Altered glutamatergic transmission in neurological disorders: From high extracellular glutamate to excessive synaptic efficacy

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 39-87

  Obrenovitch, Tihomir P ^a,b   Urenjak, Jutta ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c PFIZER GLOBAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1 (4 AMINOPHENYL) 4 METHYL 7,8 METHYLENEDIOXY 5H 2,3 BENZODIAZEPINE; 1 AMINO 1,3 CYCLOPENTANEDICARBOXYLIC ACID; 2 AMINOPHOSPHOPENTANOATE; 2,4 DIAMINO 5 (2,3,5 TRICHLOROPHENYL)PYRIMIDINE; 4 ACETAMIDO 4' ISOTHIOCYANATOSTILBENE 2,2' DISULFONIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 4 PHOSPHONOMETHYLPIPECOLIC ACID; 6 CYANO 7 NITRO 2,3 QUINOXALINEDIONE; 6 NITRO 7 SULFAMOYLBENZO[F]QUINOXALINE 2,3 DIONE; ALPHA AMINO 3 HYDROXY 5 METHYL 4 ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID; APTIGANEL; DIZOCILPINE; ELIPRODIL; ENADOLINE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; GLUTAMIC ACID; SIPATRIGINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; GLUTAMATES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS;

EID: 0031049236     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(96)00049-4     Document Type: Review

References (553)

1. Abele, A. E. and Miller, R. J. (1990) Potassium channel activators abolish excitotoxicity in cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 115, 195-200.
2. --evoked amino acid release in the ventral hippocampus of the rat in vivo. Br. J. Pharmacol. (suppl.) 115, 116P.
3. Albin, R. L. and Greenamyre, J. T. (1992) Alternative excitotoxic hypotheses. Neurology 42, 733-738.
4. Alessandri, B., Landolt, H., Langemann, H., Gregorin, J., Hall, J. and Gratzl, O. (1996) Application of glutamate in the cortex of rats: a microdialysis study. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. (Wien) 67, 6-12.
5. Alexis, N. E., Back, T., Zhao, W., Dietrich, W. D., Watson, B. D. and Ginsberg, M. D. (1996) Neurobehavioral consequences of induced spreading depression following photothrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain Res. 706, 273-282.
6. Althaus, J. S., Andrus, P. K., Williams, C. M., von Voigtlander, P. F., Cazers, A. R. and Hall, E. D. (1993) The use of salicylate hydroxylation to detect hydroxyl radical generation in ischaemic and traumatic brain injury - Reversal by tirilazad mesylate (U-74006F). Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 20, 147-162.
7. Alsarraf, H., Preston, J. E. and Segal, M. B. (1995) The entry of acidic amino acids into brain and CSF during development, using in situ perfusion in the rat. Develop. Brain Res. 90, 151-158.
8. Andiné, P., Jacobson, I. and Hagberg, H. (1988) Calcium uptake evoked by electrical stimulation is enhanced postischaemically and precedes delayed neuronal death in CA1 of rat hippocampus: involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8, 799-807.
9. Arvanov, V. L., Holmes, K. H., Keele, N. B. and Shinnick-Gallagher, P. (1995) The functional role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in epileptiform activity induced by 4-aminopyridine in the rat amygdala slice. Brain Res. 669, 140-144.
10. 2+-influx. Br. J. Pharmacol. 98, 225-235.
11. Astrup, J. (1982) Energy-requiring cell functions in the ischaemic brain. Their critical supply and possible inhibition in protective therapy. J. Neurosurg. 56, 482-497.
12. Astrup, J., Blennow, G. and Nilsson, B. (1979) Effects of reduced cerebral blood flow on EEG pattern, cerebral extracellular potassium, and energy metabolism in the rat cortex during bicuculline-induced seizures. Brain Res. 117, 115-126.
13. Asztely, F., Wigstrsm, H. and Gustafsson, B. (1992) The relative contribution of NMDA receptor channels in the expression of long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 region. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4, 500-505.
14. Attwell, P. J. E., Kaura, S., Sigala, G., Bradford, H. F., Croucher, M. J., Jane, D. E. and Watkins, J. C. (1995) Blockade of both epileptogenesis and glutamate release by (1S,3S)-ACPD, a presynaptic glutamate-receptor agonist. Brain Res. 698, 155-162.
15. Avoli, M., Drapeau, C., Louvel, J., Pumain, R., Olivier, A. and Villemure, J.-G. (1991) Epileptiform activity induced by low extracellular magnesium in the human cortex maintained in vitro. Ann. Neurol. 30, 589-596.
16. O in the human epileptic neocortex maintained in vitro. Brain Res. 417, 199-203.
17. Back, T., Ginsberg, M. D., Dietrich, W. D. and Watson, B. D. (1996) Induction of spreading depression in the ischaemic hemisphere following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion: Effect on infarct morphology. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 202-213.
18. Back, T., Kohno, K. and Hossmann, K.-A. (1994) Cortical negative DC deflections following middle cerebral artery occlusion and KCl-induced spreading depression: effect on blood flow, tissue oxygenation and electroencephalogram. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 12-19.
19. Bagetta, G., Iannone, M., Palma, E., Nisticò, G. and Dolly, J. O. (1996) N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate seizures and CA1 hippocampal damage induced by dendrotoxin-K in rats. Neuroscience 71, 613-624.
20. + channel blocker - involves non-NMDA receptor activation. Neurochem. Int. 24, 81-90.
21. Baker, A. J., Moulton, R. J., MacMillan, V. H. and Shedden, P. M. (1993) Excitatory amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid following traumatic brain injury in humans. J. Neurosurg. 79, 369-372.
22. Balcar, V. J., Johnston, G. A. R. and Twitchin, B. (1977) Stereospecifity of the inhibition of L-glutamate and L-aspartate high affinity uptake in rat brain slices by threo-3-hydroxyaspartate. J. Neurochem. 28, 1145-1146.
23. 3H]kainate studied by autoradiography in rat forebrain. Neurochem. Int. 26, 155-164.
24. Balestrino, M., Aitken, P. G. and Somjen. G. G. (1989) Spreading depression-like hypoxic depolarization in CA1 and fascia dentata of hippocampal slices: relationship to selective vulnerability. Brain Res. 497, 102-107.
25. Barrie, A. P., Nicholls, D. G., Sánchez-Prieto, J. and Sihra, T. S. (1991) An ion channel locus for the protein kinase C potentiation of transmitter release from guinea pig cerebrocortical synaptosomes. J. Neurochem. 57, 1398-1404.
26. Barron, K. D., Dentinger, M. P., Kimelberg, H. K., Nelson, L. R., Bourke, R. S., Keegan, S., Mankes, R. and Cragoe, E. J. Jr. (1988) Ultrastructural features of a brain injury model in cat. 1. Vascular and neuroglial changes and the prevention of astroglial swelling by a fluorenyl(aryloxi)alkanoic acid derivative (L-644,711). Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 75, 295-307.
27. Beal, M. F., Hyman, B. T. and Koroshetz, W. (1993) Do defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism underlie the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases?. Trends Neurosci. 16, 125-131.
28. Beas-Zárate, C., Schliebs, R., Morales-Villagran, A. and Feria-Velasco, A. (1989) Monosodium L-glutamate-induced convulsions: changes in uptake and release of catecholamines in cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus of adult rats. Epilepsy Res. 4, 20-27.
29. Bednar, M. M., Kohut, J. J., Kimelberg, H. K., Gross, J. J. and Gross, C. E. (1992) In vitro evidence supporting two mechanisms of action for the anion transport inhibitor L-644,711 in cerebral ischaemia. Neurol. Res. 14, 53-56.
30. Bengzon, J., Kokaia, Z., Ernfors, P., Kokaia, M., Leanza, G., Nilsson, O. G., Persson, H. and Lindvall, O. (1993) Regulation of neurotrophin and trkA, trkB and trkC tyrosine kinase receptor messenger RNA expression in kindling. Neuroscience 53, 433-446.
31. Benveniste, H., Drejer, J., Schousboe, A. and Diemer, N. H. (1984) Elevation of the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in rat hippocampus during transient cerebral ischaemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis. J. Neurochem. 43, 1369-1374.
32. Benveniste, H. and Hüttemeier, P. C. (1990) Microdialysis - Theory and application. Prog. Neurobiol. 35, 195-215.
33. Berg, M., Bruhn, T., Johansen, F. F. and Diemer, N. H. (1993) Kainic acid induced seizures and brain damage in the rat -Different effects of NMDA receptor and AMPA receptor antagonists. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 73, 262-268.
34. Bettler, B. and Mulle, C. (1995) AMPA and kainate receptors. Neuropharmacology 34, 123-139.
35. Bickler, P. E. and Hansen, B. M. (1994) Causes of calcium accumulation in rat cortical brain slices during hypoxia and ischaemia: role of ion channels and membrane damage. Brain Res. 665, 269-276.
36. Billups, B. and Attwell, D. (1996) Modulation of non-vesicular glutamate release by pH. Nature (Lond.) 370, 171-174.
37. Bisaga, A., Krzascik, P., Jankowska, E., Palejko, W., Kostowski, W. and Danysz, W. (1993) Effects of glutamate antagonists of NMDA- and AMPA-induced convulsant effects in mice and rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 242, 213-220.
38. Bliss, T. V. P. and Collingridge, G. L. (1993) A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature (Lond.) 361, 31-39.
39. Bloc, A., Samuel, D., Forni, C., Dusticier, N. and Kerkerian-Le Goff, L. (1995) Effects of ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists on glutamate transport and transport-mediated changes in extracellular excitatory amino acids in the rat striatum. J. Neurochem. 64, 1598-1604.
40. Bouvier, M., Szatkowski, M., Amato, A. and Attwell, D. (1992) The glial cell glutamate uptake carrier countertransports pH-changing amons. Nature (Lond.) 360, 471-474.
41. Bowman, C. L. and Kimelberg, H. K. (1984) Excitatory amino acids directly depolarize rat brain astrocytes in primary culture. Nature (Lond.) 311, 656-659.
42. Bradford, H. F. (1995) Glutamate, GABA and epilepsy. Prog. Neurobiol. 47, 477-511.
43. Bramlett, H. M., Green, E. J., Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R., Globus, M. Y. T. and Ginsberg, M. D. (1995) Posttraumatic brain hypothermia provides protection from sensorimotor and cognitive-behavioral deficits. J. Neurotrauma 12, 289-298.
44. Branston, N. M., Strong, A. J. and Symon, L. (1977) Extracellular potassium activity, evoked potential and tissue blood flow: Relationship during progressive ischaemia in baboon cerebral cortex. J. Neurol. Sci. 32, 305-321.
45. Braughler, J. M. and Hall, E. D. (1989) Central nervous system trauma and stroke. 1. Biochemical considerations for oxygen radical formation and lipid peroxidation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 6, 289-301.
46. Brew, H. and Attwell, D. (1987) Electrogenic glutamate uptake is a major current carrier in the membrane of axolotl retinal glial cells. Nature (Lond.) 327, 707-709.
47. Bridges, R. J., Stanley, M. S., Anderson, M. W., Cotman, C. W. and Chamberlin, A. R. (1991) Conformationally defined neurotransmitter analogues. Selective inhibition of glutamate uptake by one pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate diastereomer. J. Med. Chem. 34, 717-725.
48. Brines, M. L. and Robbins, R. J. (1992) Inhibition of α2/α3 sodium pump isoforms potentiates glutamate neurotoxicity. Brain Res. 591, 94-102.
49. Bruhn, T., Cobo, M., Berg, M. and Diemer, N. H. (1992) Limbic seizure-induced changes in extracellular amino acid levels in the hippocampal formation - A microdialysis study of freely moving rats. Acta Neurol. Scand. 86, 455-461.
50. Brusa, R., Zimmermann, F., Koh, D. S., Feldmeyer, D., Gass, P., Seeburg, P. H. and Sprengel, R. (1995) Early onset epilepsy and postnatal lethality associated with an editing-deficient GluR-B allele in mice. Science 270, 1677-1680.
51. Buchan, A. M., Lesiuk, H., Barnes, K. A., Li, H., Huang, Z. G., Smith, K. E. and Xue, D. (1993) AMPA antagonists - Do they hold more promise for clinical stroke trials than NMDA antagonists?. Stroke 24, 1148-1152.
52. Buchan, A. M., Xue, D., Huang, Z. G., Smith, K. H. and Lesiuk, H. (1991) Delayed AMPA receptor blockade reduces cerebral infarction induced by focal ischaemia. Neuroreport 2, 473-476.
53. Buisson, A., Callebert, J., Mathieu, E., Plotkine, M. and Boulu, R. G. (1992) Striatal protection induced by lesioning the substantia nigra of rats subjected to focal ischaemia. J. Neurochem. 59, 1153-1157.
54. Bullock, R., Butcher, S. P., Chen, M.-H., Kendall, L. and McCulloch, J. (1991a) Correlation of the extracellular glutamate concentration with extent of blood flow reduction after subdural hematoma in the rat. J. Neurosurg. 74, 794-802.
55. Bullock, R., Graham, D. I., Chen, M.-H., Lowe, D. and McCulloch, J. (1990) Focal cerebral ischaemia in the cat: Pretreatment with a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, D-CPP-ene. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10, 668-674.
56. Bullock, R., Inglis, F. M., Kuroda, Y., Butcher, S., McCulloch, J. and Maxwell, W. (1991b) Transient hippocampal hypermetabolism associated with glutamate release after acute subdural haematoma in the rat: A potentially neurotoxic mechanism?. J. Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 11, Suppl. 2, S109.
57. Bullock, R. and Teasdale, G. M. (1990) Head injuries - Surgical management: Traumatic intracranial hematomas. In: Vinken and Bruyn's Handbook of Clinical Neurology: Head Injury, Vol. 24. pp. 249-298. Ed. R. Braakman. Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam.
58. Bullock, R., Zauner, A., Myseros, J. S., Marmarou, A., Woodward, J. J. and Young, H. F. (1995a) Evidence for prolonged release of excitatory amino acids in severe human head trauma. Relationship to clinical events. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 765, 290-297.
59. Bullock, R., Zauner, A., Woodward, J. and Young, H. F. (1995b) Massive persistent release of excitatory amino acids following human occlusive stroke. Stroke 26, 2187-2189.
60. Bureš, J., Buresová, O., Krivánek, J. (1974) The mechanisms and applications of Leao's spreading depression of electroencephalographic activity. Academic Press: New York.
61. Bureš, J., Von Schwartzenfeld, I. and Brozek, G. (1975) Blockade of cortical spreading depression by picrotoxin foci of paroxysmal activity. Epilepsia 16, 111-118.
62. Butcher, S. P., Bullock, R., Graham, D. I. and McCulloch, J. (1990) Correlation between amino acid release and neuropathologic outcome in rat brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 21, 1727-1733.
63. Butcher, S. P., Jacobson, I. and Hamberger, A. (1988) On the epileptogenic effects of kainic acid and dihydrokainic acid in the dentate gyrus of the rat. Neuropharmacology 27, 375-381.
64. Carlson, H., Ronne-Engström, E., Ungerstedt, U. and Hillered, L. (1992) Seizure related elevations of extracellular amino acids in human focal epilepsy. Neurosci. Lett. 140, 30-32.
65. + channels: local anaesthetics, antiarrhytmics and anticonvulsants. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 8, 57-65.
66. Chalmers, D. J., Jane, D. E., Sunter, D. C., Thompson, G. A., Udvarhelyi, P. M., Kilpatrick, I. C. and Watkins, J. C. (1995) Differential actions of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) glutamatic acid stereoisomers and L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid upon L-homocysteic acid- and L-glutamic acid-induced responses from rat spinal motoneurones. Neuropharmacology 34, 1589-1595.
67. Chamberlin, N. L., Traub, R. D. and Dingledine, R. (1990) Role of EPSPs in initiation of spontaneous synchronized burst firing in rat hippocampal neurons bathed in high potassium. J. Neurophysiol. 64, 1000-1006.
68. Chan, P. H. and Chu, L. (1990) Mechanisms underlying glutamate-induced swelling of astrocytes in primary culture. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. (Wien) 51, 7-10.
69. +)-ATPase activity in brain slices and synaptosomes by arachidonic acid. J. Neurochem. 40, 309-316.
70. Charlwood, P. A. (1979) The relative affinity of transferrin and albumin for zinc. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 581, 260-265.
71. Chen, Q., Chopp, M., Bodzin, G. and Chen, H. (1993) Temperature modulation of cerebral depolarization during focal cerebral ischaemia in rats: correlation with ischaemic injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 389-394.
72. Cheung, H., Kamp, D. and Harris, E. (1992) An in vitro investigation of the action of lamotrigine on neuronal voltage-activated sodium channels. Epilepsy Res. 13, 107-112.
73. Chiamulera, C., Costa, S., Valerio, E. and Reggiani, A. (1992) Dornoic acid toxicity in rats and mice after intracerebroventricular administration - Comparison with excitatory amino-acid agonists. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 70, 115-120.
74. Choi, D. W. (1987) Ionic dependence of glutamate neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 7, 369-379.
75. Choi, D. W. (1988a) Calcium-mediated neurotoxicity: relationship to specific channel types and role in ischaemic damage. Trends Neurosci. 11, 465-469.
76. Choi, D. W. (1988b) Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron 1, 623-634.
77. Choi, D. W., Maulucci-Gedde, M. and Kriegstein, A. R. (1987) Glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture. J. Neurosci. 7, 357-368.
78. Christensen, T., Bruhn, T., Diemer, N. H. and Schousboe, A. (1991) Effect of phenylsuccinate on potassium- and ischaemia-induced release of glutamate in rat hippocampus monitored by microdialysis. Neurosci. Lett. 134, 71-74.
79. Christensen, T., Jø, M. B. and Diemer, N. H. (1993) Impairment of Fos protein formation in the rat infarct borderzone by MK-801, but not by NBQX. Acta Neurol. Scand. 87, 510-515.
80. Clark, R. S. B., Kochanek, P. M., Marion, D. W., Schiding, J. K., White, M., Palmer, A. M. and Dekosky, S. T. (1996) Mild posttraumatic hypothermia reduces mortality after severe controlled cortical impact in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 253-261.
81. Clements, J. D., Lester, R. A. J., Tong, G., Jahr, C. E. and Westbrook, G. L. (1992) The time course of glutamate in the synaptic cleft. Science 258, 1498-1501.
82. Clifton, G. L., Jiang, J. Y., Lyeth, B. G., Jenkins, L. W., Hamm, R. J. and Hayes, R. L. (1991) Marked protection by moderate hypothermia after experimental traumatic brain injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11, 114-121.
83. Coleman, M. H., Yamaguchi, S. I. and Rogawski, M. A. (1992) Protection against dendrotoxin-induced clonic seizures in mice by anticonvulsant drugs. Brain Res. 575, 138-142.
84. Connick, J. H. and Stone, T. W. (1989) Quinolinic acid neurotoxicity: protection by intracerebral phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA) and potentiation by hypotension. Neurosci. Lett. 101, 191-196.
85. Cortez, S. C., Mcintosh, T. K. and Noble, L. J. (1989) Experimental fluid percussion brain injury: vascular disruption and neuronal and glial alterations. Brain Res. 482, 271-282.
86. Cox, J. A., Lysko, P. G. and Henneberry, R. C. (1989) Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in cultured neurons: role of the voltage-dependent magnesium block. Brain Res. 499, 267-272.
87. Coyle, J. T. (1983) Neurotoxic action of kainic acid. J. Neurochem. 4, 1-11.
88. Crépel, V., Hammond, C., Krnjevic, K., Chinestra, P. and Ben-Ari, Y. (1993) Anoxia-induced LTP of isolated NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses. J. Neurophysiol. 69, 1774-1778.
89. Croucher, M. J., Collins, J. P. and Meldrum, B. S. (1982) Anticonvulsant action of excitatory amino acid antagonists. Science 216, 899-902.
90. Croucher, M. J., Cotterell, K. L. and Bradford, H. F. (1992) Competitive NMDA antagonists raise electrically kindled generalized seizure thresholds. Neurochem. Res. 17, 409-413.
91. Croucher, M. J. and Bradford, H. F. (1989) Kindling of full limbic seizures by repeated microinjections of excitatory amino acids into the rat amygdala. Brain Res. 501, 58-65.
92. Croucher, M. J. and Bradford, H. F. (1990) NMDA receptor blockade inhibits glutamate-induced kindling of the rat amygdala. Brain Res. 506, 349-352.
93. Croucher, M. J., Cotterell, K. L. and Bradford, H. F. (1995) Amygdaloid kindling by repeated focal N-methyl-D-aspartate administration: Comparison with electrical kindling. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 286, 265-271.
94. Danbolt, N. C. (1994) The high-affinity uptake system for excitatory amino acids in the brain. Prog. Neurobiol. 44, 377-396.
95. Davies, J. A., Annels, S. J., Dickie, B. G. M., Ellis, Y. and Knott, N. J. (1995) A comparison between the stimulated and paroxysmal release of endogenous amino acids from rat cerebellar, striatal and hippocampal slices: a manifestation of spreading depression?. J. Neurol. Sci. 131, 8-14.
96. Davies, S. W. and Roberts, P. J. (1988) Sparing of cholinergic neurons following quinolinic acid lesions of the rat striatum. Neuroscience 26, 387-393.
97. Dawson, V. L., Dawson, T. M., Bartley, D. A., Uhl, G. R. and Snyder, S. H. (1993) Mechanisms of nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity in primary brain cultures. J. Neurosci. 13, 2651-2661.
98. Degraba, T. J., Ostrow, P., Hanson, S. and Grotta, J. C. (1994) Motor performance, histological damage, and calcium influx in rats treated with NBQX after focal ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 262-268.
99. Desai, M. A., Burnett, J. P., Mayne, N. G. and Schoepp, D. D. (1995) Characterization and time-course of agonist-induced desensitization of human mGLUR1α. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21, 438.12.
100. Dessi, F., Charriaut-Marlangue, C. and Ben-Ari, Y. (1994) Glutamate-induced neuronal death in cerebellar culture is mediated by two distinct components: a sodium-chloride component and a calcium component. Brain Res. 650, 49-55.
101. Dhillon, H. S., Donaldson, D., Dempsey, R. J. and Renuka Prasad, M. (1994) Regional levels of free fatty acids and Evans blue extravasation after experimental brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 11, 405-415.
102. Dietrich, W. D. (1992) The importance of brain temperature in cerebral injury. J. Neurotrauma 9, S475-S485.
103. Dietrich, W. D., Alonso, O., Busto, R., Globus, M. Y.-T. and Ginsberg, M. D. (1994a) Post-traumatic brain hypothermia reduces histopathological damage following concussive brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol. 87, 250-258.
104. Dietrich, W. D., Feng, Z.-C., Leistra, H., Watson, B. D. and Rosenthal, M. (1994b) Photothrombotic infarction triggers multiple episodes of cortical spreading depression in distant brain regions. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 20-28.
105. Dingledine, R., McBain, C. J. and McNamara, J. O. (1990) Excitatory amino acid receptors in epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11, 334-338.
106. Dirnagl, U., Lindauer, U., Them, A., Schreiber, S., Pfister, H. W., Koedel, U., Reszka, R., Freyer, D. and Villringer, A. (1995) Global cerebral ischaemia in the rat - Online monitoring of oxygen free radical production using chemilummescence in vivo. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 929-940.
107. Dixon, C. E., Lyeth, B. G., Povlishock, J. T., Findling, R. L., Hamm, R. J., Marmarou, A., Young, H. F. and Hayes, R. L. (1987) A fluid percussion model of experimental brain injury in the rat: neurological, physiological, and histopathological characterization. J. Neurosurg. 67, 110-119.
108. Djuricic, B., Rohn, G., Paschen, W. and Hossmann, K.-A. (1994) Protein synthesis in the hippocampal slice: Transient inhibition by glutamate and lasting inhibition by ischaemia. Metab. Brain Dis. 9, 235-247.
109. Domanska-Janik, K. and Zaiewska, T. (1992) Effect of brain ischaemia on protein kinase C. J. Neurochem. 58, 1432-1439.
110. Dragunow, M., Currie, R. W., Faull, R. L. M., Robertson, H. A. and Jansen, K. (1989) Immediate-early genes, kindling and long-term potentiation. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 13, 301-313.
111. Dragunow, M., Goulding, M., Faull, R. L. M., Ralph, R., Mee, E. and Frith, R. (1990) Induction of c-fos mRNA and protein in neurons and glia after traumatic brain injury: Pharmacological characterization. Exp. Neurol. 107, 236-248.
112. Dubinsky, J. M., Kristal, B. S. and Elizondo-Fournier, M. (1995) An obligate role for oxygen in the early stages of glutamate-induced, delayed neuronal death. J. Neurosci. 15, 7071-7078.
113. Dugan, L. L., Bruno, V. M. G., Amagasu, S. M. and Giffard, R. G. (1995) Glia modulate the response of murine cortical neurons to excitotoxicity: Glia exacerbate AMPA neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 15, 4545-4555.
114. 3H]aspartate from cultured cerebellar granule cells: The role of glutamate receptor activation coupled to reversal of the acidic amino acid plasma membrane carrier. Neuroscience 50, 107-115.
115. During, M. J., Mirchandani, G. R., Leone, P., Williamson, A., De Lanerolle, N. C., Geschwind, M. D., Bergold, P. J. and Federoff, H. J. (1993) Direct hippocampal injection of HSV-1 vector expressing GLUR6 results in spontaneous seizures, hyperexcitability in CA1 cells, and loss of CA1, hilar, and CA3 neurons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 19, 21.
116. During, M. J. and Spencer, D. D. (1993) Extracellular hippocampal glutamate and spontaneous seizure in the conscious human brain. Lancet 341, 1607-1610.
117. Dürmuller, N., Craggs, M. and Meldrum, B. S. (1994) The effect of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist GYKI-52466 and NBQX and the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist D-CPPene on the development of amygdala kindling and on amygdala-kindled seizures. Epilepsy Res. 17, 167-174.
118. Dux, E., Oschlies, U., Wiessner, C. and Hossmann, K.-A. (1992) Glutamate-induced ribosomal disaggregation and ultrastructural changes in rat cortical neuronal culture: Protective effect of horse serum. Neurosci. Lett. 141, 173-176.
119. Edwards, F. A. (1995) Anatomy and electrophysiology of fast central synapses lead to a structural model for long-term potentiation. Physiol. Rev. 75, 759-787.
120. 2+ and the potentiation by serum albumin. Brain Res. 560, 282-290.
121. 45Ca uptake and acute toxicity mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor: the effect of metal binding agents and transition metal ions. J. Neurochem. 61, 518-525.
122. Eliasof, S. and Werblin, F. (1993) Characterization of the glutamate transporter in retinal cones of the tiger salamander. J. Neurosci. 13, 402-411.
123. 2+. Neuroreport 3, 957-960.
124. Erecinska, M. and Silver, I. A. (1989) ATP and brain function. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9, 2-19.
125. Erecinska, M., Troeger, M. B., Wilson, D. F. and Silver, I. A. (1986) The role of glial cells in regulation of neurotransmitter amino acids in the external microenvironment. II. Mechanism of aspartate transport. Brain Res. 369, 203-214.
126. Eriksson, G., Peterson, A., Iverfeldt, K. and Walum, E. (1995) Sodium-dependent glutamate uptake as an activator of oxidative metabolism in primary astrocyte cultures from newborn rat. Glia 15, 152-156.
127. Fabricius, M., Jensen, L. H. and Lauritzen, M. (1993) Microdialysis of interstitial amino acids during spreading depression and anoxic depolarization in rat neocortex. Brain Res. 612, 61-69.
128. Faden, A. I., Demediuk, P., Panter, S. S. and Vink, R. (1989) The role of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury. Science 344, 798-800.
129. Favaron, M., Manev, H., Alho, H., Bertolino, M., Ferret, B., Guidotti, A. and Costa, E. (1988) Gangliosides prevent glutamate and kainate neurotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures of neonatal rat cerebellum and cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 7351-7355.
130. Favit, A., Nicoletti, F., Scapagnini, U. and Canonico, P. L. (1992) Ubiquinone protects cultured neurons against spontaneous and excitotoxin-induced degeneration. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 638-645.
131. Feeney, D. M., Boyeson, M. G., Linn, R. T., Murray, H. M. and Dail, W. G. (1981) Responses to cortical injury: I. Methodology and local effects of contusions in the rat. Brain Res. 211, 67-77.
132. 45Ca autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 624, 94-102.
133. Fowler, C. J. and Fraser, G. L. (1994) Mu-, delta-, kappa-opioid receptors and their subtypes. A critical review with emphasis on radioligand binding experiments. Neurochem. Int. 24, 401-426.
134. Frandsen, A., Drejer, J. and Schousboe, A. (1989) Direct evidence that excitotoxicity in cultured neurons is mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) as well as non-NMDA receptors. J. Neurochem. 53, 297-299.
135. Frandsen, A. and Schousboe, A. (1990) Development of excitatory amino acid induced cytotoxicity in cultured neurons. Int. J. Develop. Neurosci. 8, 209-216.
136. Fujisawa, H., Dawson, D., Browne, S. E., MacKay, K. B., Bullock, R. and McCulloch, J. (1993) Pharmacological modification of glutamate neurotoxicity in vivo. Brain Res. 629, 73-78.
137. Fujisawa, H., Maxwell, W. L., Graham, D. I., Teasdale, G. M. and Bullock, R. (1994) Focal microvascular occlusion after acute subdural haematoma in the rat: a mechanism for ischaemic damage and brain swelling. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. Wien 60, 193-196.
138. Fukuda, K., Tanno, H., Okimura, Y., Nakamura, M. and Yamaura, A. (1995) The blood-brain barrier disruption to circulating proteins in the early period after fluid percussion brain injury in rats. J. Neurotrauma 12, 315-324.
139. Gage, F., Bjorklund, A. and Stenevi, U. (1984) Denervation releases a neuronal survival factor in adult rat hippocampus. Nature (Lond.) 308, 637-639.
140. Gardner-Medwin, A. R. (1981) Possible roles of vertebrate neuroglia in potassium dynamics, spreading depression and migraine. J. Exp. Biol. 95, 111-127.
141. Garthwaite, J. (1985) Cellular uptake disguises action of L-glutamate on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 85, 297-307.
142. Garthwaite, G., Williams, G. D. and Garthwaite, J. (1992) Glutamate toxicity: an experimental and theoretical analysis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4, 353-360.
143. Gass, P., Spranger, M., Herdegen, T., Bravo, R., Köck, P., Hacke, W. and Kiessling, M. (1992) Induction of FOS and JUN proteins after focal ischaemia in the rat: Differential effect of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 84, 545-553.
144. Gean, P. W., Lin, J. H., Huang, C. C. and Kuo, J. R. (1993) Anticonvulsant effects of dizocilpine against picrotoxin-induced seizure activity in vivo and in vitro. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 92, 213-219.
145. Gemba, T., Oshima, T. and Ninomiya, M. (1994) Glutamate efflux via the reversal of the sodium-dependent glutamate transporter caused by glycolytic inhibition in rat cultured astrocytes. Neuroscience 63, 789-795.
146. Gill, R. (1994) The pharmacology of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) kainate antagonists and their role in cerebral ischaemia. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 6, 225-256.
147. Gill, R., Andiné, P., Hillered, L., Persson, L. and Hagberg, H. (1992) The effect of MK-801 on cortical spreading depression in the penumbral zone following focal ischaemia in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 371-379.
148. Gill, R., Foster, A. C. and Woodruff, G. N. (1987) Systemic administration of MK-801 protects against ischaemia-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in the gerbil. J. Neurosci. 7, 3343-3349.
149. Ginsberg, M. D., Reivich, M., Frinak, S. and Harbig, K. (1976) Pyridine nucleotide redox state and blood flow of the cerebral cortex following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the cat. Stroke 7, 125-131.
150. Ginsberg, M. D., Sternau, L. L., Globus, M. Y., Dietrich, W. D. and Busto, R. (1992) Therapeutic modulation of brain temperature: relevance to ischaemic brain injury. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 4, 189-225.
151. Glass, M. and Dragunow, M. (1995) Neurochemical and morphological changes associated with human epilepsy. Brain Res. Rev. 21, 29-41.
152. Globus, M. Y.-T., Alonson, O., Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R. and Ginsberg, M. D. (1995) Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: effects of postraumatic hypothermia. J. Neurochem. 65, 1704-1711.
153. Globus, M. Y.-T., Busto, R., Martinez, E., Valdes, I., Dietrich, W. D. and Ginsberg, M. D. (1991) Comparative effect of transient global ischaemia on extracellular levels of glutamate, glycine, in vulnerable and nonvulnerable brain regions in the rat. J. Neurochem. 57, 470-478.
154. Globus, M. Y.-T., Ginsberg, M. D., Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R. and Scheinberg, P. (1987) Substantia nigra lesion protects against ischaemic damage in the striatum. Neurosci. Lett. 80, 251-256.
155. Goddard, G. V. (1967) Development of epileptic seizures through brain stimulation at low intensity. Nature (Lond.) 214, 1020-1021.
156. Goldberg, M. P. and Choi, D. W. (1993) Combined oxygen and glucose deprivation in cortical cell culture: Calcium-dependent injury and calcium independent-mechanisms of neuronal injury. J. Neurosci. 13, 3510-3524.
157. Golding, E. M. and Vink, R. (1995) Efficacy of competitive vs noncompetitive blockade of the NMDA channel following traumatic brain injury. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 24, 137-150.
158. 31P-MRS application to the measurement of free intracellular magnesium in vivo. Magn. Res. Med. 35, 174-185.
159. Goss, J. R., Styren, S. D., Miller, P. D., Kochanek, P. M., Palmer, A. M., Marion, D. W. and DeKosky, S. T. (1995) Hypothermia attenuates the normal increase in interleukin 1 beta RNA and nerve growth factor following traumatic brain injury in the rat. J. Neurotrauma 12, 159-167.
160. Gotti, B., Duverger, D., Bertin, J., Carter, C., Dupont, R., Frost, J., Gaudillere, B., McKenzie, E. T., Rousseau, J., Scatton, B. and Wick, A. (1988) Ifenprodil and SL-82.0715 as cerebral anti-ischaemic agents. 1. Evidence for efficacy in models of focal cerebral ischaemia. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 247, 1211-1221.
161. Gozlan, H., Diabira, D., Chinestra, P. and Ben-Ari, Y. (1994) Anoxic LTP is mediated by the redox modulatory site of the NMDA receptor. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 3017-3022.
162. Gozlan, H., Khazipov, R., Diabira, D. and Ben-Ari, Y. (1995) In CA1 hippocampal neurons, the redox state of NMDA receptors determines LTP expressed by NMDA but not by AMPA receptors. J. Neurophysiol. 73, 2612-2617.
163. Graham, D. I., Lawrence, A. E., Adams, J. H., Doyle, D. and McLellan, D. R. (1988) Brain damage in fatal non-missile head injury withoug high intracranial pressure. J. Clin. Pathol. 41, 34-37.
164. Graham, S. H., Chen, J., Lan, J. Q. and Simon, R. P. (1996) A dose-response study of neuroprotection using the AMPA antagonist NBQX in rat focal cerebral-ischaemia. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 276, 1-4.
165. Greene, J. G. and Greenamyre, J. T. (1995) Exacerbation of NMDA, AMPA, and L-glutamate excitotoxicity by the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor malonate. J. Neurochem. 64, 2332-2338.
166. Griffiths, R., Dunlop, J., Gorman, A., Senior, J. and Grieve, A. (1994) L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate and cis-1-aminocyclobutane-1,3-dicarboxylate behave as transportable, competitive inhibitors of the high-affinity glutamate transporters. Biochem. Pharmacol. 47, 267-274.
167. Gruenthal, M., Armstrong, D. R., Ault, B. and Nadler, J. V. (1986) Comparison of seizures and brain lesions produced by intracerebroventricular kainic acid and bicuculline methiodide. Exp. Neurol. 93, 621-630.
168. Gundersen, V., Shupliakov, O., Brodin, L., Ottersen, O. P. and Storm-Mathisen, J. (1995) Quantification of excitatory amino acid uptake at intact glutamatergic synapses by immunocytochemistry of exogenous D-aspartate. J. Neurosci. 15, 4417-4428.
169. Hall, E. D., Andrus, P. K. and Yonkers, P. A. (1993) Brain hydroxyl radical generation in acute experimental head injury. J. Neurochem. 60, 588-594.
170. Hamberger, A., Nyström, B., Larsson, S., Silfvenius, H. and Nordborg, C. (1991) Amino acids in the neuronal microenvironment of focal human epileptic lesions. Epilepsy Res. 9, 32-43.
171. Hammond, C., Crépel, V., Gozlan, H. and Ben-Ari, Y. (1994) Anoxic LTP sheds light on the multiple facets of NMDA receptors. Trends Neurosci. 17, 497-503.
172. Hansen, A. J. (1985) Effects of anoxia on ion distribution in the brain. Physiol. Rev. 65, 101-148.
173. Harris, R. J., Symon, L., Branston, N. M. and Bayhan, M. (1981) Changes in extracellular calcium activity in cerebral ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1, 203-209.
174. Harrison, N. L. and Simmonds, M. A. (1985) Quantitative studies on some antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate in slices of rat cerebral cortex. Br. J. Pharmacol. 84, 381-391.
175. Hartinger, J. and Jahn, R. (1993) An anion binding site that regulates the glutamate transporter of synaptic vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 23122-23127.
176. Hassel, B., Iversen, E. G. and Fonnum, F. (1994) Neurotoxicity of albumin in vivo. Neurosci. Lett. 14, 29-32.
177. Hawkins, R. A., DeJoseph, M. R. and Hawkins, P. A. (1995) Regional brain glutamate transport in rats at normal and raised concentrations of circulating glutamate. Cell Tissue Res. 281, 207-214.
178. Hayashi, T. (1954) Effects of sodium glutamate on the nervous system. Keio J. Med. 3, 183-192.
179. Hayes, R. L., Jenkins, L. W., Lyeth, B. G., Balster, R. L., Robinson, S. E., Clifton, G. L., Stubbins, J. F. and Young, H. F. (1988) Pretreatment with phencyclidine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, attenuates long-term behavioral deficits in the rat produced by traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 5, 259-274.
180. Heath, D. L. and Vink, R. (1995) Impact acceleration-induced severe diffuse axonal injury in rats - Characterization of phosphate-metabolism and neurologic outcome. J. Neurotrauma 12, 1027-1034.
181. Heinemann, U., Lux, H. D. and Gutnick, M. J. (1977) Extracellular free calcium and potassium during paroxysmal activity in the cerebral cortex of the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 27, 237-243.
182. Henneberry, R. C., Novelli, A., Cox, J. A. and Lysko, P. G. (1989) Neurotoxicity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in energy-compromised neurons. An hypothesis for cell death in aging and disease. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 568, 225-233.
183. Héron, A., Springhetti, V., Seylaz, J. and Lasbennes, F. (1995) Effects of a glutamate uptake inhibitor on glutamate release induced by veratridine and ischaemia. Neurochem. Int. 26, 593-599.
184. Herrera, D. G. and Robertson, H. A. (1990) Application of potassium chloride to the brain surface induces the c-fos proto-oncogene: reversal by MK-801. Brain Res. 510, 166-170.
185. Herrero, I., Miras-Portugal, M. T. and Sánchez-Prieto, J. (1991) Inhibition of glutamate release by arachidonic acid in rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes. J. Neurochem. 57, 718-721.
186. Herrero, I., Miras-Portugal, M. T. and Sánchez-Prieto, J. (1992) Positive feedback of glutamate exocytosis by metabotropic presynaptic receptor stimulation. Nature 360, 163-166.
187. Herron, C. E., Williamson, R. and Collingridge, G. L. (1985) A selective N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist depresses epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices. Neurosci. Lett. 61, 255-260.
188. Herz, R. C. G., Gaillard, P. J., de Wildt, D. J. and Versteeg, D. H. G. (1996) Differences in striatal extracellular amino acid concentrations between Wistar and Fischer 344 rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain Res. 715, 163-171.
189. Hill, M. P. and Brotchie, J. M. (1995) Modulation of glutamate release by a K-opioid receptor agonist in rodent and primate striatum. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 281, R1-R2.
190. Hillered, L., Persson, L., Bolander, H. G., Hallstrom, A. and Ungerstedt, U. (1988) Increased extracellular levels of ascorbate in the striatum after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat monitored by intracerebral microdialysis. Neurosci. Lett. 95, 286-290.
191. Holmes, G. L., Thurber, S. J., Liu, Z., Stafstrom, C. E., Gatt, A. and Mikati, M. A. (1993) Effects of quisqualic acid and glutamate on subsequent learning, emotionality, and seizure susceptibility in the immature and mature animal. Brain Res. 623, 325-328.
192. Hossmann, K.-A. (1993) Disturbances of cerebral protein synthesis and ischaemic cell death. Prog. Brain Res. 96, 161-177.
193. Hossmann, K.-A. (1994) Glutamate-mediated injury in focal cerebral ischaemia: The excitotoxin hypothesis revisited. Brain Pathol. 4, 23-36.
194. Hylton, C., Perri, B., Voddi, M., Raghupathi, R., Tarnawa, L., Gennarelli, T. and McIntosh, T. (1995) Non-NMDA antagonist GYKI 52466 enhances spatial memory after experimental brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 12, 124.
195. Iijima, T., Mies, G. and Hossmann, K.-A. (1992) Repeated negative DC deflections in rat cortex following middle cerebral artery occlusion are abolished by MK-801: Effect on volume of ischaemic injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 727-733.
196. Inglis, F. M., Kuroda, Y., Miller, J., McCulloch, J., Graham, D. I. and Bullock, R. (1991) The competitive NMDA antagonist D-CPP-ene reduces glucose hypermetabolism and infarc size after acute subdural haematoma. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11, Suppl. 2, S225.
197. Isaacson, J. S. and Nicoll, R. A. (1993) The uptake inhibitor L-trans-PDC enhances responses to glutamate but fails to alter the kinetics of excitatory synaptic currents in the hippocampus. J. Neurophysiol. 70, 2187-2191.
198. Isokawa. M. and Levesque, M. F. (1991) Increased NMDA responses and dendritic degeneration in human epileptic hippocampal neurons in slices. Neurosci. Lett. 132, 212-216.
199. Izumi, Y., Roussel, S., Pinard, E. and Seylaz, J. (1991) Reduction of infarct volume by magnesium after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11, 1025-1030.
200. Jarrard, L. E. and Meldrum, B. S. (1993) Selective excitotoxic pathology in the rat hippocampus. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 19, 381-389.
201. Jiang, J. Y., Lyeth, B. G., Kapasi, M. Z., Jenkins, L. W. and Povlishock, J. T. (1992) Moderate hypothermia reduces blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol. 84, 495-500.
202. Jing, J., Aitken, P. G. and Somjen, G. G. (1991) Lasting neuron depression induced by high potassium and its prevention by low calcium and NMDA receptor blockade. Brain Res. 557, 177-183.
203. Jing, J., Aitken, P. G. and Somjen, G. G. (1993) Role of calcium channels in spreading depression in rat hippocampal slices. Brain Res. 604, 251-259.
204. Johansen, F. F., Jørgensen, M. B. and Diemer, N. H. (1987) Ischaemia induced delayed neuronal death in the CA1 hippocampus is dependent on intact glutamatergic innervation. In: Excitatory Amino Acid Transmission Neurology and Neurobiology, pp. 245-248. Eds. T. P. Hicks, D. Lodge and H. McLennan. Alan R. Liss: New York.
205. Johansen, F. F., Jø, M. B., von Lubitz, D. K. J. E. and Diemer, N. H. (1984) Selective dendrite damage in hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum with unchanged axon ultrastructure and glutamate uptake. Brain Res. 291, 373-377.
206. 2+ and Excitable Membranes, pp. 105-118. Eds. P. Strata and E. Carbone. Springer Verlag: Berlin.
207. Johnston, G. A. R., Curtis, D. R., Davies, J. and McCulloch, R. M. (1978) Spinal interneurone excitation by conformationally restricted analogues of L-glutamic acid. Nature (Lond.) 248, 804.
208. Johnston, G. A. R., Kennedy, S. M. E. and Twitchin, B. (1979) Action of the neurotoxin kainic acid on high-affinity uptake of L-glutamic acid in rat brain slices. J. Neurochem. 32, 121-127.
209. Johnston, G. A. R., Lodge, D., Bornstein, J. C. and Curtis, D. R. (1980) Potentiation of L-glutamate and L-aspartate excitation of cat spinal neurones by the stereoisomers of threo-3-hydroxyaspartate. J. Neurochem. 34, 241-243.
210. Kamphuis, W. and Dasilva, F. H. L. (1995) Editing status at the Q/R-site of glutamate receptor A-subunit, B-subunit, 5-subunit and 6-subunit messenger-RNA in the hippocampal kindling model of epilepsy. Mol. Brain Res. 29, 35-42.
211. Kanai, Y., Smith, C. P. and Hediger, M. A. (1993a) A new family of neurotransmitter transporters: the high-affinity glutamate transporters. FASEB J. 7, 1450-1459.
212. Kanai, Y., Smith, C. P. and Hediger, M. A. (1993b) The elusive transporters with a high affinity for glutamate. Trends Neurosci. 16, 365-370.
213. Kanner, B. I. and Bendahan, A. (1982) Binding order of substrates to the sodium and potassium ion coupled L-glutamic acid transporter from rat brain. Biochemistry 21, 6327-6330.
214. Kanthan, R. and Shuaib, A. (1995) Clinical evaluation of extracellular amino acids in severe head trauma by intracerebral in vivo microdialysis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 59, 326-327.
215. Katayama, Y., Becker, D. P., Tamura, T. and Hovda, D. A. (1990) Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concussive brain injury. J. Neurosurg. 73, 889-900.
216. Kauer, J. A., Malenka, R. C. and Nicoll, R. A. (1988) NMDA application potentiates synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Nature (Lond.) 334, 250-252.
217. Kaura, S., Bradford, H. F., Young, A. M. J., Croucher, M. J. and Hugues, P. D. (1995) The effect of amygdaloid kindling on the content and release of amino acids from the amygdaloid complex: In vivo and in vitro studies. J. Neurochem. 65, 1240-1249.
218. Kawahara, N., Ruetzler, C. A. and Klatzo, I. (1995) Protective effect of spreading depression against neuronal damage following cardiac arrest cerebral ischaemia. Neurol. Res. 17, 9-16.
219. Kawamata, T., Katayama, Y., Hovda, D. A., Yoshino, A. and Becker, D. P. (1992) Administration of excitatory amino acid antagonists via microdialysis attenuates the increase in glucose use seen following concussive brain injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 12-24.
220. Kawamata, T., Katayama, Y., Hovda, D. A., Yoshino, A. and Becker, D. P. (1995a) Lactate accumulation following concussive brain injury: the role of ionic fluxes induced by excitatory amino acids. Brain Res. 674, 196-204.
221. Kawamata, T., Katayama, Y., Maeda, T. and Tsubokawa, T. (1995b) Mild hypothermia attenuates traumatic brain injury-induced increase in extracellular concentration of glutamate in peripheral area but not in central area of contusion. J. Neurotrauma 12, 125.
222. Kemp, M., Robert, P. J., Pook, P. C.-K., Jane, D. E., Jones, A. W., Jones, P. L. St. J., Sunter, D. C., Udvarhelyi, P. M. and Watkins, J. C. (1994) Antagonism of pre-synaptically mediated depressant responses and cyclic AMP-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 266, 187-192.
223. Kempski, O., Zimmer, M., Neu, A., v Rosen, F., Jansen, M. and Baethmann, A. (1987) Control of glial cell volume in anoxia: In vitro studies on ischaemic cell swelling. Stroke 18, 623-628.
224. Kihara, T., Sakada, S. and Ikeda, M. (1995) Direct detection of ascorbyl radical in experimental brain injury - Microdialysis and an electron spin resonance spectroscopy study. J. Neurochem. 65, 282-286.
225. Kimelberg, H. K., Cragoe, E. J. Jr., Nelson, L. R., Popp, A. J., Szarowski, D., Rose, J. W., Woltersdorf, O. W. and Pietruszkiewicz, A. M. (1987) Improved recovery from a traumatic-hypoxic brain injury in cats by intracisternal injection of an anion transport inhibitor. CNS trauma 4, 3-14.
226. Kimelberg, H. K., Goderie, S. K., Higman, S., Pang, S. and Waniewski, R. A. (1990) Swelling-induced release of glutamate, aspartate, and taurine from astrocyte cultures. J. Neurosci. 10, 1583-1591.
227. Kimelberg, H. K. and Ransom, B. R. (1986) Physiological and pathological aspects of astrocytic swelling. In: Astrocytes, Vol. 3, pp. 129-166. Eds. S. Fedoroff and A. Vernadakis. Academic Press: New York.
228. + medium causes inhibition of glutamate and aspartate uptake and increases their release. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 409-416.
229. Kirino, T. (1982) Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischaemia. Brain Res. 239, 57-69.
230. Kizer, J. S., Nemeroff, C. B. and Youngblood, W. W. (1978) Neurotoxic amino acids and structurally related analogues. Pharmacol. Rev. 29, 301-318.
231. Koek, W. and Colpaert, F. C. (1990) Selective blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced convulsions by NMDA antagonists and putative glycine antagonists: Relationship with phencyclidine-like behavioral effects. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 252, 349-357.
232. Koek, W., Woods, J. H. and Colpaert, F. C. (1990) N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonism and phencyclidine-like activity: a drug discrimination analysis. J. Pharmol. Exp. Therap. 253, 1017-1025.
233. Köhler, C. and Schwarcz, R. (1981) Monosodium glutamate: increased neurotoxicity after removal of neuronal re-uptake sites. Brain Res. 211, 485-491.
234. Kokaia, M., Ernfors, P., Kokaia, Z., Elmér, E., Jaenisch, R. and Lindvall, O. (1995) Suppressed epileptogenesis in BDNF mutant mice. Exp. Neurol. 133, 215-224.
235. Korf, J. and Postema, F. (1988) Rapid shrinkage of rat striatal extracellular space after local kainate application and ischaemia as recorded by impedance. J. Neurosci. Res. 19, 504-510.
236. Korf, J. and Venema, K. (1985) Amino acids in rat striatal dialysates: methodological aspects and changes after electroconvulsive shock. J. Neurochem. 45, 1341-1348.
237. Korolevá, V. I., Oitzl, M.-S. and Bureš, J. (1985) Threshold of synaptically elicited cortical spreading depression: drug-induced changes in rats. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 60, 55-64.
238. Kotapka, M. J., Graham, D. I., Adams, J. H. and Genarelli, T. A. (1992) Hippocampal pathology in fatal non-missile human head injury. Acta Neuropathol. 83, 530-534.
239. Koyama, Y., Sugimoto, T., Shigenaga, Y., Baba, A. and Iwata, H. (1991) A morphology study on glutamate-induced swelling of cultured astrocytes: involvement of calcium and chloride ion mechanisms. Neurosci. Lett. 124, 235-238.
240. Krauss, G. L., Campbell, M. L., Roche, K. W., Huganir, R. L. and Niedermeyer, E. (1996) Chronic steroid-responsive encephalitis without autoantibodies to glutamate-receptor GluR3. Neurology 46, 247-249.
241. Kubota, M., Nakamura, T., Sunami, K., Ozawa, Y., Namba, H., Yamaura, A. and Makino, H. (1989) Changes of local cerebral glucose utilization, DC potential and extracellular potassium concentration in experimental head injury of varying severity. Neurosurg. Rev. 12, Suppl.1, 393-399.
242. Kuroda, Y., Inglis, F. M., Miller, J. D., McCulloch, J., Graham, D. I. and Bullock, R. (1992) Transient glucose hypermetabolism after acute subdural hematoma in the rat. J. Neurosurg. 76, 471-477.
243. Kuwahara, O., Mitsumoto, Y., Chiba, K. and Mohri, T. (1992) Characterization of D-aspartic acid uptake by rat hippocampal slices and effect of ischaemic conditions. J. Neurochem. 59, 616-621.
244. Lallement, G., Carpentier, P., Collet, A., Pernot-Marino, I., Baubichon, D. and Blanchet, G. (1991) Effect of soman-induced seizures on different extracellular amino acid levels and on glutamate uptake in rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 563, 234-240.
245. Lambert, P. D., Woodruff, G. N., Hughes, J. and Hunter, J. C. (1991) Inhibition of L-glutamate release: a possible mechanism of action for the neuroprotective effects of the K-selective agonist CI-977. Mol. Neuropharmacol. 1, 77-82.
246. Landolt, H., Lutz, T. W., Langemann, H., Stauble, D., Mendelowitsch, A., Gratzl, O. and Honegger, C. G. (1992) Extracellular antioxidants and amino acids in the cortex of the rat - Monitoring by microdialysis of early ischaemic changes. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 96-102.
247. Lauritzen, M. (1994) Pathophysiology of the migraine aura: The spreading depression theory. Brain 117, 199-210.
248. Lauritzen, M. and Hansen, A. J. (1992) The effect of glutamate receptor blockade on anoxic depolarization and cortical spreading depression. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 223-229.
249. Lauritzen, M., Rice, M. E., Okada, Y. and Nicholson, C. (1988) Quisqualate, kainate and NMDA can initiate spreading depression in the turtle cerebellum. Brain Res. 475, 317-327.
250. Leach, M. J., Baxter, M. G. and Critchley, M. A. E. (1991) Neurochemical and behavioral aspects of Lamotrigine. Epilepsia 32, suppl. 2, S4-S8.
251. Leach, M. J., Marden, C. M. and Miller, A. A. (1986) Pharmacological studies on lamotrigine, a novel potential antiepileptic drug: II. Neurochemical studies on the mechanism of action. Epilepsia 27, 490-497.
252. Lee, W. L. and Hablitz, J. J. (1991) Initiation of epileptiform activity by excitatory amino acid receptors in the disinhibited rat neocortex. J. Neurophysiol. 65, 87-95.
253. Lees, G. and Leach, M. J. (1993) Studies on the mechanism of action of the novel anticonvulsant lamotrigine (Lamictal) using primary neuroglial cultures from rat cortex. Brain Res. 612, 190-199.
254. Lees, G. J. (1991) Inhibition of sodium-potassium-ATPase: a potential ubiquitous mechanism contributing to central nervous system neuropathology. Brain Res. Rev. 16, 283-300.
255. Lees, G. J. (1993) Contributory mechanisms in the causation of neurodegenerative disorders. Neuroscience 54, 287-322.
256. +-ATPase inhibitor ouabain in causing neuronal lesions in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 714, 145-155.
257. Legendre, P. and Westbrook, G. L. (1990) The inhibition of single N-methyl-D-aspartate-activated channels by zinc ions on cultured rat neurones. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 429, 429-449.
258. Lehmann, A., Hagberg, H., Jacobson, I. and Hamberger, A. (1985) Effects of status epilepticus on extracellular amino acids in the hippocampus. Brain Res. 359, 147-151.
259. Lehmann, J., Hutchison, A. J., McPherson, S. E., Mondadori, C., Schmutz, M., Sinton, C. M., Tsai, C., Murphy, D. E., Steel, D. J., Williams, M., Cheney, D. L. and Wood, P. L. (1988) CGS19755, a selective and competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate-type excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 246, 65-75.
260. Lekieffre, D. and Meldrum, B. S. (1993) The pyrimidine-derivative, BW1003C87, protects CA1 and striatal neurons following transient severe forebrain ischaemia in rats. A microdialysis and histological study. Neuroscience 56, 93-99.
261. Li, H. and Buchan, A. M. (1993) Treatment with an AMPA antagonist 12 hours following severe normothermic forebrain ischaemia prevents CA1 neuronal injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 933-939.
262. Limbrick, D. D. Jr., Churn, S. B., Sombati, S. and DeLorenzo, R. J. (1995) Inability to restore resting intracellular calcium levels as an early indicator of delayed neuronal cell death. Brain Res. 690, 145-156.
263. Linde, R., Laursen, H. and Hansen, A. J. (1996) Is calcium accumulation post-injury an indicator of cell damage?. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. (Wien) 66, 1-7.
264. Lipton, S. A. and Rosenberg, P. A. (1994) Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders. New Engl. J. Med. 330, 613-622.
265. Littman, L., Munir, M., Flagg, S. D. and Robinson, M. B. (1992) Multiple mechanisms for inhibition of excitatory amino acid receptors coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis. J. Neurochem. 59, 1893-1904.
266. Lodge, D., Curtis, D. R., Johnston, G. A. R. and Bornstein, J. C. (1980) In vivo inactivation of quisqualate: studies in the cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 182, 491-495.
267. Lodge, D., Johnston, G. A. R., Curtis, D. R. and Bornstein, J. C. (1979) Kainate neurotoxicity and glutamate inactivation. Neurosci. Lett. 14, 343-348.
268. Lombardo, A. J., Kuzniecky, R., Powers, R. E. and Brown, G. B. (1996) Altered brain sodium channel transcript levels in human epilepsy. Mol. Brain Res. 35, 84-90.
269. Longuemare, M. C. and Swanson, R. A. (1995) Excitatory amino acid release from astrocytes during energy failure by reversal of sodium-dependent uptake. J. Neurochem. Res. 40, 379-386.
270. Louvel, J., Avoli, M., Kurcewicz, I. and Pumain. R. (1994) Extracellular free potassium during synchronous activity induced by 4-aminopyridine in the juvenile rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 167, 97-100.
271. Louvel, J., Pumain, R., Yaari, Y., Heinemann, U. and Prince, D. A. (1992) N-methyl-D-aspartate mediated responses in epileptic cortex in humans - An in vitro study. Epilepsy Res. S8, 361-367.
272. Lowry, O. H., Passonneau, J. V., Hasselberger, F. X. and Schulz, D. (1964) Effects of ischaemia on known substrates and cofactors of the glycolytic pathway in brain. J. Biol. Chem. 239, 18-30.
273. Lucas, D. R. and Newhouse, J. P. (1957) The toxic effect of sodium-L-glutamate on the inner layers of the retina. Arch. Ophthalmol. 58, 193-201.
274. 3H]D-aspartate transport. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 291, 273-279.
275. Lustig, H. S., von Brauchitsch, K. L., Chan, J. and Greenberg, D. A. (1992) Cyclic GMP modulators and excitotoxic injury in cerebral cortical cultures. Brain Res. 577, 343-346.
276. Lyeth, B. G., Jiang, J. Y. and Liu, S. (1993) Behavioral protection by moderate hypothermia initiated after experimental traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 10, 57-64.
277. Lynch, M. A., Jaques-Berg, W., Lawson, P. R., Voss, K. L. and Bliss, T. V. P. (1994) The effect of arachidonic acid on glutamate uptake in cortical and hippocampal preparations. Neurosci. Res. Comm. 14, 53-61.
278. Lysko, P. G., Cox, J. A., Vigano, M. A. and Henneberry, R. C. (1989) Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in cultured neurons: pharmacological characterization. Brain Res. 499, 258-266.
279. MacKay, K. B., Kusumoto, K., Graham, D. I. and McCulloch, J. (1993) Effect of the kappa-1 opioid agonist CI-977 on ischaemic brain damage and cerebral blood flow after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Brain Res. 629, 10-18.
280. MacKay, K. B. and McCulloch, J. (1994) Distribution of effects of the kappa-opioid agonist CI-977 on cerebral glucose utilization in rat brain. Brain Res. 642, 160-168.
281. MacKay, K. B., Patel, T. R., Galbraith, S. L., Woodruff, G. N. and McCulloch, J. (1996) The relationship between glutamate release and cerebral blood flow after focal cerebral ischaemia in the cat: effect of pretreatment with enadoline (a kappa receptor agonist). Brain Res. 712, 329-334.
282. Madden, K. P., Clark, W. M. and Zivin, J. A. (1993) Delayed therapy of experimental ischaemia with competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists in rabbits. Stroke 24, 1068-1071.
283. Madl, J. E. and Burgesser, K. (1993) Adenosine triphosphate depletion reverses sodium-dependent, neuronal uptake of glutamate in rat hippocampal slices. J. Neurosci. 13, 4429-4444.
284. Maginn, M., Caldwell, M., Kelly, J. P. and Leonard, B. E. (1995) The effect of 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (AP-3) in the gerbil model of cerebral ischaemia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 282, 259-262.
285. Maki, R., Robinson, M. B. and Dichter, M. A. (1994) The glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate depresses excitatory synaptic transmission via a presynaptic mechanism in cultured hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. 14, 6754-6762.
286. Maneuf, Y. P., Mitchell, I. J., Crossman, A. R., Woodruff, G. N. and Brotchie, J. M. (1995) Functional implications of kappa opioid receptor-mediated modulation of glutamate transmission in the output regions of the basal ganglia in rodent and primate models of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 683, 102-108.
287. 2+ influx elicited by glutamate: role in neuronal death. Mol. Pharmacol. 36, 106-112.
288. Mangano, R. M. and Schwarcz, R. (1983) Chronic infusion of endogenous excitatory amino acids into rat striatum and hippocampus. Brain Res. Bull. 10, 47-51.
289. Marescaux, C., Vergnes, M. and Depaulis, A. (1992) Genetic absence epilepsy in rats from strasbourg - A review. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 35, 37-69.
290. Marianowski, R., Pollard, H., Moreau, J., Despres, G., Ben-Ari, Y. and Huy, P. T. B. (1995) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits NR1 and NRC2 are overexpressed in the inferior colliculus of audiogenic mice. Neurosci. Lett. 189, 190-194.
291. Marion, D. W., Obrist, W. D., Carlier, P. M., Penrod, L. E. and Darby, J. M. (1993) The use of moderate therapeutic hypothermia for patients with severe head-injuries - A preliminary report. J. Neurosurg. 79, 354-362.
292. Marrannes, R., De Prins, E., Fransen, J. and Wauquier, A. (1989) Comparison of the influence of calcium antagonists and NMDA antagonists on the cortical extracellular changes in ion concentration and DC-potential during ischaemia. Acta Physiol. Scand. 136, Suppl. 582, 75.
293. Massieu, L., Morales-Villagrán, A. and Tapía, R. (1995) Accumulation of extracellular glutamate by inhibition of its uptake is not sufficient for inducing neuronal damage: An in vivo microdialysis study. J. Neurochem. 64, 2262-2272.
294. Matsumoto, K., Graf, R., Rosner, G., Shimada, N. and Heiss, W.-D. (1992) Flow thresholds for extracellular purine catabolite elevation in cat focal ischaemia. Brain Res. 579, 309-314.
295. Matsumoto, K., Graf, R., Rosner, G., Taguchi, J. and Heiss, W.-D. (1993) Elevation of neuroactive substances in the cortex of cats during prolonged focal ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 586-594.
296. Matsumoto, K., Lo, E. H., Pierce, A. R., Halpern, E. F. and Newcomb, R. (1996) Secondary elevation of extracellular neurotransmitter amino acids in the reperfusion phase following focal cerebral ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 114-124.
297. 2+ binding to serum albumin. A comparative study of dog, bovine, and human albumin. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 25557-25561.
298. Matsushima, K., Hogan, M. J. and Hakim, A. M. (1996) Cortical spreading depression protects against subsequent focal cerebral ischaemia in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 221-226.
299. Maycox, P. R., Hell, J. W. and Jabn, R. (1990) Amino acid neurotransmission - Spotlight on synaptic vesicles. Trends Neurosci. 13, 83-87.
300. Mayevsky, A., Doron, A., Manor, T., Meilin, S., Salame, K. and Ouaknine, G. E. (1995) Repetitive cortical spreading depression cycle development in the human brain: a multiparametric monitoring approach. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, Suppl. 1, S34.
301. McBain, C. J. and Mayer, M. L. (1994) N-methyl-D-aspartatic acid receptor structure and function. Physiol. Rev. 74, 723-760.
302. McBean, G. J. and Roberts, P. J. (1984) Chronic infusion of L-glutamate causes neurotoxicity in rat striatum. Brain Res. 290, 372-375.
303. McBean, G. J. and Roberts, P. J. (1985) Neurotoxicity of L-glutamate and DL-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate in the rat striatum. J. Neurochem. 44, 247-254.
304. McCulloch, J., Ozyurt, E., Park, C. K., Nehls, D. G., Teasdale, G. M. and Graham, D. I. (1993) Glutamate receptor antagonists in experimental focal cerebral ischaemia. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. (Wien) 57, 73-79.
305. McDonald, J. W., Fix, A. S., Tizzano, J. P. and Schoepp, D. D. (1993) Seizures and brain injury in neonatal rats induced by 1S,3R-ACPD, a metabotropic glutamate-receptor agonist. J. Neurosci. 13, 4445-4455.
306. McDonald, J. W., Silverstein, F. S. and Johnston, M. V. (1988) Neurotoxicity of N-methyl-D-aspartate is markedly enhanced in developing rat central nervous system. Brain Res. 459, 200-201.
307. McDonald, J. W., Trescher, W. H. and Johnston, M. V. (1992) Susceptibility of brain to AMPA-induced excitotoxicity transiently peaks during early postnatal development. Brain Res. 583, 54-70.
308. McIntosh, T. K. (1993) Novel pharmacologic therapies in the treatment of experimental traumatic brain injury: A review. J. Neurotrauma 10, 215-261.
309. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and behavioral studies. J. Neurotrauma 5, 17-31.
310. McIntosh, T. K., Fernyak, S., Yamakami, I. and Faden, A. I. (1994) Central and systemic kappa-opioid agonists exacerbate neurobehavioral response to brain injury in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 267, R665-R672.
311. McIntosh, T. K., Soares, H., Thomas, M. and Cloherty, K. (1990a) Development of regional cerebral edema after lateral fluid percussion brain injury in the rat. Acta Neurochir. Wien 51, 263-264.
312. McIntosh, T. K., Vink, R., Noble, L., Yamakami, I., Fernyak, S., Soares, H. and Faden, A. I. (1989a) Traumatic brain injury in the rat: characterization of a lateral fluid-percussion model. Neuroscience 28, 233-244.
313. McIntosh, T. K., Vink, R., Soares, H., Hayes, R. and Simon, R. (1989b) Effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker MK-801 on neurologic function after experimental brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 6, 247-259.
314. McIntosh, T. K., Vink, R., Soares, H., Hayes, R. and Simon, R. (1990b) Effect of noncompetitive blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on the neurochemical sequelae of experimental brain injury. J. Neurochem. 55, 1170-1179.
315. McIntosh, T. K., Vink, R., Yamakami, I. and Faden, A. I. (1989c) Magnesium protects against neurological deficit after brain injury. Brain Res. 482, 252-260.
316. McLachlan, R. S. and Girvin, J. P. (1994) Spreading depression of Leao in rodent and human cortex. Brain Res. 666, 133-136.
317. McNamara, J. O., Russell, R. D., Rigsbee, L. and Bonhaus, D. W. (1988) Anticonvulsant and antiepileptic actions of MK-801 in the kindling and electroshock models. Neuropharmacology 27, 563-568.
318. Meadows, M. E., Fisher, M. and Minematsu, K. (1994) Delayed treatement with a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, CNS-1102. reduces infarct size in rats. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 4, 26-31.
319. Meldrum, B. S. (1990) Protection against ischaemic neuronal damage by drugs acting on excitatory neurotransmission. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 2, 27-57.
320. Meldrum, B. S. (1992) Excitatory amino acids in epilepsy and potential novel therapies. Epilepsy Res. 12, 189-196.
321. Meldrum, B. S. (1994) The role of glutamate in epilepsy and other CNS disorders. Neurology 44, S14-S23.
322. Meldrum, B. and Garthwaite, J. (1990) Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11, 54-62.
323. Memon, Z. I., Altura, B. T., Benjamin, J. L., Cracco, R. Q. and Altura, B. M. (1995) Predictive value of serum ionized but not total magnesium levels in head-injuries. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 55, 671-677.
324. Merlin, L. R., Taylor, G. W. and Wong, R. K. S. (1995) Role of metabotropic glutamate-receptor subtypes in the patterning of epileptiform activity in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 74, 896-900.
325. Mies, G., Kohno, K. and Hossmann, K.-A. (1994) Prevention of periinfarct direct current shifts with glutamate antagonist NBQX following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 804-807.
326. Millan, M. H., Chapman, A. G. and Meldrum, B. S. (1993) Extracellular amino acid levels in hippocampus during pilocarpine-induced seizures. Epilepsy Res. 14, 139-148.
327. Millan, M. H., Chapman, A. G. and Meldrum, B. S. (1995) Dual inhibitory action of enadoline (CI977) on release of amino acids in the rat hippocampus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 279, 75-81.
328. Millan, M. H., Obrenovitch, T. P., Sarna, G. S., Lok, S.-Y., Symon, L. and Meldrum, B. S. (1991) Changes in rat brain extracellular glutamate concentration during seizures induced by systemic picrotoxin or focal bicuculline injection: an in vivo dialysis study with on-line enzymatic detection. Epilepsy Res. 9, 86-91.
329. Millan, M. H., Patel, S. and Meldrum, B. S. (1988) The involvement of excitatory amino acid receptors within the prepiriform cortex in pilocarpine-induced limbic seizures in rats. Exp. Brain Res. 72, 517-522.
330. Miller, A. A., Sawyer, D. A., Roth, B., Peck, A. W., Leach, M. J., Wheatley, P. L., Parsons, D. N. and Morgan, R. J. I. (1986) Lamotrigine. In: New Anticonvulsant Drugs, pp. 165-177. Eds. B. S. Meldrum and R. J. Porter. John Libbey: London.
331. Miller, J. D., Bullock, R., Graham, D. I., Chen, M.-H. and Teasdale, G. M. (1990) Ischaemic brain damage in a model of acute subdural hematoma. Neurosurgery 27, 433-439.
332. Miller, S., Bridges, R. J., Chamberlin, A. R. and Cotman, C. W. (1994) Pharmacological dissociation of glutamatergic metabotropic signal transduction pathways in cortical astrocytes, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 269, 235-241.
333. Minamoto, Y., Itano, T., Tokuda, M., Matsui, H., Janjua, N. A., Hosokawa, K., Okada, Y., Murakami, T. H., Negi, T. and Hatase, O. (1992) In vivo microdialysis of amino acid neurotransmitters in the hippocampus in amygdaloid kindled rat. Brain Res. 573, 345-348.
334. Mintz, M., Rose, I. C. and Herberg, L. J. (1990) The effect of the NMDA antagonist, MK-801, on the course and outcome of kindling. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 35, 815-821.
335. Mitani, A., Andou, Y. and Kataoka, K. (1992) Selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA1 neurons cannot be explained in terms of an increase in glutamate concentrations during ischaemia in the gerbil: brain microdialysis study. Neuroscience 48, 307-313.
336. Mitrovic, N., Caboche, J., Carré, J. B., Besson, M. J. and Maurin, Y. (1991) The quaking mouse: an epileptic mutant with alterations affecting the modulatory mechanisms of the NMDA receptor complex. Brain Res. 566, 248-254.
337. Mitrovic, A. D. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1994) Regional differences in the inhibition of L-glutamate and L-aspartate sodium-dependent high affinity uptake systems in rat CNS synaptosomes by L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate, threo-3-hydroxy-D-aspartate and D-aspartate. Neurochem. Int. 24, 583-588.
338. Mizoule, J., Meldrum, B., Mazadier, M., Croucher, M., Ollat, C., Uzan, A., Legrand, J.-J., Gueremy, C. and Le Fur, G. (1985) 2-amino-6-trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole, a possible antagonist of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission I. Anticonvulsant properties. Neuropharmacology 24, 767-773.
339. Mody, I., Lambert, J. D. C. and Heinernann, U. (1987) Low extracellular magnesium induces epileptiform activity and spreading depression in rat hippocampal slices. J. Neurophysiol. 57, 869-888.
340. 2+ release. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 16, 356-359.
341. Moghaddam, B., Gruen, R. J., Roth, R. H., Bunney, B. S. and Adams, R. N. (1990) Effect of L-glutamate on the release of striatal doparnine: in vivo dialysis and electrochemical studies. Brain Res. 518, 55-60.
342. Monyer, H., Burnashev, N., Laurie, D. J., Sakmann, B. and Seeburg, P. H. (1994) Developmental and regional expression in the rat brain and functional properties of four NMDA receptors. Neuron 12, 529-540.
343. Morales-Villagran, A. and Tapia, R. (1996) Preferential stimulation of glutamate release by 4-aminopyridine in rat striatum in vivo. Neurochem. Int. 28, 35-40.
344. Mori, H. and Mishina, M. (1995) Structure and function of the NMDA receptor channel. Neuropharmacology 34, 1219-1237.
345. Mori, N. and Wada, J. A. (1987) Bidirectional transfer between kindling induced by excitatory amino acids and electrical stimulation. Brain Res. 425, 45-48.
346. Muir, K. W. and Lees, K. R. (1995) Clinical experience with excitatory amino acid antagonist drugs. Stroke 26, 503-513.
347. Muller. D., Buchs, P.-A., Stoppini, L. and Boddeke, H. (1991) Long-term potentiation, protein kinase C. and glutamate receptors. Mol. Neurobiol. 5, 277-288.
348. + channel α-dendrotoxin: characterization of synaptosomal binding sites and their coupling to elevation of cytosolic free calcium concentration. Neurochem. Int. 16, 105-112.
349. 14C]2-deoxyglucose phosphorylation. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 6, 607-615.
350. Nedergaard, M. and Goldman, S. A. (1995) Gap junctional coupling is required for propagation of spreading depression. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, Suppl. 1, S152.
351. Nedergaard, M. and Hansen, A. J. (1993) Characterization of cortical depolarizations evoked in focal cerebral ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 568-574.
352. Nellgård, B. and Wieloch, T. (1992) NMDA-receptor blockers but not NBQX, an AMPA-receptor antagonist, inhibit spreading depression in the rat brain. Acta Physiol. Scand. 146, 497-503.
353. Nicholls, D. G. (1992) A retrograde step forward. Nature (Lond.) 360, 106-107.
354. Nicholls, D. G. (1993) Ion channels and the regulation of neurotransmitter glutamate release. Biochem. Soc. Transac. 21, 53-58.
355. Nicholls, D. G. and Attwell, D. (1990) The release and uptake of excitatory amino acids. Trends Neurosci. 11, 462-468.
356. Nicholls, D. G., Sihra, T. S. and Sanchez-Prieto, J. (1987) Calcium-dependent and independent release of glutamate from synaptosomes monitored by continuous fluorometry. J. Neurochem. 49, 50-57.
357. Nilsson, P., Hillered, L., Pontén, U. and Ungerstedt, U. (1990) Changes in cortical extracellular levels of energy-related metabolites and amino acids following concussive brain injury in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10, 631-637.
358. 2+ levels following cortical compression contusion trauma in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 183-192.
359. Nilsson, P., Laursen, H., Hillered, L. and Hansen, A. J. (1996) Calcium movements in traumatic brain injury: The role of glutamate receptor-operated ion channels. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 262-270.
360. Nilsson, P., Ronne-Engström, E., Flink, R., Ungerstedt, U., Carlson, H. and Hillered, L. (1994) Epileptic seizure activity in the acute phase following cortical impact trauma in rat. Brain Res. 637, 227-232.
361. Nowak, L., Bregestowski, P., Ascher, P., Herbet, A. and Prochiantz, A. (1984) Magnesium gates glutamate-activated channels in mouse central neurones. Nature (Lond.) 307, 462-465.
362. Obrenovitch, T. P. (1995) The ischaemic penumbra: Twenty years on. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 7, 297-323.
363. Obrenovitch, T. P. (1996) Origins of glutamate release in ischaemia. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. (Wien) 66, 50-55.
364. Obrenovitch, T. P. (1997) Glutamate neurotoxicity and stroke. In: The Clinical Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischaemia, pp. 101-125. Eds. G. J. Ter Horst and J. Korf. Humana Press: Totowa, U.S.A.
365. Obrenovitch, T. P., Garofalo, O., Harris, R. J., Bordi, L., Ohno, M., Momma, F., Bachelard, H. S. and Symon, L. (1988) Brain tissue concentration of ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate and tissue pH in relation to reduced cerebral blood flow following experimental acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8, 866-874.
366. Obrenovitch, T. P. and Richards, D. A. (1995) Extracellular neurotransmitter changes in cerebral ischaemia. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 7, 1-54.
367. Obrenovitch, T. P., Richards, D. A., Sarna, G. S. and Symon, L. (1993a) Combined intracerebral microdialysis and electrophysiological recording: Methodology and applications. J. Neurosci. Meth. 47, 139-145.
368. Obrenovitch, T. P., Sarna, G. S., Millan, M. H., Lok, S.-Y., Kawauchi, M., Ueda Y. and Symon L. (1990a) Intracerebral dialysis with on-line enzyme fluorometric detection: A novel method to investigate the changes in the extracellular concentration of glutamic acid. In: Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischaemia 1990, pp. 23-31. Eds. J. Krieglstein and H. Oberpichler. Wiss.-Verlag.: Stuttgart.
369. Obrenovitch, T. P., Scheller, D., Matsumoto, T., Tegtmeier, F., Höller, M. and Symon, L. (1990b) A rapid distribution of hydrogen ions is associated with depolarization subsequent to cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion. J. Neurophysiol. 64, 1125-1133.
370. Obrenovitch, T. P., Urenjak, J., Richards, D. A., Ueda, Y., Curzon, G. and Symon, L. (1993b) Extracellular neuroactive amino acids in the rat brain striatum during moderate and severe transient ischaemia. J. Neurochem. 61, 178-186.
371. Obrenovitch, T. P., Urenjak, J. and Zilkha, E. (1994) Intracerebral microdialysis combined with recording of extracellular field potential: a novel method for investigation of depolarizing drugs in vivo. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113, 1295-1302.
372. Obrenovitch, T. P., Urenjak, J. and Zilkha, E. (1996a) Evidence disputing the link between seizure activity and high extracellular glutamate. J. Neurochem. 66, 2446-2454.
373. Obrenovitch, T. P. and Zilkha, E. (1995a) High extracellular potassium, and not extracellular glutamate, is required for the propagation of spreading depression. J. Neurophysiol. 73, 2107-2114.
374. Obrenovitch, T. P. and Zilkha, E. (1995b) Changes in extracellular glutamate concentration associated with propagating cortical spreading depression. In: Experimental Headache Models in Animal and Man, pp. 113-117. Eds. J. Olesen and M. A. Moskowitz. Lippincott-Raven: New York.
375. Obrenovitch, T. P. and Zilkha, E. (1996a) Inhibition of cortical spreading depression by L-701,324, a novel antagonist at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. Br. J. Pharmacol. 117, 931-937.
376. Obrenovitch, T. P. and Zilkha, E. (1996b) Intracerebral microdialysis markedly inhibits the propagation of cortical spreading depression. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. Wien 67, 21-23.
377. Obrenovitch, T. P., Zilkha, E. and Urenjak, J. (1995) Intracerebral microdialysis: electrophysiological evidence of a critical pitfall. J. Neurochem. 64, 1884-1887.
378. Obrenovitch, T. P., Zilkha, E. and Urenjak, J. (1996b) Evidence against high extracellular glutamate promoting the elicitation of spreading depression by potassium. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 923-931.
379. O'Donnell, R. A. and Miller, A. A. (1991) The effect of lamotrigine upon the development of cortical kindled seizures in the rat Neuropharmacology 30, 253-258.
380. Ogata, T., Nakamura, Y., Shibata, T. and Kataoka, K. (1992) Release of excitatory amino acids from cultured hippocampal astrocytes induced by hypoxic-hypoglycemic stimulation. J. Neurochem. 58, 1957-1959.
381. Okiyama, K., Smith, D. H., Gennarelli, T. A., Simon, R. P., Leach, M. and McIntosh, T. K. (1995) The sodium channel blocker and glutamate release inhibitor BW1003C87 and magnesium attenuate regional cerebral edema following experimental brain injury in the rat. J. Neurochem. 64, 802-809.
382. Olenik, C., Lais, A. and Meyer, D. K. (1991) Effects of unilateral cortex lesions on gene-expression of rat cortical cholecystokinin neurons. Mol. Brain Res. 10, 259-265.
383. Olney, J. W. (1969) Brain lesions, obesity and other disturbances in mice treated with monosodium glutamate. Science 164, 719-721.
384. Olney, J. W. (1990) Excitotoxin-mediated neuron death in youth and old age. Prog. Brain Res. 86, 37-51.
385. Olney, J. W. and De Gubareff, T. (1978) Glutamate neurotoxicity and Hungtington's chorea. Nature 271, 557-559.
386. Olney, J. W., Zorumski, C., Price, M. T. and Labruyere, J. (1990) L-cysteine, a bicarbonate-sensitive endogenous excitotoxin. Science 248, 596-599.
387. Opitz, T., Richter, P., Carter, A. J., Kozikowski, A. P., Shinozaki, H. and Reymann, K. G. (1995) Metabotropic glutamate-receptor subtypes differentially influence neuronal recovery from in vitro hypoxia hypoglycemia in rat hippocampal slices. Neuroscience 68, 989-1001.
388. O'Regan, M. H., Perkins, L. M. and Phillis, J. W. (1995a) Arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine modulate excitatory transmitter amino acid release from the rat cerebral cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 193, 85-88.
389. O'Regan, M. H., Smith-Barbour, M., Perkins, L. M. and Phillis, J. W. (1995b) A possible role for phospholipases in the release of neurotransmitter amino acids from ischaemic rat cerebral cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 185, 191-194.
390. Orrego, F. and Villanueva, S. (1993) The chemical nature of the main central excitatory transmitter: A critical appraisal based upon release studies and synaptic vesicle localization. Neuroscience 56, 539-555.
391. Ozawa, Y., Nakamura, T., Sunami, K., Kubota, M., Ito, C.. Murai, H., Yamaura, A. and Makino, H. (1991) Study of regional cerebral blood flow in experimental head injury: changes following cerebral contusion and during spreading depression. Neurol. Med. Chir. Tokyo 31, 685-690.
392. Palmer, A. M., Marion, D. W., Botscheller, M. L. and Redd, E. E. (1993a) Therapeutic hypothermia is cytoprotective without attenuating the traumatic brain injury-induced elevations in interstitial concentrations of aspartate and glutamate. J. Neurotrauma 10, 363-372.
393. Palmer, A. M., Marion, D. W., Botscheller, M. L., Swedlow, P. E., Styren, S. D. and DeKosky, S. T. (1993b) Traumatic brain injury-induced excitotoxicity assessed in a controlled cortical impact model. J. Neurochem. 61, 2015-2024.
394. Palmer, A. M., Marion, D. W., Botscheller, M. L., Bowen, D. M. and DeKosky, S. T. (1994) Increased transmitter amino acid concentration in human ventricular CSF after brain trauma. Neuroreport 6, 153-156.
395. Panter, S. S. and Faden, A. I. (1992) Pretreatment with NMDA antagonists limits release of excitatory amino acids following traumatic brain injury. Neurosci. Lett. 136, 165-168.
396. Park, C. K., Nehls, D. G., Graham, D. I., Teasdale, G. M. and McCulloch, J. (1988) Focal cerebral ischaemia in the cat: treatment with the glutamate antagonist MK-801 after induction of ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8, 757-762.
397. Parsons, C. G., Quack, G., Bresink, I., Baran, L., Przegalinski, E., Kostowski, W., Krzascik, P., Hartmann, S. and Danysz, W. (1995) Comparison of the potency, kinetics and voltage-dependency of a series of uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists in vitro with anticonvulsive and motor impairment activity in vivo. Neuropharmacology 10, 1239-1258.
398. Patel, M. N., Yim, G. K. W. and Isom, G. E. (1992) Potentiation of cyanide neurotoxicity by blockade of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Brain Res. 593, 114-116.
399. Peng, T.-I. and Sheu, S.-S. (1994) Increased intracellular sodium concentration of astrocytes induced by arachidonic acid accounts for its inhibitory effect on glutamate uptake. Biophys. J. 66, A254.
400. Peng, Y. G., Taylor, T. B., Finch, R. E., Switzer, R. C. and Ramsdell, J. S. (1994) Neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic actions of the amnesic shellfish poison, domoic acid. Neuroreport 5, 981-985.
401. Perez, V. J. and Olney, J. W. (1972) Accumulation of glutamic acid in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of the infant mouse following subcutaneous administration of monosodium glutamate. J. Neurochem. 19, 1777-1782.
402. Perreault, P. and Avoli, M. (1991) Physiology and pharmacology of epileptiform activity induced by 4-aminopyridine in rat hippocampal slices. J. Neurophysiol. 65, 771-785.
403. Petito, C. K. and Cash, K. S. (1992) Blood-brain barrier abnormalities in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome -Immunohistochemical localization of serum proteins in postmortem brain. Ann. Neurol. 32, 658-666.
404. Phillis, J. W., Walter, G. A. and Simpson, R. E. (1991) Brain adenosine and transmitter amino acid release from the ischaemic rat cerebral cortex: effects of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor deoxycoformycin. J. Neurochem. 56, 644-650.
405. Piani, D., Frei, K., Pfister, H. W. and Fontana, A. (1993) Glutamate uptake by astrocytes is inhibited by reactive oxygen intermediates but not by other macrophage-derived molecules including cytokines, leukotrienes or platelet-activating factor. J. Neuroimmunol. 48, 99-104.
406. Pin, J.-P. and Duvoisin, R. (1995) The metabotropic glutamate receptors: structure and functions. Neuropharmacology 34, 1-26.
407. Piredda, S. and Gale, K. (1986) Role of excitatory amino acid transmission in the genesis of seizures elicited from the deep prepiroform cortex. Brain Res. 377, 205-210.
408. Pollard, H., Khrestchatisky, M., Moreau, J., Ben-Ari, Y. and Represa, A. (1994) Correlation between reactive sprouting and microtubule protein expression in epileptic hippocampus. Neuroscience 61, 773-787.
409. Porter, R. H. P., Briggs, R. S. J. and Roberts, P. J. (1992) L-aspartate-β-hydroxamate exhibits mixed agonist antagonist activity at the glutamate metabotropic receptor in rat neonatal cerebrocortical slices. Neurosci. Lett. 144, 87-89.
410. Povlishock, J. T. and Lyeth, B. G. (1989) Traumatically induced blood-brain barrier disruption: a conduit for the passage of circulating excitatory neurotransmitters. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 15, 1113.
411. Pratt, J., Rataud, J., Bardot, F., Roux, M., Blanchard, J.-C., Laduron, P. M. and Stutzmann, J.-M. (1992) Neuroprotective actions of riluzole in rodent models of global and focal cerebral ischaemia. Neurosci. Lett. 140, 225-230.
412. Price, M. T., Olney, J. W., Lowry, O. H. and Buschsbaum, S. (1981) Uptake of exogenous glutamate and aspartate by circumventricular organs but not other regions of brain. J. Neurochem. 36, 1774-1780.
413. Pulsinelli, W. A., Brierley, J. B. and Plum, F. (1982) Temporal profile of neuronal damage in a model of transient forebrain ischaemia. Ann. Neurol. 11, 491-498.
414. Rainnie, D. G., Holmes, K. H. and Shinnick-Gallagher, P. (1994) Activation of postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors by trans-ACPD hyperpolarizes neurons of the basolateral amygdala. J. Neurosci. 14, 7208-7220.
415. Rashidy-Puur, A., Motaghed-Larijani, Z. and Bures, J. (1995) Tolerance to ketamine-induced blockade of cortical spreading depression transfers to MK-801 but not to AP5 in rats. Brain Res. 693, 64-69.
416. Rauen, T., Jeserich, G., Danbolt, N. C. and Kanner, B. I. (1992) Comparative analysis of sodium-dependent L-glutamate transport of synaptosomal and astroglial membrane vesicles from mouse cortex. FEBS Lett. 312, 15-20.
417. Récasens, M., Pin, J.-P. and Bockaert, J. (1987) Chloride transport blockers inhibit the chloride-dependent glutamate binding to rat brain membranes. Neurosci. Lett. 74, 211-216.
418. Reggia, J. A. and Montgomery, D. (1994) Modeling cortical spreading depression. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. No SS, 873-877.
419. Reid, K. H., Marrannes, R. and Wauquier, A. (1988) Spreading depression and central nervous system pharmacology. J. Pharmacol. Meth. 19, 1-21.
420. Rhoads, D. E., Ockner, R. K., Peterson, N. A. and Raghupathy, E. (1983) Modulation of membrane transport by free fatty acids: inhibition of synaptosomal sodium-dependent amino acid uptake. Biochemistry 22, 1965-1970.
421. Riepe, M. W., Hori, N., Ludolph, A. C. and Carpenter, D. O. (1995) Failure of neuronal ion exchange, not potentiated excitation. causes excitotoxicity after inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Neuroscience 64, 91-97.
422. Roberts, P. J., Foster, G. A. and Thomas, E. M. (1981) Neurotoxic action of methyltetrahydrofolate in rat cerebellum unrelated to direct activation of kainate receptors. Nature 293, 654-655.
423. 2 monitoring in head-injured patients. J. Neurotrauma 12, 891-896.
424. Robinson, M. B., Djali, S. and Buchhalter, J. R. (1993) Inhibition of glutamate uptake with L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate potentiates glutamate toxicity in primary hippocampal cultures. J. Neurochem. 61, 2099-2103.
425. Rodrigues, P. S., Guimaraes, A. P. O., Azeredo, F. A. M. and Martins-Ferreira, H. (1988) Involvement of GABA and ACh in retinal spreading depression: Effects of "low calcium - high magnesium" solutions. Exp. Brain Res. 73, 659-664.
426. Rogawski, M. A., Yamaguchi, S., Jones, S. M., Rice, K., C., Thurkauf, A. and Monn, J. A. (1991) Anticonvulsant activity of the low-affinity uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist (±)-5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (ADCI): comparison with the structural analogs dizocilpine (MK-801) and carbamazepine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 259, 30-37.
427. Rogers, S. W., Andrews, P. I., Gahring, L. C., Whisenand, T., Cauley, K., Crain, B., Hugues, T. E., Heinemann, S. F. and McNamara, J. O. (1994) Autoantibodies to glutamate receptor GluR3 in Rasmussen's encephalitis. Science 265, 648-651.
428. Ronne-Engström, E., Hillered, L., Flink, R., Spannare, B., Ungerstedt, U. and Carlson, H. (1992) Intracerebral microdialysis of extracellular amino acids in the human epileptic focus. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 873-876.
429. Rosenberg, P. A. (1991) Accumulation of extracellular glutamate and neuronal death in astrocyte-poor cortical cultures exposed to glutamine. Glia 4, 91-100.
430. Rosenberg, P. A. and Aizenman, E. (1989) Hundred-fold increase in neuronal vulnerability to glutamate toxicity in astrocyte-poor cultures of rat cerebral cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 103, 162-168.
431. Rosenberg, P. A., Amin, S. and Leitner, M. (1992) Glutamate uptake disguises neurotoxic potency of glutamate agonists in cerebral cortex in dissociated cell culture. J. Neurosci. 12, 56-61.
432. Roseth, S., Fykse, E. M. and Fonnum, F. (1995) Uptake of L-glutamate into rat brain synaptic vesicles: Effect of inhibitors that bind specifically to the glutamate transporter. J. Neurochem. 65, 96-103.
433. Röther, J., de Crespigny, A. J., D'Arceuil, H. and Moseley, M. E. (1996) MR detection of cortical spreading depression immediately after focal ischaemia in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 214-220.
434. Rothman, S. M. (1984) Synaptic release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter mediates anoxic neuronal death. J. Neurosci. 4, 1884-1891.
435. Rothman, S. M. (1985) The neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids is produced by passive chloride influx. J. Neurosci. 5, 1483-1489.
436. Rothstein, J. D., Dykes-Hoberg, M., Pardo, C. A., Bristol, L. A., Jin, L., Kuncl, R. W., Kanai, Y., Hediger, M. A., Wang, Y., Schielke, J. P. and Welty, D. F. (1996) Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major rote for astroglial transport in excitoxicity and clearance of glutamate. Neuron 16, 675-686.
437. Rothstein, J. D., Van Kammen, M., Levey, A. I., Martin, L. J. and Kuncl, R. W. (1995) Selective loss of glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 38, 73-84.
438. Rowley, H. L., Martin, K. F. and Marsden, C. A. (1995) Decreased GABA release following tonic-clonic seizures is associated with an increase in extracellular glutamate in rat hippocampus in vivo. Neuroscience 68, 415-422.
439. Rudolphi, K. A., Schubert, P., Parkinson, F. E. and Fredholm, B. B. (1992) Neuroprotective role of adenosine in cerebral ischaemia. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13, 439-445.
440. Ruppersberg, J. P., Kitzing, Ev. and Schoepfer, R. (1994) The mechanism of magnesium block of NMDA receptors. Seminars Neurosci. 6, 87-96.
441. Rutecki, P. A., Lebeda, F. J. and Johnston, D. (1985) Epileptiform activity induced by changes in extracellular potassium in hippocampus. J. Neurophysiol. 5, 1363-1373.
442. Salahuddin, T. S., Johansson, B. B., Kalimo, H. and Olsson, Y. (1988) Structural changes in the rat brain after carotid infusion of hyperosmolar solutions. Acta Neuropathol. 77, 5-13.
443. 2+-independent release of glutamate during anoxia in isolated nerve terminals. J. Neurochem. 50, 1322-1324.
444. Sarantis, M., Ballerini, L., Edwards, M., Miller, B., Silver, A. and Attwell, D. (1993a) Effects of the glutamate uptake blocker L-trans-PDC on isolated salamander retinal glia and isolated rat neurones. J. Physiol. 459, 246P.
445. Sarantis, M., Ballerini, L., Miller, B., Silver, R. A., Edwards, M. and Attwell, D. (1993b) Glutamate uptake from the synaptic cleft does not shape the decay of the non-NMDA component of the synaptic current. Neuron 11, 541-549.
446. Sawada, S., Higashima, M. and Yamamoto, C. (1985) Inhibitors of high-affinity uptake augment depolarizations of hippocampal neurons induced by glutamate, kainate and related compounds. Exp. Brain Res. 60, 323-329.
447. Schoepp, D. D., Tizzano, J. P., Wright, R. A. and Fiz, A. S. (1995) Reversible and irreversible neuronal injury induced by intrahippocampal infusion of the mGluR agonist 1S,3R-ACPD in the rat. Neurodegeneration 4, 71-80.
448. Schramm, M., Eimerl, S. and Costa, E. (1990) Serum and depolarizing agents cause acute neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells: role of the glutamate receptor responsive to N-methyl-D-aspartate. Proc. Natl. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 1193-1197.
449. Schulz, J. B., Matthews, R. T., Jenkins, B. G., Ferrante, R. J., Siwek, D., Henshaw, D. R., Cipolloni, P. B., Mecocci, P., Kowall, N. W., Rosen, B. R. and Beal, M. F. (1995) Blockade of neuronal nitric oxide synthase protects against excitotoxicity in vivo. J. Neurosci. 15, 8419-8429.
450. Schwarcz, R., Scholz, D. and Coyle, J. T. (1978) Structure-activity relations for the neurotoxicity of kainic acid derivatives and glutamate analogues. Neuropharmacology 17, 145-151.
451. Sen, S., Goldman, H., Morehead, M., Murphy, S. and Phillis, J. W. (1993) Oxypurinol inhibits free radical release from the cerebral cortex of closed head injured rats. Neurosci. Lett. 162, 117-120.
452. Shapira, Y., Yadid, G., Cotev, A., Niska, A. and Shohami, E. (1990) Protective effect of MK-801 in experimental brain trauma. J. Neurotrauma 7, 131-139.
453. Sheardown, M. J. (1993) The triggering of spreading depression in the chicken retina: a pharmacological study. Brain Res. 607, 189-194.
454. Sheardown, M. J., Nielsen, E. O., Hansen, A. J., Jacobsen, P. and Honoré, T. (1990) 2,3-dihydro-6-nitro-7-sulfamylbenzo(F)quinoxaline: a neuroprotectant for cerebral ischaemia. Science 247, 571-574.
455. Sheng, M., Cummings, J., Roldan, L. A., Jan, Y. N. and Jan, L. Y. (1994) Changing subunit composition of heteromeric NMDA receptors during development of rat cortex. Nature 368, 144-147.
456. Shimada, N., Graf, R., Rosner, G., Wakayama, A., George. C. P. and Heiss, W. D. (1989) Ischaemic flow threshold for extracellular glutamate increase in cat cortex. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9, 603-606.
457. Shiozaki, T., Sugimoto, H., Taneda, M., Yoshida, H., Iwai, A., Yoshioka, T. and Sugimoto, T. (1993) Effect of mild hypothermia on uncontrollable intracranial hypertension after severe head injury. J. Neurosurg. 79, 363-368.
458. Siesjö, B. K. and Bengtsson, F. (1989) Calcium fluxes, calcium antagonists and calcium-related pathology in brain ischaemia, hypoglycemia and spreading depression: a unifying hypothesis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9, 127-140.
459. Simon, R. P., Swan, J. H., Griffiths, T. and Meldrum, B. S. (1984) Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors may protect against ischaemic damage in the brain. Science 266, 850-852.
460. Siushansian, R., Dixon, S. J. and Wilson, J. X. (1996) Osmotic swelling stimulates ascorbate efflux from cerebral astrocytes. J. Neurochem. 66, 1227-1233.
461. Skerritt, J. H. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1981) Uptake and release of N-methyl-D-aspartate by rat brain slices. J. Neurochem. 36. 881-885.
462. Skorab, T.-E. O., Johansson, B. B., Kalimo, H. and Olsson, Y. A. (1988) A transient hypertensive opening of the blood-brain barrier can lead to brain damage. Acta Neuropathol. 75, 557-565.
463. Sloviter, R. S. (1994) The functional organization of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and its relevance to the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. 35, 640-654.
464. Smalheiser, N. R. and Swanson, D. R. (1994) Assessing a gap in the biomedical literature - Magnesium-deficiency and neurologic disease. Neurosci. Res. Comm. 15, 1-9.
465. Smith, D. H., Okiyama, K., Gennarelli, T. A. and McIntosh, T. K. (1993a) Magnesium and ketamine attenuate cognitive dysfunction following experimental brain injury. Neurosci. Lett. 157, 211-214.
466. Smith, D. H., Okiyama, K., Thomas, M. J. and McIntosh, T. K. (1993b) Effects of the excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists kynurenate and indole-2-carboxylic acid on behavioral and neurochemical outcome following experimental brain injury. J. Neurosci. 13, 5383-5392.
467. Söllner, T. P. and Rothman, J. E. (1994) Neurotransmission: harnessing fusion machinery at the synapse. Trends Neurosci. 17, 344-349.
468. Somjen, G. G. (1979) Extracellular potassium in the mammalian central nervous system. Anna. Rev. Physiol. 41, 159-177.
469. Spetzler, R. F. and Hadley, M. N. (1989) Protection against cerebral ischaemia: the role of barbiturates. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 1, 212-229.
470. Spira, M. E., Yarom, Y. and Zeldes, D. (1984) Neuronal interactions mediated by neuronally evoked changes in the extracellular potassium concentration. J. Exp. Biol. 112, 179-197.
471. Storm-Mathisen, J., Danbolt, N. C., Rothe, F., Thorp, R., Zhang, N., Aas, J. E., Kanner, B. I., Langmoen, I. and Ottersen, O. P. (1992) Ultrastructural immunocytochemical observations on the localization, metabolism and transport of glutamate in normal and ischaemic brain tissue. Prog. Brain Res. 94, 225-241.
472. Strong, A. J., Venables, G. S. and Gibson, G. (1983) The cortical ischaemic penumbra associated with occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the cat: 1. Topography of changes in blood flow, potassium ion activity, and EEG. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 3, 86-96.
473. Strong, A. J., Harland, S. P., Meldrum, B. S. and Whittington, D. J. (1996) The use of in vivo fluorescence image sequences to indicate the occurrence and propagation of transient focal depolarizations in cerebral ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 367-377.
474. Sun, F.-Y. and Faden, A. I. (1995) Neuroprotective effects of 619C89, a use-dependent sodium channel blocker, in rat traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 673, 133-140.
475. Sunami, K., Nakamura, T., Kubota, M., Ozawa, Y., Namba, H., Yamaura, A. and Makino, H. (1989) Spreading depression following experimental head injury in the rat. Neurol. Med. Chir. Tokyo 29, 975-980.
476. Suzuki, K., Iwata, Y., Osonoe, K., Mori, N. and Niwa, S. (1995) Anticonvulsant effect of (1S-3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD) - A selective metabotropic glutamate-receptor agonist, on amygdaloid-kindled rats. Neurosci. Jap. 21, 119-122.
477. Svensson, L., Zhang, J., Johannessen, K. and Engel, J. A. (1994) Effect of local infusion of glutamate analogues into the nucleus accumbens of rats: an electrochemical and behavioural study. Brain Res. 643, 155-161.
478. Swan, J. H. and Meldrum, B. S. (1990) Protection by NMDA antagonists against selective cell loss following transient ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10, 343-351.
479. Swanson, R. A., Farrell, K. and Simon, R. P. (1995) Acidosis causes failure of astrocyte glutamate uptake during hypoxia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 417-424.
480. Szatkowski, M. and Attwell, D. (1994) Triggering and execution of neuronal death in brain ischaemia: two phases of glutamate release by different mechanisms. Trends Neurosci. 17, 359-365.
481. Szatkowski, M., Barbour, B. and Attwell, D. (1990) Non-vesicular release of glutamate from glial cells by reversed electrogenic glutamate uptake. Nature (Lond.) 348, 443-446.
482. Taguchi, J., Graf, R., Rosner, G. and Heiss, W.-D. (1996) Prolonged transient ischaemia results in impaired CBF recovery and secondary glutamate accumulation in cats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 271-276.
483. Takagi, K., Ginsberg, M. D., Globus, M. Y.-T., Dietrich, W. D., Martinez, E., Kraydieh, S. and Busto, R. (1993) Changes in amino acid neurotransmitters and cerebral blood flow in the ischaemic penumbral region following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: correlation with histopathology. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 575-585.
484. Takahashi, H., Manaka, S. and Sano, K. (1981) Changes in extracellular potassium concentration in cortex and brain stem during the acute phase of experimental closed head injury. J. Neurosurg. 55, 708-717.
485. Tayer, S. A. and Wang, G. J. (1995) Glutamate-induced calcium loads: effects on energy metabolism and neuronal viability. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 22, 303-304.
486. +. J. Neurochem. 62, 2349-2355.
487. Taylor, D. L., Davies, S. E. C., Obrenovitch, T. P., Doheny, M. H., Patsalos, P. N., Clark, J. B. and Symon, L. (1995) Investigation into the role of N-acetylaspartate in cerebral osmoregulation. J. Neurochem. 65, 275-281.
488. Thesleff, S. (1980) Aminopyridines and synaptic transmission. Neuroscience 5, 1413-1419.
489. Thomas, M. J., Breault, D., Nolan, B., Smith, D. and McIntosh, T. K. (1990) The effects of experimental brain injury on regional cation concentrations. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 16, 777.
490. Thomsen, C., Hansen, L. and Suzdak, P. D. (1994) L-glutamate uptake inhibitors may stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in baby hamster kidney cells expressing mGluR1a via heteroexchange with L-glutamate without direct activation of mGluR1a. J. Neurochem. 63, 2038-2047.
491. 2+-dependent release of glutamate from guinea-pig cerebrocortical synaptosomes. J. Neurochem. 52, 201-206.
492. Tizzano, J. P., Griffey, K. I., Johnson, J. A., Fix, A. S., Helton, D. R. and Schoepp, D. D. (1993) Intracerebral 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) produces limbic seizures that are not blocked by ionotropic glutamate-receptor antagonists. Neurosci. Lett. 162, 12-16.
493. Tizzano, J. P., Griffey, K. I. and Schoepp, D. D. (1995) Induction or protection of limbic seizures in mice by mGluR subtype-selective agonists. Neuropharmacology 34, 1063-1067.
494. Todd, E. C. D. (1993) Domoic acid and amnesic shellfish poisoning - a review. J. Food Protection 56, 69-83.
495. Tornheim, P. A., Prioleau, G. R. and McLaurin, R. L. (1984) Acute responses to experimental blunt head trauma. Topography of cerebral cortical edema. J. Neurosurg. 60, 473-480.
496. Toth, E. and Lajtha, A. (1989) Motor effect of intracaudate injection of excitatory amino acids. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 33, 175-179.
497. Toulmond, S., Serrano, A., Benavides, J. and Scatton, M. (1993) Prevention by eliprodil (SL-82.0715) of traumatic brain-damage in the rat - Existence of a large (18 h) therapeutic window. Brain Res. 620, 32-41.
498. 2+ in the rat hippocampus slice. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 478, 379-393.
499. Traub, R. D., Miles, R. and Jefferys, J. G. R. (1993) Synaptic and intrinsic conductances shape picrotoxin-induced synchronized after-discharges in the Guinea-pig hippocampal slice. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 461, 525-547.
500. Tricklebank, M. D., Singh, L., Oles, R. J., Preston, C. and Iversen, S. D. (1989) The behavioural effects of MK-801: a comparison with antagonists acting non-competitively and competitively at the NMDA receptor. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 167, 127-135.
501. Trotti, D., Volterra, A., Lehre, K. P., Rossi, D., Gjesdal, O., Racagni, G. and Danbolt, N. C. (1995) Arachidonic acid inhibits a purified and reconstituted glutamate transporter directly from the water phase and not via the phospholipid membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 9890-9895.
502. Tsumoto, T., Hagihara, K., Sato, H. and Hata, Y. (1987) NMDA receptors in the visual cortex of young kittens are more effective than those of adult cats. Nature 327, 513-514.
503. Turski, L. and Turski, W. A. (1993) Towards an understanding of the role of glutamate in neurodegenerative disorders: energy metabolism and neuropathology. Experientia 49, 1064-1072.
504. Twyman, R. E., Gahring, L. C., Spiess, J. and Rogers, S. W. (1995) Glutamate receptor antibodies activate a subset of receptors and reveal an agonist binding site. Neuron 14, 755-762.
505. Uchiyama-Tsuyuki, Y., Araki, H. and Otomo, S. (1995) Depolarization and hypoxia-induced cell damage in serum-free cultures of the rat cortex, and related extracellular glutamate changes. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 293, 245-250.
506. Ueda, Y., Obrenovitch, T. P., Lok, S.-Y., Sarna, G. S. and Symon, L. (1992a) Efflux of glutamate produced by short ischaemia of varied severity in the rat striatum. Stroke 23, 253-259.
507. Ueda, Y., Obrenovitch, T. P., Lok, S.-Y., Sarna, G. S. and Symon, L. (1992b) Changes in extracellular glutamate concentration produced in the rat striatum by repeated ischaemia. Stroke 23, 1125-1131.
508. Uemura, Y., Kowall, N. W. and Moskowitz, M. A. (1991) Focal ischaemia in rats causes time-dependent expression of c-fos protein immunoreactivity in widespread regions of ipsilateral cortex. Brain Res. 552, 99-105.
509. Urban, L., Neill, K. H., Crain, B. J., Nadler, J. V. and Somjen, G. G. (1989) Postischaemic synaptic physiology in area CA1 of the gerbil hippocampus studied in vitro. J. Neurosci. 9, 3966-3975.
510. + channels: A rational and effective strategy against ischaemic brain damage. Pharmacol. Rev. 48, 21-67.
511. Urenjak, J., Obrenovitch, T. P., Richards, D. A., Williams, S. R. and Symon, L. (1991) Is N-acetylaspartate involved in neurotransmission? A microdialysis study. In: Monitoring Molecules in Neuroscience, pp. 355-357. Eds. H. Rollema, B. Westerink and W. J. Drijfhout. WJ. University Center for Pharmacy: Gröningen.
512. Urenjak, J., Obrenovitch, T. P. and Zilkha, E. (1995a) Microdialysis application of L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (L-trans-PDC): Effects on extracellular glutamate and local field potential. Br. J. Pharmacol. 115, Suppl., 18P.
513. Urenjak, J., Zilkha, E. and Obrenovitch, T. P. (1995b) Selective inhibition of glutamate uptake does not potentiate depolarizations evoked by application of glutamate to the rat striatum in vivo. Br. J. Pharmacol. 116, Suppl., 339P.
514. Urenjak, J., Zilkha, E. and Obrenovitch, T. P. (1996) Origin of depolarizations evoked in the rat striatum by competitive inhibition of glutamate uptake with L-trans-pyrrolidme-2,4-dicarboxylate (L-trans-PDC). Br. J. Pharmacol. 117, Suppl., 67P.
515. Uto, A., Dux, E. and Hossmann, K.-A. (1994) Effect of serum on intracellular calcium homeostasis and survival of primary cortical and hippocampal CA1 neurons following brief glutamate treatment. Metab. Brain Dis. 9, 333-345.
516. Uto, A., Dux, E., Kusumoto, M. and Hossmann, K.-A. (1995) Delayed neuronal death after brief histotoxic hypoxia in vitro. J. Neurochem. 64, 2185-2192.
517. Van der Zee, C. E. E. M., Rashid, K., Le, K., Moore, K.-A., Stanisz, J., Diamond, J., Racine, R. J. and Fahnestock, M. (1995) Intraventricular administration of antibodies to nerve growth factor retards kindling and blocks mossy fiber sprouting in adult rats. J. Neurosci. 15, 5316-5323.
518. Van Harreveld, A. and Fifková, E. (1970) Glutamate release from the retina during spreading depression. J. Neurobiol. 2, 13-29.
519. Van Harreveld, A. and Fifková, E. (1971) Light and electron microscopic changes in central nervous tissue after electrophoretic injection of glutamate. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 15, 61-81.
520. Veliskova, J. and Velisek, L. S. (1992) Picrotoxin-induced tonic-clonic seizures and lethality are decreased by MK-801 in developing rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 43, 291-295.
521. Verity, M. A. (1991) Use and abuse of tissue culture in neurotoxicity studies. Neurotoxicology 12, 457-459.
522. Vezzani, A., Ungerstedt, V., French, E. D. and Schwarcz, R. (1985) In vivo brain dialysis of amino acids and simultaneous EEG measurement following intra-hippocampal quinolinic acid injection: evidence for a dissociation between neurochemical changes and seizures. J. Neurochem. 45, 335-344.
523. 2+ is associated with irreversible tissue injury after brain trauma. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 757-761.
524. Vink, R., Portoghese, P. S. and Faden, A. I. (1991) Kappa-opioid antagonist improves cellular bioenergetics and recovery after traumatic brain injury. Am. J. Physiol. 261, R1527-R1532.
525. Volterra, A., Trotti, D., Cassutti, P., Tromba, C., Salvaggio, A., Melcangi, R. C. and Racagni, G. (1992) High sensitivity of glutamate uptake to extracellular free arachidonic acid levels in rat cortical synaptosomes and astrocytes. J. Neurochem. 59, 600-606.
526. Volterra, A., Trotti, D. and Racagni, G. (1994) Glutamate uptake is inhibited by arachidonic acid and oxygen radicals via two distinct and additive mechanisms. Mol. Pharmacol. 46, 986-992.
527. Vornov, J. J. and Coyle, J. T. (1991a) Glutamate neurotoxicity and the inhibition of protein synthesis in the hippocampal slice. J. Neurochem. 56, 996-1006.
528. Vornov, J. J. and Coyle, J. T. (1991b) Enhancement of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity in the hippocampal slice by depolarization and ischaemia. Brain Res. 555, 99-106.
529. Wade, J. V., Samson, F. E., Nelson, S. R. and Pazdernik, T. L. (1987) Changes in extracellular amino acids during soman- and kainic acid-induced seizures. J. Neurochem. 49, 645-650.
530. 3H]AMPA binding in layer VI of frontal cortex in Huntington's disease. Exp. Neurol. 127, 70-75.
531. Wahl, F., Obrenovitch, T. P., Hardy, A. M., Plotkine, M., Boulu, R. and Symon, L. (1994) Extracellular glutamate during focal cerebral ischaemia in rats: Time course and calcium-dependency. J. Neurochem. 63, 1003-1011.
532. Waldmeier, P. C., Wicki, P. and Feldtrauer, J.-J. (1993) Release of endogenous glutamate from rat cortical slices in presence of the glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 348, 478-485.
533. Walker, M. C., Galley, P. T., Errington, M. L., Shorvon, S. D. and Jefferys, J. G. R. (1995) Ascorbate and glutamate release in the rat hippocampus after perforant path stimulation: A "dialysis electrode" study. J. Neurochem. 65, 725-731.
534. Warner, D. S., Martin, H., Ludwig, P., McAllister, A., Keana, J. F. W. and Weber, E. (1995) In vivo models of cerebral ischaemia: effects of parenterally administered NMDA receptor glycine site antagonists. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 188-196.
535. Watanabe, M., Inoue, Y., Sakimura, K. and Mishina, M. (1992) Developmental changes in distribution of NMDA receptor channel subunit rnRNAs. Neuroreport 3, 1138-1140.
536. Westergren, I., Nordborg, C. and Johansson, B. B. (1993) Glutamate enhances brain damage and albumin content in cerebrospinal fluid after intracarotid protamine infusion. Acta Neuropathol. 85, 285-290.
537. Westergren, I., Nyström, B., Hamberger, A., Nordborg, C. and Johansson, B. B. (1994) Concentrations of amino acids in extracellular fluid after opening of the blood-brain barrier by intracarotid infusion of protamine sulfate. J. Neurochem. 62, 159-165.
538. Westerink, B. H. C. (1995) Brain microdialysis and its application for the study of animal behaviour. Behav. Brain Res. 70, 103-124.
539. Xie, X., Berger, T. W. and Barrionuevo, G. (1992) Isolated NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses express both LTP and LTD. J. Neurophysiol. 67, 1009-1013.
540. Xie, Y., Dengler, K., Zacharias, E., Wilffert, B. and Tegtmeier, F. (1994) Effects of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) on cellular ion homeostasis in rat brain subjected to complete ischaemia. Brain Res. 652, 216-224.
541. Xie, Y., Zachanas, E., Hoff, P. and Tegtmeier, F. (1995) Ion channel involvement in anoxic depolarization induced by cardiac arrest in rat brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 587-594.
542. Xue, D., Huang, Z. G., Barnes, K., Lesiuk, H. J., Smith, K. E. and Buchan, A. M. (1994) Delayed treatment with AMPA, but not NMDA, antagonists reduces neocortical infarction. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 251-161.
543. Yamaguchi, S., Donevan, S. D. and Rogawski, M. A. (1993) Anticonvulsant activity of AMPA kainate antagonists -Comparison of GYKI 52466 and NBQX in maximal electroshock and chemoconvulsant seizure models. Epilepsy Res. 15, 179-184.
544. Yang, C. S., Linn, N. N., Tsai, P. J., Liu, L. and Kuo, J. S. (1996) In vivo evidence of hydroxyl radical formation induced by elevation of extracellular glutamate after cerebral ischaemia in the cortex of anesthetized rats. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 20, 245-250.
545. 1. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 996-1006.
546. Yu, A. C. H., Chan, P. H. and Fishman, R. A. (1987) Arachidonic acid inhibits uptake of glutamate and glutamine but not of GABA in cultured cerebellar granule cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 17, 424-427.
547. Zaczek, R. and Coyle, J. T. (1982) Excitatory amino acid analogues: neurotoxicity and seizures. Neuropharmacology 21, 15-26.
548. Zauner, A. and Bullock, R. (1995) The role of excitatory amino acids in severe brain trauma: opportunities for therapy: a review. J. Neurotrauma 12, 547-554.
549. Zerangue, N., Arriza, J. L., Amara, S. G. and Kavanaugh, M. P. (1995) Differential modulation of human glutamate transporter subtypes by arachidonic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 6433-6435.
550. Zhang, J. P. and Sun, G. Y. (1995) Free fatty acids, neutral glycerides, and phosphoglycerides in transient focal cerebral ischaemia. J. Neurochem. 64, 1688-1695.
551. Zilkha, E., Obrenovitch, T. P., Koshy, A., Kusakabe, H. and Bennetto, H. P. (1995) Extracellular glutamate: on-line monitoring using microdialysis coupled to enzyme-amperometric analysis. J. Neurosci. Meth. 60, 1-9.
552. Zinkand, W. C., Thompson, C., Salama, A. I. and Patel, J. (1992) Excitatory amino acid-evoked calcium influx and calcium-dependent neurotoxicity in rat cortical cultures. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 648, 355-357.
553. Zornow, M. H. (1995) Inhibition of glutamate release - A possible mechanism of hypothermic neuroprotection. J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol. 7, 148-151.