Dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dion and 6-nitro,7-cyano-quinoxaline- 2,3-dion antagonise responses to NMDA in the rat spinal cord via an action at the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor. Eur.jf. Pharmacol. 156, 177-180.
18. Biscoe, TJ., Evans, R.H., Francis, A.A., Martin, M.R., Watkins, J.C., Davies, J. & Dray, A. (1977) D-alpha-aminoadipate as a selective antagonist of amino acid- induced and synaptic excitation of mammalian spinal neurones. Nature 270, 743-745.
19. Biscoe, TJ., Evans, R.H., Headley, P.M., Martin, M.R. & WatkinsJ.C. (1976) Structure-activity relations of excitatory amino acids on frog and rat spinal neurones. Br.J. Pharmacol. 58, 373-382.
20. Blaschke, M., Keller, B.U., Rivosecchi, R., Hollmann, M., Heinemann, S. & Konnerth, A. (1993) A single amino acid determines the subunit-specific spider toxin block of alphaamino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazo!e-4-propionate/kainate receptor channels. Proc. Natl Acad. Sei. USA 90, 6528-6532.
21. Bleakman, D., Pearson, K., Harnan, S., Kamboj, R. & Schoepp, D. (1995) Effects of LY293558 and NBQX on glutamate receptor responses in rat cerebellar Purkinje neurones and HEK293 cells expressing the human GluR6 glutamate receptor. Er. J. Pharmacol. 115, 112P.
22. Boast, C.A., Gerhardt, S.C., Pastor, G., LehmannJ., Etienne, P.E. & LiebmanJ.M. (1988) The .A-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists CGS 19755 and CPP reduce ischaemic brain damage in gerbils. Brain Res. 442, 345-348.
23. Bodsch, W., Barbier, A., Oehmichen, M., Gross Ophoff, B. & Hossmann, K.A. (1986) Recovery of monkey brain after prolonged ischacmia. II. Protein synthesis and morphological alterations. J. Cmb. Blood Flow Metab. 6, 22-33.
24. Brackley, P.T., Bell, D.R., Choi, S.K., Nakanishi, K. & Ushenvood, P.N. (1993) Selective antagonism of native and cloned kainate and NMDA receptors by polyamine-containing toxins. J. Pharmacol. Ep. Ther. 266, 1573-1580.
25. Bridges, RJ., Kadri, M.M., Monaghan, D.T., Nunn, P.B., WatkinsJ.C. & Cotman, C.W. (1988) Inhibition of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid binding by the excitotoxin beta-j\-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta- diaminopropionic acid. Eur.J. Pharmacol. 145, 357-359.
26. Browne, S.E. & McCulloch, J. (1994) AMPA receptor antagonists and local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. Brain Res. 641, 10-20.
27. Buchan, A.M. (1990) Do NMDA antagonists protect against cerebral ischaemia: are clinical trials warranted? Cerebroïasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 2, 1-26.
28. Buchan, A.M. & Pulsinelli, W.A. (1990) Septo-hippocampal deafferentation protects CA1 neurones against ischaemic injury. Brain Res. 512, 7-14.
29. Buchan, A., Li, H. & Pulsinelli, W.A. (1991a) The .A-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, MK-801, fails to protect against neuronal damage caused by transient, severe forebrain ischaemia in adult rats. J.ffeurosti. 11, 1049-1056.
30. Buchan, A.M., Xue, D., Huang, Z.G., Smith, K.H. & Lesiuk, H. (1991b) Delayed AMPA receptor blockade reduces cerebral infarction induced by focal ischaemia. Neunreport 2, 473-476.
31. Buchan, A.M., Li, H., Cho, S. & Pulsinelli, W.A. (1991c) Blockade of the AMPA receptor prevents CA1 hippocampal injury following severe but transient forebrain ischaemia in adult rats. Marosci. Lett. 132, 255-258.
32. Buchan, A.M., Gerder, S.Z., Li, H., Xue, D., Huang, Z.G., Chaundy, K.E., Barnes, K. & Lesiuk, H J. (1994) A selective N-type Ca(2+)-channel blocker prevents CA1 injury 24 h following severe forebrain ischaemia and reduces infarction following focal ischaemia. J. Cmb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 903-910.
33. Bullock, R., Graham, D.I., Chen, M.H., Lowe, D. & McCulloch, J. (1990) Focal cerebral ischaemia in the cat: pretreatment with a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, D-CPPene. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10, 668-674.
34. Bullock, R., Graham, D.I., Swanson, S. & McCulloch.J. (1994) Neuroprotective effect of the AMPA receptor antagonist LY-293558 in focal cerebral ischaemia in the cat. J. Cereb. Blood How Metab. 14,466-171.
35. Butcher, S.P., Bullock, R., Graham, D.I. & McCulloch.J. (1990) Correlation between amino acid release and neuropathologic outcome in rat brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 21, 1727-1733.
36. Chiamulera, C., Albertini, P., Valerio, E. & Reggiani, A. (1992) Activation of metabotropic receptors has a neuroprotective effect in a rodent model of focal ischaemia. Eur.J. Pharmacol. 216, 335-336.
37. Choi, DA V. (1988) Glutamate ncurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron I, 623-634.
38. Church, J., Zeman, S. & Lodge, D. (1988) The neuroprotective action of ketamine and MK-801 after transient cerebral ischaemia in rats. Anesthesiology 69, 702-709.
39. Curtis, D.R., Phillis, J.W. & Watkins, J.C. (1959) Chemical excitation of spinal neurones. Nature 183,611.
40. Curtis, D.R. & Watkins, J.C. (1960) The excitation and depression of spinal neurones by structurally related amino acids. J. Neurochem. 6, 117-141.
41. Curtis, D.R. & Watkins, J.C. (1963) Acidic amino acids with strong excitatory actions on mammalian neurones.J'. Plysiol. (Loud.) 166, 1-14.
42. Dani,J.A. & Mayer, M.L. (1995) Structure and function of glutamate and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5, 310-317.
43. Davies J. & Watkins, J.C. (1973) Antagonism of synaptic and amino acid induced excitation in the cuneate nucleus of the cat by HA-966. Neuropharmacology 12, 637-640.
44. Davies, J. & Watkins, J.C. (1977) Effect of magnesium ions on the responses of spinal neurones to excitatory amino acids and acetylcholine. Brain Res. 130, 364-368.
45. Davies, J. & Watkins, J.C. (1979) Selective antagonism of amino acid-induced and synaptic excitation in the cat spinal cord.J. P/ysiol. (Land.) 297, 621-635.
46. Davies, J. & Watkins, J.C. (1985) Depressant actions of gamma-D-glutamylaminomethyl sulfonate (GAMS) on amino acid-induced and synaptic excitation in the cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 327, 113-120.
47. Davies, S.N., Lester, R.A., Reymann, K.G. & Collingridge, G.L. ( 1989) Temporally distinct preand post-synaptic mechanisms maintain long-term potentiation. Nature 338, 500-503.
48. DeGraba, TJ., Ostrow, P., Hanson, S. & Grotta, J.C. (1994) Motor performance, histologie damage, and calcium influx in rats treated with NBQ_X after focal ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood FlowMelab. 14,262-268.
49. Desos, P., Lepagnol,J.M., Morain, P., Lestage, P. & Cordi, A.A. (1996) Structure-activity relationships in a series of 2(1H)- quinolones bearing different acidic function in the 3-position: 6,7-dichloro-2(lH)-oxoquinoline-3-phosphonic acid, a new potent and selective AMPA/kainate antagonist with neuroprotective properties. J. Med. Chan. 39, 197-206.
50. Diemer, N.H., Johansen, F.F. & Jorgensen, M.B. (1990) j\-methyl-D-aspartate and non-j\methyl-D-aspartate antagonists in global cerebral ischaemia. Stroke 21, III39-III42.
51. Diemer, N.H.,Jorgensen, M.B.,Johansen, F.F., Sheardown, M. & Honoré, T. (1992) Protection against ischaemic hippocampal CA1 damage in the rat with a new non-NMDA antagonist, NBQX. Ada. Neural. Scand. 86, 45-49.
52. Diemer, N.H. & Siemkowicz, E. (1980) Increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake in hippocampus, globus pallidus and substantia nigra after cerebral ischaemia. Acta. Neural. Stand. 61, 56-63.
53. Donevan, S.D. & Rogawski, M.A. (1993) GYKI 52466, a 2,3-benzodiazepine, is a highly selective, noncompetitive antagonist of AMPA/kainate receptor responses. Neuron 10, 51-59.
54. Duggan, A.W. (1974) The differential sensitivity to L-glutamate and L-aspartate of spinal interneurones and Renshaw cells. Exp. Brain Res. 19, 522-528.
55. Evans, R.H., Francis, A.A. & Watkins, J.C. (1977) Selective antagonism by Mg2+ of amino acidinduced depolarization of spinal neurones. Experientia 33, 489-191.
56. Evans, R.H., Francis, A.A. & Watkins, J.C. (1978) Mg'Mike selective antagonism of excitatory amino acid-induced responses by a-E-diamino-pimelic acid, D-ct-aminoadipate and HA-966 in isolated spinal cord of frog and immature rat. Brain Res. 148, 536-542.
57. Evans, R.H., Jones, A.W. & Watkins, J.C. (1980) Willardine: a potent quisqualate-like excitant. J. Plysiol (Ijond.) 308, 71P-72P.
58. Fletcher, EJ., Martin, D., Aram,J.A., Lodge, D. & Honoré, T. (1988) Quinoxalinediones selectively block quisqualate and kainate receptors and synaptic events in rat neocortex and hippocampus and frog spinal cord in vitro. Br.J. Pharmacol. 95, 585-597.
59. Foutz, A.S., Pierrefiche, O. & Denavit Saubie, M. (1994) Combined blockade of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors produces respirator)' arrest in the adult cat. jYeuroreport 5, 481-484.
60. Frank, L., Bruhn, T. & Diemer, N.H. (1992) Regional cerebral protein synthesis after transient ischaemia in the rat: effect of the AMPA antagonist NBQX. jVetmsci. Lett. 140, 108-112.
61. Frank, L., Bruhn, T. & Diemer, N.H. (1993) The effect of an AMPA antagonist (NBQX) on postischaemic neurone loss and protein synthesis in the rat brain. Exp. Brain Res. 95, 70-76.
62. Ghribi, O., CallebertJ., Verrecchia, C., Plotkine, M. & Boulu, R.G. (1995) Blockers of NMDA-operated channels decrease glutamate and aspartate extracellular accumulation in striatum during forebrain ischaemia in rats. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 9, 141-146.
63. Gill, R. & Lodge, D. (1991) The neuroprotective action of 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline (NBQX) in a rat focal ischaemia model. Br. J. Pharmacol. (Proc. Suppl). 102,61P.
64. Gill, R. & Lodge, D. (1992) The neuroprotective effects of a combination of MK-801 and NBQX in focal ischaemia. Br. J. Pharmacol. (Proc. Suppl.) 107, 59P.
65. Gill, R. & Lodge, D. (1994) The neuroprotective effects of the decahydroisoquinoline, LY 215490; a novel AMPA antagonist in focal ischaemia. Jteuropharmacology 33, 1529-1536.
66. Gill, R., Foster, A.C. & Woodruff, G.N. (1987) Systemic administration of MK-801 protects against ischaemia-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in the gerbil. J. jVeurosci. 7, 3343-3349.
67. GUI, R., Foster, A.C. & Woodruff, G.N. (1989) Neuroprotective actions of MK-801 in rat global ischaemia model. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Me lab (suppl. 1) 9, S629.
68. Gill, R., Brazell, C., Woodruff, G.N. & Kemp, J.A. (1991) The neuroprotective action of dizocilpine (MK-801) in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of focal ischaemia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 103, 2030-2036.
69. Gill, R., Andinc, P., Hillered, L., Persson, L. & Hagberg, H. (1992a) The effect of MK-801 on cortical spreading depression in the penumbral zone following focal ischaemia in the rat. J. Cmb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 371-379.
70. Gill, R., Nordholm, L. & Lodge, D. (1992b) The neuroprotective actions of 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl- benzo(F)quinoxaline (NBQX) in a rat focal ischaemia model. Brain Res. 580, 35-13.
71. Gul, R., Sibson, N.R., Hatfield, R.H., Burdett, N.G., Carpenter, T.A., Hall, L.D. & Pickard, J.D. (1995) A comparison of the early development of ischaemic damage following perma-nent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats as assessed using magnetic resonance imaging and histology. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 1-11.
72. Hagberg, H., Gilland, E., Diemer, N.H. & Andiné, P. (1994) Hypoxia-ischaemia in the neo-natal rat brain: histopathology after post-treatment with NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists. Biol. Xeonale 66, 205-213.
73. Hagberg, H., Lehmann, A., Sandberg, M., Nystrom, B., Jacobson, I. & Hamberger, A. (1985) Ischaemia-induced shift of inhibitory and excitatory amino acids from intra- to extracellular compartments. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Melab. 5, 413-419.
74. Haldeman, S., Huffman, R.D., Marshall, K.C. & McLennan, H. (1972) The antagonism of the glutamate-induced and synaptic excitations of thalamic neurones. Brain Res., 39, 419-125.
75. Haldeman, S. & McLennan, H. (1972) The antagonistic action of glutamic acid diethylester towards amino acid-induced and synaptic excitations of central neurones. Brain Res., 45, 393-400.
76. Hansen, AJ. (1985) Effect of anoxia on ion distribution in the brain. Plysiol. Rev., 65, 101-148.
77. Hansen, AJ. & Nedergaard, M. (1988) Brain ion homeostasis in cerebral ischaemia. Neurochem. Pathol., 9, 195-209.
78. Hansen, JJ. & Krogsgaard Larsen, P. (1990) Structural, conformational, and stereochemical requirements of central excitatory amino acid receptors. Med. Res. Rev., 10, 55-94.
79. Hatfield, R.H., Gill, R. & Brazell, C. (1992) The dose-response relationship and therapeutic window for dizocilpine (MK-801) in a rat focal ischaemia model. Eut J. Pharmacol., 216, 1-7.
80. Hayashi, T. (1952) A physiological study of epileptic seizures following cortical stimulation in animals and its application to human clinics. Japn. J. Physiol., 3, 46-64.
81. Herlitze, S., Raditsch, M., Ruppersberg, J.P., Jahn, W., Monyer, H., Schoepfer, R. & Witzemann, V. (1993) Argiotoxin detects molecular differences in AMPA receptor channels. Neuron 10, 1131-1140.
82. Hollmann, M., Hartley, M. & Heinemann, S. (1991) Ca2+ permeability of KA-AMPA-gated glutamate receptor channels depends on subunit composition. Science 252, 851-853.
83. Hollmann, M. & Heinemann, S. (1994) Cloned glutamate receptors. Anna. Rev. Neurosci., 17, 31-108.
84. Hollmann, M., O'Shea-Greenfield, A., Rogers, S.W. & Heinemann, S. (1989) Cloning by functional expression of a member of the glutamate receptor family. Nature 342, 643-648.
85. Honoré, T., Davies, S.N., DrejerJ., Fletcher, EJ.Jacobsen, P., Lodge, D. & Nielsen, F.E. (1988) Quinoxalinediones: potent competitive non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists. Science 241,701-703.
86. Isaac, J.T., Nicoll, R.A. & Malenka, R.C. (1995) Evidence for silent synapses: implications for the expression of LTP. Neuron 15, 427-434.
87. Izumisawa, N., Kawakami, A., Ohata, T., Hanada, T. & Okeda, R. (1995) YM90K, an AMPA antagonist, has no neurotoxic effects on cerebrocortical neurones in rats. Exp. Neural. 134, 199-204.
88. Jackson, H. & Ushenvood, P.N. (1988) Spider toxins as tools for dissecting elements of excita-tory amino acid transmission. TrendsNeurosci. 11, 278-283.
89. Johansen, F.F., Jorgensen, M.B. & Diemer, N.H. (1986) Ischaemic CA-1 pyramidal cell loss is prevented by preischaemic colchicine destruction of dentate gyrus granule cells. Brain Res. 377, 344-347.
90. Johansen, F.F., ZimmerJ. & Diemer, N.H. (1987) Early loss of somatostatin neurones in dentate hilus after cerebral ischaemia in the rat precedes CA-1 pyramidal cell loss. Acta. Neuropathol. Berl.n, 110-114.
91. Johnston, G.A.R., Curtis, D.R., Davies, J. & McCulloch, R.M. (1974) Spinal interneurone excitation by conformationally restricted analogues of L-glutamic acid. Nature 248, 804-805.
92. Jones, M.G., Anis, N.A. & Lodge, D. (1990) Philanthotoxin blocks quisqualate-, AMPA- and kainate-, but not NMDA-, induced excitation of rat brainstem neurones in rivo. Br. J. Pharmacol. 101, 968-970.
93. Jorgensen, M.B. & Diemer, N.H. (1982) Selective neurone loss after cerebral ischaemia in the rat: possible role of transmitter glutamate. Acta. Neural. Scand. 66, 536-546.
94. Jorgensen, M.B., Johansen, F.F. & Diemer, N.H. (1987) Removal of the entorhinal cortex pro-tects hippocampal CA-1 neurones from ischaemic damage. Acta Neuropathol. (Bed.) 73, 189-194.
95. Jorgensen, M.B., Wright, D.C. & Diemer, N.H. (1990) Postischaemic glucose metabolism b modified in the hippocampal CA1 region depleted of excitatory input or pyramidal cells. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10, 243-251.
96. Judge, M.E., Sheardown, M J., Jacobsen, P. & Honoré, T. (1991) Protection against postischaemic behavioural pathology by the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX) in the gerbil. Neurosci. Lett. 133, 291-294.
97. Kamphuis, W., De Leeuw, F.E. & Lopes Da Suva, F.H. (1995) Ischaemia does not alter the editing status at the Q/R site of glutamate rcceptor-A, -B, -5 and -6 subunit mRNA. Neuroreport, 6, 1133-1136.
98. Kaplan, B., Brint, S., Tanabe, J., Jacewicz, M., Wang, XJ. & Pulsinelli, W. (1991) Temporal thresholds for neocortical infarction in rats subjected to reversible focal cerebral ischaemia. Stroke 22, 1032-1039.
99. Kemp, J.A. (1994) Mechanisms of neuronal cell damage. Trends Pharmacol. Sei. (Nomen. Suppl.) 1994.
100. Kirino, T. (1982) Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischaemia. Brain Res. 239, 57-69.
101. Kiskin, N.I., Krishtal, O.A. & Tsyndrenko, A.Y. (1986) Excitatory amino acid receptors in hippocampal neurones: kainate fails to desensitize them. Neurosci. Lett. 63, 225-230.
102. Koh, J.Y., Palmer, E., Lin, A. & Cotman, C.W. (1991) A metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist does not mediate neuronal degeneration in cortical culture. Brain Res. 561, 338-343.
103. Kohno, K., Mies, G., Djuricic, B. & Hossmann, K.A. (1994) NBQX reduces threshold of protein synthesis inhibition in focal ischaemia in rats. Neuroreport 5, 2342-2344.
104. Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Ferkany, J.W., Nielsen, E.O., Madsen, U., Ebert, B., Johansen, J.S., Diemer, N.H., Bruhn, T., Beattie, D.T. & Curtis, D.R. (1991) Novel class of amino acid antag-onists at non-.A-methyl-D-aspartic acid excitatory amino acid receptors. Synthesis, in vitro and in mo pharmacology, and neuroprotection. J. Med. C/iem. 34, 123-130.
105. Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Honoré, T., Hansen, JJ., Curtis, D.R. & Lodge, D. (1980) New class of glutamate agonist structurally related to ibotenic acid. Nature 284, 64-66.
106. Lauritzen, M., Rice, M.E., Okada, Y. & Nicholson, C. (1988) Quisqualate, kainate and NMDA can initiate spreading depression in the turtle cerebellum. Brain Res. 475, 317-327.
107. Leblanc, M.H., Li, X.Q., Huang, M., Patel, D.M. & Smith, E.E. (1995) AMPA antagonist LY293558 does not affect the severity of hypoxic-ischaemic injury in newborn pigs. Stroke 26, 1908-1914.
108. Lei, S.H.Z., Zhang, D.X., Abele, A.E. & Lipton, S.A. (1992) Blockade of NMDA receptor-mediated mobilization of intracellular Ca2t prevents neurotoxicity. Brain Res. 598, 196-202.
109. Le Peillet, E., Arvin, B., Moncada, G. & Meldrum, B.S. (1992) The non-NMDA antagonists, NBQX and GYKI 52466, protect against cortical and striatal cell loss following transient global ischaemia in the rat. Brain Res. 571, 115-120.
110. Lester, R.A., Quarum, M.L., ParkerJ.D., Weber, E. &Jahr, C.E. (1989) Interaction of 6-cyano7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site. Mol. Pharmacol. 35, 565-570.
111. Li, H. &Buchan, A.M. (1993) Treatment with an AMPA antagonist 12 hours following severe normothermic forebrain ischaemia prevents CA1 neuronal injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 933-939.
112. Liao, D., Hessler, N.A. & Malinow, R. (1995) Activation of postsynaptically silent synapses during pairing-induced LTP in CA1 region of hippocampal slice. Nature 375, 400-404.
113. Lippert, K., Welsch, M. & Krieglstein,J. (1994) Over-additive protective effect of dizocilpine and NBQX against neuronal damage. Eur.J. Pharmacol. 253, 207-213.
114. Lo, E.H., Steinberg, G.K., Panahian, N., Maidment, N.T. & Newcomb, R. (1993) Profiles of extracellular amino acid changes in focal cerebral ischaemia: effects of mild hypothermia. Neural. Res., 15,281-287.
115. Lodge, D., Headley, P.M. & Curtis, D.R. (1978) Selective antagonism by D-alpha-aminoadipate of amino acid and synaptic excitation of cat spinal neurones. Brain Res. 152, 603-608.
116. Lodge, D. &Johnson, K.M. (1990) Noncompetitive excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists. Trends. Pharmacol. Sei. 11, 81-86.
117. Lodge, D., Jones, M.G. & Palmer, AJ. (1991) Excitatory amino acids: new tools for old stories or pharmacological subtypes of glutamate receptors: electrophysiological studies. Can. J. Plysiol. Pharmacol. 69,1123-1128.
118. Lodge, D., Jones, M.G., Palmer, A.J. & Zeman, S. (1992) Electrophysiology of glutamate receptors. In Drug Research Related to Neuroactwe Amino Acids (eds Schousboe, A., Diemer, N.H. & Kofod, H.), pp. 153-160. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
119. Matsumoto, K., Lo, E.H., Pierce, A.R., Halpern, E.E & Newcomb, R. (1996) Secondary elevation of extracellular neurotransmitter amino acids in the reperfusion phase following focal cerebral ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 114-124.
120. Matsumoto, M., Zornow, M.H., Scheller, M.S. & Strnat, M.A. (1992) AMPA and NMDA receptor antagonists do not decrease hippocampal glutamate concentrations during transient global ischaemia. Anesl/iesiolog)' 77, 764-771.
121. Mayer, M.L. & Vyklicky, LJ. (1989) Concanavalin A selectively reduces desensitization of mammalian neuronal quisqualate receptors. Proc. NatlAcad. Sei. USA 86, 1411-1415.
122. McCulloch, J. (1991) Ischaemic brain damage - prevention with competitive and noncompetitive antagonists of jY-methyl-D-apartate Kccplors.Arzneimitt(lforschung41, 319-324.
123. McCulloch,J., Bullock, R. &Teasdale, G.M. (1991) Excitatory amino acid antagonists: opportunities for the treatment of ischaemic brain damage in man. In Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists (ed. Meldrum, B.S.), pp. 287-326. Blackwell, London
124. McCulloch, J. & Iversen, L.L. (1991) Autoradiographic assessment of the effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists in vim. j\eurochem. Res. 16, 951-963.
125. McLennan, H., Huffman, R.D. & Marshall, K.C. (1968) Patterns of excitation of thalamic neurones by amino acids and by acetylcholine. Nature 219, 387-388.
126. McLennan, H. & Lodge, D. (1979) The antagonism of amino acid-induced excitation of spinal neurones in the cat. Brain Res. 169, 83-90.
127. Meldrum, B. (1990) Protection against ischaemic neuronal damage by drugs acting on excitatory neurotransmission. Cerebrovasc. Brain Melab. Rev. 2, 27-57.
128. Mies, G., Kohno, K. & Hossmann, K.A. (1994) Prevention of peri-infarct direct current shifts with glutamate antagonist NBQX following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Melab. 14, 802-807.
129. 2+ homeostasis. Prog. Neurobiol. 37, 255-285.
130. Moudy, A.M., Yamada, K.A. & Rothman, S.M. (1994) Rapid desensitization determines the pharmacology of glutamate neurotoxicity. Xeuropharmacology 33, 953-962.
131. Nakanishi, S. & Masu, M. (1994) Molecular diversity and functions of glutamate receptors. Annu. Rev. Biophjs. Biomol. Strucl. 23, 319-348.
132. Nedergaard, M. & AstrupJ. (1986) Infarct rim: effect of hyperglycemia on direct current potential and 2-deoxyglucose phosphorylation.J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 6, 607-615.
133. NeUgârd, B. & Wieloch, T. (1992) Postischaemic blockade of AMPA but not NMDA receptors mitigates neuronal damage in the rat brain following transient severe cerebral ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Melab., 12, 2-11.
134. Nellgârd, B. & Wieloch, T. (1992) NMDA-receptor blockers but not NBQX, an AMPA-receptor antagonist, inhibit spreading depression in the rat brain. Acta. Phjsiol. Scand. 146,497-503.
135. Nielsen, E.O.,Johansen, T.H., Wätjen, F. & Drejer,J. (1995) Characterization of the binding of [3HJNS 257, a novel competitive AMPA receptor antagonist, to rat brain membranes and brain sections. J. Xeurochem. 65, 1264-1273.
136. NuglischJ., Karkoutly, C., Mennel, H.D., Rossberg, C. & KrieglsteinJ. (1990) Protective effect of nimodipine against ischaemic neuronal damage in rat hippocampus without changing postischaemic cerebral blood flow. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10, 654-659.
137. Nurse, S.M. & Corbett, D. (1993) Does hypothermia contribute to the neuroprotective action of NBQX? Soc. jVeurosci. Abst. 683.3.
138. Ohmori, J., Sakamoto, S., Kubota, H., Shimizu Sasamata, M., Okada, M., Kawasaki, S., Hidaka, K., Togami, J., Furuya, T. & Murase, K. (1994) 6-(lH-imidazol-l-yl)-7-nitro2,3(1 H,4H)-quinoxalinedione hydrochloride (YM90K) and related compounds: structureactivity relationships for the AMPA-type non-NMDA receptor. J. Med. Cfiem. 37, 467-475.
139. Ohta, S., Smith, M.L. & Siesjö, B.K. (1991) The effect of a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist (isradipine) on selective neuronal necrosis. J. Neural. Sei. 103, 109-115.
140. Olney, J.W. (1969) Glutamate-induced retinal degeneration in neonatal mice. Electron microscopy of the acutely evolving lesion. J. Neuropathol. Exp. jYeurol. 28, 455-474.
141. Olney, JAV., Labruyere, J. & Price, M.T. (1989) Pathological changes induced in cérébrocortical neurones by phencyclidine and related drugs. Science 244, 1360-1362.
142. Opitz, T. & Reymann, K.G. (1991) Blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptors protects rat CA1 neurones from hypoxic injury. j\euroreport 2,455-457.
143. Opitz, T., Richter, P. & Reymann, K.G. (1994) The metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist (+)-alpha- methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine protects hippocampal CA1 neurones of the rat from in vitro hypoxia/hypoglycemia. Neuroftharmacology 33,715-717.
144. Ornstein, P.L., Arnold, M.B., Augenstein, N.K, Lodge, D., Leander, J.D. & Schoepp, D.D. (1993) (3SK,4aÄS,6ÄS,8aÄty6-[2-(lH-tetrazol-5-yl)ethyl]decahydroisoquin oline-3-carboxylic acid: a structurally novel, systemically active, competitive AMPA receptor antagonist. J. Med. Chem. 36, 2046-2048.
145. Ornstein, P.L., Arnold, M.B., Allen, N.K., Leander, J.D., Tizzano, J.P., Lodge, D. & Schoepp, D.D. (1995) (3SR,4zRSSR,8aRS)-6-( l H-tetrazol-5-yl)decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, a novel, competitive, systemically active NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonist. J. Med. Chem. 38, 4885-1890.
146. Ouardouz, M. & Durand, J. (1991) GYKI 52466 antagonizes glutamate responses but not NMDA and kainate responses in rat abducens motoneurones. Neurosci. Lett. 125, 5-8.
147. Ozawa, S., lino, M. & Tsuzuki, K. (1991) Two types of kainate response in cultured rat hippocampal neurones. J. Neurophysiol. 66, 2-11.
148. Ozyurt, E., Graham, D.I., Woodruff, G.N. & McCullochJ. (1988) Protective effect of the glutamate antagonist, MK-801 in focal cerebral ischaemia in the cat.J. Cereb. Blood Row Metab. 8, 138-143.
149. Park, G.K., Nehls, D.G., Graham, D.I., Teasdale, G.M. & McCullochJ. (1988a) Focal cerebral ischaemia in the cat: treatment with the glutamate antagonist MK-801 after induction of ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8, 757-762.
150. Park, C.K., Nehls, O.G., Graham, D.I, Teasdale, G.M. & McCullochJ. (1988b) The glutamate antagonist MK-801 reduces focal ischaemic brain damage in the rat. Ann. Neural. 24, 543-551.
151. Parsons, G.G., Grüner, R. & Rozcntal J. (1994) Comparative patch clamp studies on the kinetics and selectivity of glutamate receptor antagonism by 2,3- dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(F)quinoxaline (NBQX) and l-(4-amino-phenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylendioxyl-5H2,3- benzodiazepine (GYKI 52466). Mumpharmacology 33, 589-604.
152. Partin, K.M., Patneau, O.K. & Mayer, M.L. (1994) Cyclothiazide differentially modulates desensitization of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor splice variants. Mol. Pharmacol. 46, 129-138.
153. Partin, K.M., Patneau, D.K, Winters, C.A, Mayer, M.L. & Buonanno, A. (1993) Selective modulation of desensitization at AMPA versus kainate receptors by cyclothiazide and concanavalin A. Neuron 11, 1069-1082.
154. Paternain, A.V, Morales, M. & Lerma, J. (1995) Selective antagonism of AMPA receptors unmasks kainate receptor-mediated responses in hippocampal neurones. Neuron 14, 185-189.
155. Patneau, D.K., Mayer, M.L. Jane, D.E. & WatkinsJ.C. (1992) Activation and desensitization of AMPA/kainate receptors by novel derivatives of willardiine. J. Neurosci. 12, 595-606.
156. Pellegrini-Giampietro, D.E., Pulsinelli, WA. & Zukin, R.S. (1994) NMDA and non-NMDA receptor gene expression global brain ischaemia in rats: effect of NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists. J. Neuroehem. 62, 1067-1073.
157. Pellegrini-Giampietro, D.E., Zukin, R.S, Bennett, M.V, Cho, S. & Pulsinelli, W.A. (1992) Switch in glutamate receptor subunit gene expression in CA1 subfield of hippocampus following global ischaemia in rats. Proc. NatlAcad. Sei. USA 89, 10499-10503.
158. Pollard, H, Heron, A, Morcau J, Ben Ari, Y. & Khrestchatisky, M. (1993) Alterations of the GluR-B AMPA receptor subunit flip/flop expression in kainate-induced epilepsy and ischaemia. Neuroscience 57, 545-554.
159. Priestley, T, Woodruff, G.N. & KempJ.A. (1989) Antagonism of responses to excitatory amino acids on rat cortical neurones by the spider toxin, argiotoxin 636. Er. J. Pharmacol. 97, 1315-1323.
160. Pulsinelli, W.A., BrierleyJ.B. & Plum, E (1982) Temporal profile of neuronal damage in a model of transient forebrain ischaemia. Ann. Neural. 11, 491-498.
161. Pulsinelli, W.A. & Cho, S. (1992) Blockade of the AMPA receptor beginning 8 hours after transient forebrain ischaemia attenuates CA1 hippocampal injury in rats. Neurology (Suppl. 3), 532S.
162. Rothman, S.M. & Olney, J.W. (1987) Excitotoxicity and the NMDA receptor. Trends. Murosci. 10, 299-302.
163. Schoepp, D., Bockaert,J. & Sladeczek, F. (1990) Pharmacological and functional characteristics of metabotropic excitatory amino acid receptors. Trends. Pharmacol. Sei. 11, 508-515.
164. Schoepp, D.D., Lodge, D, Bleakman, D, Leander, J.D., Tizzano, J.P., Wright, R.A., Palmer, A.J., Salhoff, C.R. & Ornstein, P.L. (1996) In litro and in vivo antagonism of AMPA receptor activation by (3S,4afi,6/?,8afi)-6-[2-(l(2)H-tetrazole-5-yl)ethyl[decahydroisoquinoline- 3carboxylic acid. jVeuropharmacology 34, 1159-1168.
165. Seeburg, P.H. (1993) The TINS/TIPS lecture - The molecular biology of mammalian glutamate receptor channels. Trends. j\reurosci. 16, 359-365.
166. Sheardown, M J., Nielsen, E.O., Hansen, AJ.Jacobsen, P. & Honoré, T. (1990) 2,3-Dihydroxy6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline: a neuroprotectant for cerebral ischaemia. Science 247,571-574.
167. Sheardown, M.J., Suzdak, P.D. & Nordholm, L. (1993) AMPA, but not NMDA, receptor antagonist is neuroprotective in gerbil global ischaemia, even when delayed 24 h. Eur.J. Pharmacol. 236, 347-353.
168. Shimizu-Sasamata, M., Kawasakiyatsugi, S., Okada, M., Sakamoto, S., Yatsugi, S., Togami, J., Hatanaka, K., OhmoriJ., Koshiya, K., Usuda, S. & Murase, K. (1996) YM90K: Pharmacological characterization as a selective and potent alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazoIe4-propionate kainate receptor antagonist. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 276, 84-92.
169. Shinozaki, H. & Konishi, S. (1970) Actions ofseveral anthelmintics and insecticides on rat cortical neurones. Brain Res. 24, 368-371.
170. Shinozaki, H. & Shibuya, I. (1974) A new potent excitant, quisqualic acid: effects on crayfish neuromuscular junction. Neuropharmacology 13, 665-672.
171. Siesjö, B.K. (1981) Cell damage in the brain: a speculative synthesis, jf. Cereb. Blood Flow Atetab. 1, 155-185.
172. Siesjö, B.K. & Bengtsson, F. (1989) Calcium fluxes, calcium antagonists, and calcium-related pathology in brain ischaemia, hypoglycemia, and spreading depression: a unifying hypothesis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow A fetab. 9, 127-140.
173. Simon, R.P., Swan J.H., Griffiths, T. & Meldrum, B.S. (1984) Blockade ofJV-methyl-D-aspartate receptors may protect against ischaemic damage in the brain. Science 226, 850-852.
174. Simmonds, M.A. & Hörne, A.L. (1988) Barbiturates and excitatory amino acid interactions. In Excitatory Amino Acids in Health and Disease (ed. Meldrum, D.), pp. 219-236. John \\lley & Sons, Chichester.
175. Smith, M.L., Bendek, G., Dahlgren, N., Rosen, L, Weloch, T. & Siesjö, B.K. (1984) Models for studying long-term recovery following forebrain ischaemia in the rat. (2) A 2-vessel occlusion model. Acta. Jfeuwl. Scand. 69, 385-401.
176. Smith, S.E. & Meldrum, B.S. (1992) Cerebroprotective effect of a non-.A-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, GYKI 52466, after focal ischaemia in the rat. Stroke 23, 861-864.
177. Spencer, P.S., Nunn, P.B., Hugon, J., Ludolph, A.C., Ross, S.M., Roy, D.N. & Robertson, R.C. (1987) Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia linked to a plant excitant neurotoxin. Science 237, 517-522.
178. Spencer, P.S., Roy, D.N., Ludolph, A., Hugon, J., Dwivedi, M.P. & Schaumburg, H.H. (1986) Lathyrism: evidence for role of the neuroexcitatory aminoacid BOAA. Lancet, 2, 1066-1067.
179. Stein, E., Cox, J.A., Seeburg, P.H. & Verdoorn, T.A. (1992) Complex pharmacological properties of recombinant alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor subtypes. Mol. Pharmacol. 42, 864-871.
180. Sugiyama, H., Ito, I. & Hirono, C. (1987) A new type of glutamate receptor linked to inositol phospholipid metabolism. Mature 325, 531-533.
181. Suzdak, P.D. & Sheardown, MJ. (1993) Effect of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist, 2,3-dihydro-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline, on local cerebral glucose uptake in the limbic forebrain.J. Xeuwchem. 61, 1577-1580.
182. Swedberg, M.D., Jacobsen, P. & Honoré, T. (1995) Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and dis-criminative effects of the AMPA antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX) J. Pharmacol. E\p. Ther. 274, 1113-1121.
183. Tamura, A., Graham, D.I., McCulloch,J. & Teasdale, G.M. (1981a) Focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat. (2) Regional cerebral blood flow determined by iodoantipyrine autoradiography following middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1, 61-69.
184. Tamura, A., Graham, D.I., McCuIloch.J. & Teasdale, G.M. (1981b) Focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat. (1) Description of technique and early neuropathological consequences following middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Cereb. Shod Flow Metab. 1, 53-60.
185. Tarnawa, I., Farkas, S., Berzsenyi, P., Patfalusi, M. & Andrasi, F. (1990) Reflex inhibitory action of a non-NMDA type excitatory amino acid antagonist, GYKI 52466. Ada. P/ysiol. Hung. 75 (Suppl), 277-278.
186. Uematsu, D., Greenberg, J.H., Reivich, M. & Karp, A. (1988) In lito measurement of cytosolic free calcium during cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion. Ann. jVeurol. 24, 420-428.
187. Van Harreveld, A. (1959) Compounds in brain extracts causing spreading depression of cerebral cortical activity and contraction of crustacean muscle. J. jYeurochem. 3, 300-315.
188. Verdoorn, T.A., Burnashev, N., Monyer, H., Seeburg, P.H. & Sakmann, B. (1991) Structural determinants of ion flow through recombinant glutamate receptor channels. Science 252, 1715-1718.
189. Warner, M.A., Neill, K.H., Nadler, J.V & Grain, BJ. (1991a) Regionally selective effects of NMDA receptor antagonists against ischaemic brain damage in the gerbil.J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11,600-610.
190. Warner, D.S., Zhou,J.G., Ramani, R. &Todd, M.M. (1991b) Reversible focal ischaemia in the rat: effects of halothane, isofiurane, and methohexital anesthesia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11,794-802.
191. Wätjen, F., Bigge, C.F., Jensen, L.H., Boxer, P.A., Lescocky, L.J., Nielsen, E.O., Malone, T.C., Campbell, G.W, Coughenour, L.L., Rock, D.M., Drcjer, J. & Marcoux, F.W. (1994) NS 257(1,2,3,6,7,8,-hexahydro-3(hydroxyimino)-N,N,7-trimethyl-2-oxobenzo 2,1-b:3,4-c')dipyrrole-5-sulfonamide) is a potent, systemically active AMPA receptor antagonist. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lilt. 4, 371-376.
192. Watkins, J. & Collingridge, G. (1994) Phenylglycine derivatives as antagonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Trends. Pharmacol. Sei. 15, 333-342.
193. Watkins, J.C., Krogsgaard Larsen, P. & Honoré, T. (1990) Structure-activity relationships in the development of excitatory amino acid receptor agonists and competitive antagonists. Trends. Pharmacol. Set. 11, 25-33.
194. Weiss, J.H., Koh, J.Y. & Choi, D.W. (1989) Neurotoxicity of beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and beta-.A-oxalylamino-L-alanine (BOAA) on cultured cortical neurones. Brain Res. 497,64-71.
195. Wilding, TJ. & Huettner, J.E. (1995) Differential antagonism of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-preferring and kainate-preferring receptors by 2,3-benzodiazepines. Mol. Pliarmacol. 47, 582-587.
196. Wisden, W. & Seeburg, P.H. (1993) Mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors. Curr. Opin. Murobiol. 3, 291-298.
197. Wo, Z.G. & Oswald, R.E. (1994) Transmembrane topology- of two kainate receptor subunits revealed by N-glycosylation. Proc. Mall Acad. Set. USA 91, 7154-7158.
198. Woods, J.H., Koek, W, France, C.P. & Moerschbaecher, J.M. (1991) Behavioural effects of NMDA antagonists. In Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists (ed. Meldrum, B.S.), pp. 237-264. Blackwell, London.
199. Wong, E.H. & Kemp, J.A. (1991) Sites for antagonism on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel complex. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 31, 401-425.
200. Wong, L.A. & Mayer, M.L. (1993) Differential modulation by cyclothiazide and concanavalin A of desensitization at native alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acidand kainate-preferring glutamate receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 44, 504-510.
201. Xue, D., Huang, Z.G., Barnes, K., Lesiuk, HJ., Smith, K.E. & Buchan, A.M. (1994) Delayed treatment with AMPA, but not NMDA, antagonists reduces neocortical infarction. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Afetub. 14, 251-261.
202. Yamada, K.A. & Rothman, S.M. (1992) Diazoxide blocks glutamate desensitization and prolongs excitatory postsynaptic currents in rat hippocampal neurones. J. P/ysiol. (Land.) 458, 409-423.
203. Yamada, K.A., Teraoka, T., Morita, S., Hasegawa, T. & Nabeshima, T. (1994) Omega-conotoxin GVIA protects against ischaemia-induced neuronal death in the Mongolian gerbil but not against quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity in the rat. JVeuropharmacology 33, 251-254.
204. Zeman, S. & Lodge, D. (1992) Pharmacological characterization of non-NMDA subtypes of glutamate receptor in the neonatal rat hemisected spinal cord in utro. Br.J. Pharmacol. 106, 367-372.
205. Zeman, S., Lloyd, C., Meldrum, B. & Leigh, P.M. (1994) Annotation: excitatory amino acids, free radicals and the pathogenesis of motor neurone disease. Neuropathol. Appl. Nemobiol. 20, 219-231.
206. Zorumski, C.F., Yamada, K.A., Price, M.T. & Olney,J.W. (1993) A benzodiazepine recognition site associated with the non-NMDA glutamate receptor. Neuron 10, 61-67.