Etiology and pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease - Environmental factors

Hepato-Gastroenterology

Volumn 47, Issue 31, 2000, Pages 29-43

  Andus, Tilo ^b   Gross, Volker ^a  

^a KLINIKUM ST MARIEN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL REGENSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Etiology; Inflammatory bowel disease; Nicotine; Pathophysiology; Smoking

Indexed keywords

HYDROGEN SULFIDE; NICOTINE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

APPENDECTOMY; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CROHN DISEASE; DIET; DRUG EFFICACY; ENTERITIS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HUMAN; HYGIENE; HYPERCOAGULABILITY; INTESTINE FLORA; LISTERIA; MEASLES; MYCOBACTERIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMOKING; TONSILLECTOMY; ULCERATIVE COLITIS;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0002671760     PISSN: 01726390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (256)

1. 1 Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami HO: The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: a large, population-based study in Sweden. Gastroenterology 1991; 100:350-358.
2. 2 Dassel PM: A familial pattern in inflammatory disease of the bowel (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). Dis Colon Rectum 1977; 20:669-671.
3. 3 Reed JF, Calkins BM, Rosen L: Concordance of familial characteristics in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35:405-410.
4. 4 Bayless TM, Tokayer AZ, Polito JM, Quaskey SA, Mellits ED, Harris ML: Crohn's disease: concordance for site and clinical type in affected family members - potential hereditary influences. Gastroenterology 1996; 111:573-579.
5. 5 Sachar DB: Crohn's disease: a family affair. Gastroenterology 1996; 111:813-815.
6. 6 Satsangi J, Grootscholten C, Holt H, Jewell DP: Clinical patterns of familial inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1996; 38:738-741.
7. 7 Pena AS, Crusius JB: Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease: implications for the future. World J Surg 1998; 22:390-393.
8. 8 Hugot JP, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, et al: Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease on chromosome 16. Nature 1996; 379:821-823.
9. 9 Mirza MM, Lee J, Teare D, et al: Evidence of linkage of the inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility locus on chromosome 16 (IBD1) to ulcerative colitis. J Med Genet 1998; 35:218-221.
10. 10 McLeod RS, Steinhart AH, Siminovitch KA, et al: Preliminary report on the Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Project. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40:553-557.
11. 11 Shanahan F: Closing in on the genetics of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1996;111:1390-1391.
12. 12 Satsangi J, Parkes M, Louis E, et al: Two-stage genome-wide search in inflammatory bowel disease provides evidence for susceptibility loci on chromosomes 3, 7 and 12. Nat Genet 1996; 14:199-202.
13. 13 Rath HC, Herfarth HH, Ikeda JS, et al: Normal luminal bacteria, especially Bacteroides species, mediate chronic colitis, gastritis, and arthritis in HLA-B27/human beta2 microglobulin transgenic rats. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:945-953.
14. 14 Sartor RB: Review article: Role of the enteric microflora in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation and arthritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11(Suppl 3):17-22.
15. 15 Tysk C, Lindberg E, Jarnerot G, Floderus-Myrhed B: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study of heritability and the influence of smoking. Gut 1988; 29:990-996.
16. 16 Godet PG, May GR, Sutherland LR: Meta-analysis of the role of oral contraceptive agents in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1995; 37:668-673.
17. 17 Gent AE, Hellier MD, Grace RH, Swarbrick ET, Coggon D: Inflammatory bowel disease and domestic hygiene in infancy. Lancet 1994; 343:766-767.
18. 18 Jewell DP: Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: the environment revisited. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7:383-384.
19. 19 Koutroubakis I, Manousos ON, Meuwissen SG, Pena AS: Environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43:381-393.
20. 20 Chiodini RJ: Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a review and comparison of two disease entities. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989; 2:90-117.
21. 21 Calkins BM: A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34:1841-1854.
22. 22 Osborne MJ, Stansby G: Cigarette smoking and its relationship to inflammatory bowel disease: a review. J R Soc Med 1992; 85:214-216.
23. 23 Shanahan F: Pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, Lancet 1993; 342:407-411.
24. 24 North CS, Alpers DH: A review of studies of psychiatric factors in Crohn's disease: etiologic implications. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1994; 6:117-124.
25. 25 Macpherson AJ, Khoo UY, Bjarnason I: Inflammatory bowel disease of mice - and men? Lancet 1994; 343:130-131.
26. 26 Weinand I, Jordan A, Caspary WF, Stein J: Nutrition in the etiopathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Z Gastroenterol 1997; 35:637-649.
27. 27 Thomas GA, Rhodes J, Green JT: Inflammatory bowel disease and smoking - a review. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93:144-149.
28. 28 Merger M, Croitoru K: Infections in the immunopathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Semin Immunol 1998; 10:69-78.
29. 29 Janowitz HD, Croen EC, Sachar DB: The role of the fecal stream in Crohn's disease: an historical and analytic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1998; 4:29-39.
30. 30 Harries AD, Baird A, Rhodes J: Non-smoking: a feature of ulcerative colitis. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1982; 284:706.
31. 31 Somerville KW, Logan RF, Edmond M, Langman MJ: Smoking and Crohn's disease. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1984; 289:954-956.
32. 32 Jick H, Walker AM: Cigarette smoking and ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 1983; 308:261-263.
33. 33 Franceschi S, Panza E, La Vecchia C, Parazzini F, Decarli A, Bianchi PG: Non-specific inflammatory bowel disease and smoking. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 125:445-452.
34. 34 Lindberg E, Tysk C, Andersson K, Jarnerot G: Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease. A case control study. Gut 1988; 29:352-357.
35. 35 Motley RJ, Rhodes J, Ford GA, et al: Time relationships between cessation of smoking and onset of ulcerative colitis. Digestion 1987; 37:125-127.
36. 36 Boyko EJ, Koepsell TD, Perera DR, Inui TS: Risk of ulcerative colitis among former and current cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1987; 316:707-710.
37. 37 Vessey M, Jewell D, Smith A, Yeates D, McPherson K: Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, cigarette smoking, and use of oral contraceptives: findings in a large cohort study of women of childbearing age. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1986; 292:1101-1103.
38. 38 Reif S, Klein I, Arber N, Gilat T: Lack of association between smoking and inflammatory bowel disease in Jewish patients in Israel. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:1683-1687.
39. 39 Lindberg E, Jarnerot G, Huitfeldt B: Smoking in Crohn's disease: effect on localization and clinical course. Gut 1992; 33:779-782.
40. 40 Penny WJ, Penny E, Mayberry JF, Rhodes J: Mormons, smoking, and ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1983; 2:1315.
41. 41 Penny WJ, Penny E, Mayberry JF, Rhodes J: Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease amongst Mormons in Britain and Ireland. Soc Sci Med 1985; 21:287-290.
42. 42 Sandler RS, Sandler DP, McDonnell CW, Wurzelmann JI: Childhood exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of ulcerative colitis. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135:603-608.
43. 43 Lashner BA, Shaheen NJ, Hanauer SB, Kirschner BS: Passive smoking is associated with an increased risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease in children. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88:356-359.
44. 44 Persson PG, Ahlbom A, Hellers G: Inflammatory bowel disease and tobacco smoke - a case-control study. Gut 1990; 31:1377-1381.
45. 45 Motley RJ, Rhodes J, Kay S, Morris TJ: Late presentation of ulcerative colitis in ex-smokers. Int J Colorectal Dis 1988; 3:171-175.
46. 46 Boyko EJ, Perera DR, Koepsell TD, Keane EM, Inui TS: Effects of cigarette smoking on the clinical course of ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23:1147-1152.
47. 47 Fraga XF, Vergara M, Medina C, Casellas F, Bermejo B, Malagelada JR: Effects of smoking on the presentation and clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 9:683-687.
48. 48 Russel MG, Nieman FH, Bergers JM, Stockbrugger RW: Cigarette smoking and quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. South Limburg IBD Study Group. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8:1075-1081.
49. 49 Merrett MN, Mortensen N, Kettlewell M, Jewell DO: Smoking may prevent pouchitis in patients with restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Gut 1996; 38:362-364.
50. 50 Sutherland LR, Ramcharan S, Bryant H, Fick G: Effect of cigarette smoking on recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:1123-1128.
51. 51 Duffy LC, Zielezny MA, Marshall JR, et al: Cigarette smoking and risk of clinical relapse in patients with Crohn's disease. Am J Prev Med 1990; 6:161-166.
52. 52 Cottone M, Rosselli M, Orlando A, et al: Smoking habits and recurrence in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:643-648.
53. 53 Timmer A, Sutherland LR, Martin F: Oral contraceptive use and smoking are risk factors for relapse in Crohn's disease. The Canadian mesalamine for remission Of Crohn's disease study group. Gastroenterology 1998; 114:1143-1150.
54. 54 Cope GF, Heatley RV: Cigarette smoking and intestinal defenses. Gut 1992; 33:721-723.
55. 55 Zijlstra FJ, Srivastava ED, Rhodes M, et al: Effect of nicotine on rectal mucus and mucosal eicosanoids. Gut 1994; 35:247-251.
56. 56 Cope GF, Heatley RV, Kelleher JK: Smoking and colonic mucus in ulcerative colitis. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1986; 293:481.
57. 57 Cope GF, Heatley RV, Kelleher J, Axon AT: In vitro mucus glycoprotein production by colonic tissue from patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut 1988; 29:229-234.
58. 58 Prytz H, Benoni C, Tagesson C: Does smoking tighten the gut? Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24:1084-1088.
59. 59 Motley RJ, Rhodes J, Williams G, Tavares IA, Bennett A: Smoking, eicosanoids and ulcerative colitis. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990; 42:288-289.
60. 60 Raab Y, Sundberg C, Hallgren R, Knutson L, Gerdin B: Mucosal synthesis and release of prostaglandin E2 from activated eosinophils and macrophages in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90:614-620.
61. 61 Srivastava ED, Russell MA, Feyerabend C, Rhodes J: Effect of ulcerative colitis and smoking on rectal blood flow. Gut 1990; 31:1021-1024.
62. 62 Tollerud DJ, Clark JW, Brown LM, et al: The effects of cigarette smoking on T cell subsets. A population-based survey of healthy Caucasians. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139:1446-1451.
63. 63 Madretsma GS, Donze GJ, van DA, Tak CJ, Wilson JH, Zijlstra FJ: Nicotine inhibits the in vitro production of interleukin 2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by human mononuclear cells. Immunopharmacology 1996; 35:47-51.
64. 64 Madretsma S, Wolters LM, van DJ, et al: In vivo effect of nicotine on cytokine production by human non-adherent mononuclear cells. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8:1017-1020.
65. 65 Tappia PS, Troughton KL, Langley-Evans SC, Grimble RF: Cigarette smoking influences cytokine production and antioxidant defences. Clin Sci (Colch.) 1995; 88:485-489.
66. 66 Scott AM, Kellow JE, Eckersley GM, Nolan JM, Jones MP: Cigarette smoking and nicotine delay postprandial mouth-cecum transit time. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37:1544-1547.
67. 67 Scott AM, Kellow JE, Shuter B, Nolan JM, Hoschl R, Jones MP: Effects of cigarette smoking on solid and liquid intragastric distribution and gastric emptying. Gastroenterology 1993; 104:410-416.
68. 68 Van Dijk JP, Madretsma GS, Keuskamp ZJ, Zijlstra FJ: Nicotine inhibits cytokine synthesis by mouse colonic mucosa. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 278:R11-R12.
69. 69 Seltzer CC. An evaluation of the effect of smoking on coronary heart disease. I. Epidemiological evidence. JAMA 1968; 203:193-200.
70. 70 Loeb LA, Ernster VL, Warner KE, Abbotts J, Laszlo J: Smoking and lung cancer: an overview. Cancer Res 1984; 44:5940-5958.
71. 71 Oliver MF: Cigarette smoking, polyunsaturated fats, linoleic acid, and coronary heart disease. Lancet 1989; 1:1241-1243.
72. 72 Hansen EF, Andersen LT, Von Eyben FE: Cigarette smoking and age at first acute myocardial infarction, and influence of gender and extent of smoking. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71:1439-1442.
73. 73 Boyle P: Cancer, cigarette smoking and premature death in Ėurope: a review including the Recommendations of European Cancer Experts Consensus Meeting, Helsinki, October 1996. Lung Cancer 1997; 17:1-60.
74. 74 Finnie IA, Campbell BJ, Taylor BA, et al: Stimulation of colonic mucin synthesis by corticosteroids and nicotine. Clin Sci Colch 1996; 91:359-364.
75. 75 Thomas GA, Pullan RD, Zijlstra FJ, et al: Effect of nicotine on large bowel mucus thickness, eicosanoids and fecal proteinase in ferrets. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 9:179-182.
76. 76 Benowitz NL, Fitzgerald GA, Wilson M, Zhang Q: Nicotine effects on eicosanoid formation and hemostatic function: comparison of transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22:1159-1167.
77. 77 Pullan RD, Rhodes J, Ganesh S, et al. Transdermal nicotine for active ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 1994;330:811-815.
78. 78 Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Offord KP, et al: Transdermal nicotine for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:364-371.
79. 79 Thomas GA, Rhodes J, Ragunath K, et al: Transdermal nicotine compared with oral prednisolone therapy for active ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8:769-776.
80. 80 Thomas GA, Rhodes J, Mani V, et al: Transdermal nicotine as maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:988-992.
81. 81 Green JT, Thomas GA, Rhodes J, et al: Pharmacokinetics of nicotine carbomer enemas: a new treatment modality for ulcerative colitis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 61:340-348.
82. 82 Zins BJ, Sandborn WJ, Mays DC, et al: Pharmacokinetics of nicotine tartrate after single-dose liquid enema, oral, and intravenous administration. J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 37:426-436.
83. 83 Green JT, Thomas GA, Rhodes J, et al: Nicotine enemas for active ulcerative colitis - a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11:859-863.
84. 84 Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Leighton JA, et al: Nicotine tartrate liquid enemas for mildly to moderately active left-sided ulcerative colitis unresponsive to first-line therapy: a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11:663-671.
85. 85 Kilpatrick ZM, Silverman JF, Betancourt E, Farman J, Lawson JP: Vascular occlusion of the colon and oral contraceptives. Possible relation. N Engl J Med 1968; 278:438-440.
86. 86 Berjian RA: Regional enteritis, superior mesenteric vein thrombosis, common iliac thromboembolism: possible association with oral contraceptives. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1969; 69:84-86.
87. 87 Bourdais JP, Delavierre P, Vayre P, Hureau J, Letailleur M: Crohn's disease after administration of oral contraceptives. Report of a case. Arch Fr Mal App Dig 1976; 65:155-160.
88. 88 Laszlo S, Albert FI: Acute ulcerative colitis with spontaneous regression. A new side effect of contraceptives? Orv Hetil 1976; 117:2987-2991.
89. 89 Rhodes JM, Cockel R, Allan RN, Hawker PC, Dawson J, Elias E: Colonic Crohn's disease and use of oral contraception. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1984; 288:595-596.
90. 90 Sandler RS, Wurzelmann JI, Lyles CM: Oral contraceptive use and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Epidemiology 1992; 3:374-378.
91. 91 Lesko SM, Kaufman DW, Rosenberg L, et al: Evidence for an increased risk of Crohn's disease in oral contraceptive users. Gastroenterology 1985; 89:1046-1049.
92. 92 Katschinski B, Fingerle D, Scherbaum B, Goebell H: Oral contraceptive use and cigarette smoking in Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38:1596-1600.
93. 93 Katschinski B: Smoking and ovulation inhibitor in inflammatory bowel diseases. Med Klin 1993; 88(Suppl 1):5-8.
94. 94 Boyko EJ, Theis MK, Vaughan TL, Nicol-Blades B: Increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease associated with oral contraceptive use. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140:268-278.
95. 95 Persson PG, Leijonmarck CE, Bernell O, Hellers G, Ahlbom A: Risk indicators for inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Epidemiol 1993; 22:268-272.
96. 96 Wakefield AJ, Sawyerr AM, Dhillon AP, et al: Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: multifocal gastrointestinal infarction. Lancet 1989; 2:1057-1062.
97. 97 Logan RF, Kay CR: Oral contraception, smoking and inflammatory bowel disease-findings in the Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18:105-107.
98. 98 Sutherland LR, Ramcharan S, Bryant H, Fick G: Effect of oral contraceptive use on reoperation following surgery for Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37:1377-1382.
99. 99 Boerger LM, Morris PC, Thurnau GR, Esmon CT, Comp PC: Oral contraceptives and gender affect protein S status. Blood 1987; 69:692-694.
100. 100 Lidegaard O: Oral contraception and risk of a cerebral thromboembolic attack: results of a case-control study. BMJ 1993; 306:956-963.
101. 101 Talbot RW, Heppell J, Dozois RR, Beart RWJ: Vascular complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1986; 61:140-145.
102. 102 Vecchi M, Cattaneo M, de Franchis R, Mannucci PM: Risk of thromboembolic complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Study of hemostasis measurements. Int J Clin Lab Res 1991; 21:165-170.
103. 103 Hudson M, Button RA, Wakefield AJ, Sawyerr AM, Pounder RE: Evidence for activation of coagulation in Crohn's disease. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1992; 3:773-778.
104. 104 Novacek G, Vogelsang H, Genser D, et al: Changes in blood rheology caused by Crohn's disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8:1089-1093.
105. 105 Collins CE, Rampton DS: Review article: platelets in inflammatory bowel disease - pathogenetic role and therapeutic implications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11:237-247.
106. 106 Thompson NP, Wakefield AJ, Pounder RE: Inherited disorders of coagulation appear to protect against inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:1011-1015.
107. 107 Morl M, Rottler H, Hartwich G: Pregnancy in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1977; 102:387-391.
108. 108 Mogadam M, Korelitz BI, Ahmed SW, Dobbins WO, Baiocco PJ: The course of inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Am J Gastroenterol 1981; 75:265-269.
109. 109 Krieg H, Brunner H, Daniels V: Crohn's disease and pregnancy. Langenbecks Arch Chir 1983; 359:219-226.
110. 110 Nielsen OH, Andreasson B, Bondesen S, Jacobsen O, Jarnum S: Pregnancy in Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19:724-732.
111. 111 Marpeau L, Pigne A, Barrat J: Chronic inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 1983; 12:607-613.
112. 112 Castiglione F, Pignata S, Morace F, et al: Effect of pregnancy on the clinical course of a cohort of women with inflammatory bowel disease. Ital J Gastroenterol 1996; 28:199-204.
113. 113 Rogers RG, Katz VL: Course of Crohn's disease during pregnancy and its effect on pregnancy outcome: a retrospective review. Am J Perinatol 1995; 12:262-264.
114. 114 Garland CF, Lilienfeld AM, Mendeloff AI, Markowitz JA, Terrell KB, Garland FC: Incidence rates of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in fifteen areas of the United States. Gastroenterology 1981; 81:1115-1124.
115. 115 Mayberry JF: Some aspects of the epidemiology of ulcerative colitis. Gut 1985; 26:968-974.
116. 116 Sandler RS, Golden AL: Epidemiology of Crohn's Disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1986; 8:160-165.
117. 117 Sonnenberg A: Geographic variation in the incidence of and mortality from inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1986; 29:854-861.
118. 118 Shivananda S, Lennard-Jones J, Logan R, et al: Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD). Gut 1996; 39:690-697.
119. 119 Shivananda S, Pena AS, Nap M, et al: Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in Regio Leiden, The Netherlands. A population study from 1979 to 1983. Gastroenterology 1987; 93:966-974.
120. 120 Pinchbeck BR, Kirdeikis J, Thomson AB: Inflammatory bowel disease in northern Alberta. An epidemiologic study. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988; 10:505-515.
121. 121 Mate-Jimenez J, Munoz S, Vicent D, Pajares JM: Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in urban and rural areas of Spain from 1981 to 1988. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994; 18:27-31.
122. 122 Brostrom O: Ulcerative colitis in Stockholm County - a study of epidemiology, prognosis, mortality and cancer risk with special reference to a surveillance program. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1986; 534:1-60.
123. 123 Wright JP, Froggatt J, O'Keefe EA, et al: The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Cape Town 1980-1984. S Afr Med J 1986; 70:10-15.
124. 124 Calkins BM, Lilienfeld AM, Garland CF, Mendeloff AI: Trends in incidence rates of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29:913-920.
125. 125 Barton JR, Gillon S, Ferguson A: Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Scottish children between 1968 and 1983; marginal fall in ulcerative colitis, three-fold rise in Crohn's disease. Gut 1989; 30:618-622.
126. 126 Daiss W, Scheurlen M, Malchow H: Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in the county of Tubingen (West Germany). Scand J Gastroenterol (Suppl)1989; 170:39-43.
127. 127 Lashner BA, Evans AA, Kirsner JB, Hanauer SB: Prevalence and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in family members. Gastroenterology 1986; 91:1396-1400.
128. 128 Russel MG, Stockbrugger RW: Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: an update. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31:417-427.
129. 129 Fonager K, Sorensen HT, Olsen J: Change in incidence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in Denmark. A study based on the National Registry of Patients, 1981-1992. Int J Bpidemiol 1997; 26:1003-1008.
130. 130 Benfield GF, Montgomery RD, Asquith P: Ulcerative colitis in Asian immigrants. Postgrad Med J 1987; 63:629-635.
131. 131 Probert CS, Jayanthi V, Pinder D, Wicks AC, Mayberry JF: Epidemiological study of ulcerative proctocolitis in Indian migrants and the indigenous population of Leicestershire. Gut 1992; 33:687-693.
132. 132 Fireman Z, Grossman A, Lilos P, Eshchar Y, Theodor E, Gilat T: Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in the Jewish population of central Israel, 1970-1980. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989;84:255-258.
133. 133 Gilat T, Hacohen D, Lilos P, Langman MJ: Childhood factors in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. An international cooperative study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22:1009-1024.
134. 134 Wurzelmann JI, Lyles CM, Sandler RS: Childhood infections and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39:555-560.
135. 135 Bergstrand O, Hellers G: Breast-feeding during infancy in patients who later develop Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983; 18:903-906.
136. 136 Koletzko S, Sherman P, Corey M, Griffiths A, Smith C: Role of infant feeding practices in development of Crohn's disease in childhood. BMJ 1989; 298:1617-1618.
137. 137 Koletzko S, Griffiths A, Corey M, Smith C, Sherman P: Infant feeding practices and ulcerative colitis in childhood. BMJ 1991; 302:1580-1581.
138. 138 Meeuwisse GW: Immunological considerations on breast vs. formula feeding. Klin Padiatr 1985; 197:322-325.
139. 139 Carver JD, Barness LA: Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Perinatol 1996; 3:265-285.
140. 140 Epidemiology Group of the Research Committee of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Japan: Dietary and other risk factors of ulcerative colitis. A case-control study in Japan. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994; 19:166-171.
141. 141 Rigas A, Rigas B, Glassman M, et al: Breast-feeding and maternal smoking in the etiology of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in childhood. Ann Epidemiol 1993; 3:387-392.
142. 142 Gruber M, Marshall JR, Zielezny M, Lance P: A case-control study to examine the influence of maternal perinatal behaviors on the incidence of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterol Nurs 1996; 19:53-59.
143. 143 Higashi A, Watanabe Y, Ozasa K, et al: A case-control study of ulcerative colitis. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 1991; 45:1035-1043.
144. 144 Rütgeerts P, D'Haens G, Hiele M, Geboes K, Vantrappen G: Appendectomy protects against ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:1251-1253.
145. 145 Smithson JE, Radford-Smith G, Jewell GP: Appendectomy and tonsillectomy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995; 21:283-286.
146. 146 Minocha A, Raczkowski CA: Role of appendectomy and tonsillectomy in pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42:1567-1569.
147. 147 Russel MG, Dorant E, Brummer RJ, et al: Appendectomy and the risk of developing ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease: results of a large case-control study. South Limburg Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology 1997; 113:377-382.
148. 148 Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E, Chiba C, Bhan AK: Role of appendix in the development of inflammatory bowel disease in TCR-alpha mutant mice. J Exp Med 1996;184:707-715.
149. 149 Wakefield AJ, Sankey EA, Dhillon AP, et al: Granulomatous vasculitis in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1991; 100:1279-1287.
150. 150 Price AB, Talbot IC, Thompson H, Williams GT: Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Lancet 1990; 335:858.
151. 151 Hudson M, Piasecki C, Sankey EA, et al: A ferret model of acute multifocal gastrointestinal infarction. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:1591-1596.
152. 152 Osborne MJ, Hudson M, Piasecki C, et al: Crohn's disease and anastomotic recurrence: microvascular ischaemia and anastomotic healing in an animal model. Br J Surg 1993; 80:226-229.
153. 153 Talbot IC, Kamm MA, Leaker BR: Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Lancet 1992; 340:315-316.
154. 154 Mooney EE, Walker J, Hourihane DO: Relation of granulomas to lymphatic vessels in Crohn's disease. J Clin Pathol 1995; 48:335-338.
155. 155 Wakefield AJ, Pittilo RM, Sim R, et al: Evidence of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn's disease. J Med Virol 1993; 39:345-353.
156. 156 Lewin J, Dhillon AP, Sim R, Mazure G, Pounder RE, Wakefield AJ: Persistent measles virus infection of the intestine: confirmation by immunogold electron microscopy. Gut 1995; 36:564-569.
157. 157 Daszak P, Purcell M, Lewin J, Dhillon AP, Pounder RE, Wakefield AJ: Detection and comparative analysis of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn's disease by immunogold electron microscopy. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50:299-304.
158. 158 Lewey SM, Sherman KE, O'Brien J, gutierrez A, Singleton J: Search for measles virus by PCR inileocolonic tissue samples in patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:861. (Abstract)
159. 159 Haga Y, Funakoshi O, Kuroe K, et al: Absence of measles viral genomic sequence in intestinal tissues from Crohn's disease by nested polymerase chain reaction. Gut 1996; 38:211-215.
160. 160 Afzal MA, Minor PD, Begley J, et al: Absence of measles-virus genome in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1998; 351:646-647.
161. 161 Balzola FA, Castellino F, Colombatto P, et al: IgM antibody against measles virus in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a marker of virus-related disease? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 9:661-663.
162. 162 Touze I, Dubucquoi S, Cortot A, Van Kruiningen HJ, Colombel JF: IgM-speciflc measles-virus antibody in families with a high frequency of Crohn's disease. Lancet 1995; 346:967.
163. 163 Fisher NC, Yee L, Nightingale P, McEwan R, Gibson JA: Measles virus serology in Crohn's disease. Gut 1997; 41:66-69.
164. 164 Ekbom A, Wakefield AJ, Zack M, Adami HO: Perinatal measles infection and subsequent Crohn's disease. Lancet 1994; 344:508-510.
165. 165 Thompson NP, Pounder RE, Wakefield AJ: Perinatal and childhood risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7:385-390.
166. 166 Pounder RE: Measles virus and Crohn's disease: research from the Royal Free Hospital in London. J Gastroenterol 1995; 30(Suppl 8):48-51.
167. 167 Ekbom A, Daszak P, Kraaz W, Wakefield AJ: Crohn's disease after in utero measles virus exposure. Lancet 1996; 348:515-517.
168. 168 Nielsen LL, Nielsen NM, Melbye M, Sodermann M, Jacobsen M, Aaby P: Exposure to measles in utero and Crohn's disease: Danish register study. BMJ 1998; 316:196-197.
169. 169 Jones P, Fine P, Piracha S: Crohn's disease and measles. Lancet 1997; 349:473.
170. 170 Thompson NP, Montgomery SM, Pounder RE, Wakefield AJ: Is measles vaccination a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease? Lancet 1995; 345:1071-1074.
171. 171 Feeney M, Ciegg A, Winwood P, Snook J: A case-control study of measles vaccination and inflammatory bowel disease. The East Dorset Gastroenterology Group. Lancet 1997; 350:764-766.
172. 172 Chiodini RJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Thayer WR, Merkal RS, Coutu JA: Possible role of mycobacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. I. An unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29:1073-1079.
173. 173 Chiodini RJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Thayer WR, Coutu JA: Spheroplastic phase of mycobacteria isolated from patients with Crohn's disease. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24:357-363.
174. 174 Kreuzpaintner G, Koelble R, Wallner A: Attempts at culturing Mycobacteria from tissues of patients with Crohn' s disease. In: Mulder CF, Tytgat GN (Eds.). Is Crohn's disease a mycobacterial disease? Lancaster: Kluwer, 1992; pp. 22-34.
175. 175 Haagsma J, Mulder CF, Eger A, Tytgat GN: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated from patients with Crohn's disease. Acta Ednosc 1991; 21:255-260.
176. 176 Gitnick G, Collins J, Beaman B, et al: Preliminary report on isolation of mycobacteria from patients with Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34:925-932.
177. 177 Moss MT, Sanderson JD, Tizard ML, et al: Polymerase chain reaction detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp silvaticum in long-term cultures from Crohn's disease and control tissues. Gut 1992; 33:1209-1213.
178. 178 Sanderson JD, Moss MT, Tizard ML, Hermon-Taylor J: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA in Crohn's disease tissue. Gut 1992; 33:890-896.
179. 179 Fidler HM, Thurrell W, Johnson NM, Rook GA, McFadden JJ: Specific detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA associated with granulomatous tissue in Crohn's disease . Gut 1994; 35:506-510.
180. 180 Dell'Isola B, Poyart C, Goulet O, et al: Detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction in children with Crohn's disease. J Infect Dis 1994; 169:449-451.
181. 181 Lisby G, Andersen J, Engbaek K, Binder V: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in intestinal tissue from patients with Crohn's disease demonstrated by a nested primer polymerase chain reaction. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29:923-929.
182. 182 Suenaga K, Yokoyama Y, Okazaki K, Yamamoto Y: Mycobacteria in the intestine of Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90:76-80.
183. 183 Erasmus DL, Victor TC, van Eeden PJ, Falck V, van Helden P: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease. Gut 1995;36:942
184. 184 Rosenberg WM, Bell JI, Jewell DP: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA cannot be detected in Crohn's disease tissue by fluorescent polymerase chain reaction. Gastroenterology 1991; 100:A611. (Abstract)
185. 185 Rowbotham DS, Mapstone NP, Trejdosiewicz LK, Howdle PD, Quirke P: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA not detected in Crohn's disease tissue by fluorescent polymerase chain reaction. Gut 1995; 37:660-667.
186. 186 Dumonceau JM, Van Gossum A, Adler M, et al: No Mycobacterium paratuberculosis found in Crohn's disease using polymerase chain reaction. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41:421-426.
187. 187 Frank TS, Cook SM: Analysis of paraffin sections of Crohn's disease for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis using polymerase chain reaction. Mod Pathol 1996; 9:32-35.
188. 188 Al-Shamali M, Khan I, Al-Nakib B, Al-Hassan F, Mustafa AS: A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA in Crohn's disease tissue. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32:819-823.
189. 189 Matthews N, Mayberry JF, Rhodes J, et al: Agglutinins to bacteria in Crohn's disease. Gut 1980; 21:376-380.
190. 190 Thayer WRJ, Coutu JA, Chiodini RJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Merkal RS: Possible role of mycobacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. II. Mycobacterial antibodies in Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29:1080-1085.
191. 191 Blaser MJ, Miller RA, Lacher J, Singleton JW: Patients with active Crohn's disease have elevated serum antibodies to antigens of seven enteric bacterial pathogens. Gastroenterology 1984; 87:888-894.
192. 192 Cho SN, Brennan PJ, Yoshimura HH, Korelitz BI, Graham DY: Mycobacterial aetiology of Crohn's disease: serologic study using common mycobacterial antigens and a species-specific glycolipid antigen from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Gut 1986; 27:1353-1356.
193. 193 Kobayashi K, Brown WR, Brennan PJ, Blaser MJ: Serum antibodies to mycobacterial antigens in active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1988; 94:1404-1411.
194. 194 McFadden JJ, Houdayer C: No evidence for antibodies to mycobacterial A60 antigen in Crohn's disease sera by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). J Med Microbiol 1988; 25:295-298.
195. 195 Brunello F, Pera A, Martini S, et al: Antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in patients with Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36:1741-1745.
196. 196 Elsaghier A, Prantera C, Moreno C, Ivanyi J: Antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-specific protein antigens in Crohn's disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 90:503-508.
197. 197 Stevens TR, Winrow VR, Blake DR, Rampton DS: Circulating antibodies to heat-shock protein 60 in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 90:271-274.
198. 198 Wayne LG, Hollander D, Anderson B, Sramek HA, Vadheim CM, Rotter JI: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG serum antibodies to mycobacterial antigens in Crohn's disease patients and their relatives, J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:2013-2018.
199. 199 Elsaghier A, Prantera C, Bothamley G, Wilkins E, Jindal S, Ivanyi J: Disease association of antibodies to human and mycobacterial hsp70 and hsp60 stress proteins. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 89:305-309.
200. 200 Stainsby KJ, Lowes JR, Allan RN, Ibbotson JP: Antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and nine species of environmental mycobacteria in Crohn's disease and control subjects. Gut 1993; 34:371-374.
201. 201 Seldenrijk CA, Drexhage HA, Meuwissen SG, Meijer CJ: T-cellular immune reactions (in macrophage inhibition factor assay) against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1990; 31:529-535.
202. 202 Ebert EC, Bhatt BD, Liu S, Das KM: Induction of suppressor cells by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis antigen in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 83:320-325.
203. 203 Ibbotson JP, Lowes JR, Chahal H, et al: Mucosal cell-mediated immunity to mycobacterial, enterobacterial and other microbial antigens in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 87:224-230.
204. 204 Dalton HR, Hoang P, Jewell DP: Antigen induced suppression in peripheral blood and lamina propria mononuclear cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1992; 33:324-330.
205. 205 Szewczuk MR, Depew WT: Evidence for T lymphocyte reactivity to the 65 kilodalton heat shock protein of mycobacterium in active Crohn's disease. Clin Invest Med 1992; 15:494-505.
206. 206 Walmsley RS, Ibbotson JP, Chahal H, Allan RN: Antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease. QJM 1996; 89:217-221.
207. 207 Rowbotham DS, Howdle PD, Trejdosiewicz LK: Peripheral cell-mediated immune response to mycobacterial antigens in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 102:456-461.
208. 208 Kelleher D, O'Biran S, Weir DG: Preliminary trial of clofazimine in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1982; 23:18. (Abstract)
209. 209 Prantera C, Kohn A, Mangiarotti R, Andreoli A, Luzi C: Antimycobacterial therapy in Crohn's disease: results of a controlled, double-blind trial with a multiple antibiotic regimen. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89:513-518.
210. 210 Gramam, Al-Asssi MT, Robinson M: Polonged remission in Crohn's disease following therapy for M. paratuberculosis. Gastroenterology 1995; 108.-A826. (Abstract)
211. 211 Shaffer JL, Hughes S, Linaker BD, Baker RD, Turnberg LA: Controlled trial of rifampicin and ethambutol in Crohn's disease. Gut 1984; 25:203-205.
212. 212 Swift GL, Srivastava ED, Stone R, et al: Controlled trial of anti-tuberculous chemotherapy for two years in Crohn's disease. Gut 1994; 35:363-368.
213. 213 Elliott PR, Burnham WR, Berghouse LM, Lennard-Jones JE, Langman MJ: Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine therapy in Crohn's disease. Digestion 1982; 23:132-134.
214. 214 Afdhal NH, Long A, Lennon J, Crowe J, O'Donoghue DP: Controlled trial of antimycobacterial therapy in Crohn's disease. Clofazimine versus placebo. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36:449-453.
215. 215 Thomas GA, Swift GL, Green JT, et al: Controlled trial of antituberculous chemotherapy in Crohn's disease: a five-year follow up study. Gut 1998; 42:497-500.
216. 216 Liu Y, Van KH, West AB, Cartun RW, Cortot A, Colombel JF: Immunocytochemical evidence of Listeria, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus antigens in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:1396-1404.
217. 217 Segal I, Tim LO, Hamilton DG, Walker AR: The rarity of ulcerative colitis in South African blacks. Am J Gastroenterol 1980; 74:332-336.
218. 218 Shoda R, Matsueda K, Yamato S, Umeda N: Epidemiologic analysis of Crohn's disease in Japan: increased dietary intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and animal protein relates to the increased incidence of Crohn disease in Japan. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63:741-745.
219. 219 Martini GA, Brandes JW: Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates in patients with Crohn's disease. Klin Wochenschr 1976; 54:367-371.
220. 220 Brandes JW, Stenner A, Martini GA: Dietary habits of patients with ulcerative colitis. Z Gastroenterol 1979; 17:834-842.
221. 221 Miller B, Fervers F, Rohbeck R, Strohmeyer G: Zuckerkonsum bei Patienten mit Morbus Crohn. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1976; 82(Pt 1):922-924.
222. 222 James AH: Breakfast and Crohn's disease. Br Med J 1977; 1:943-945.
223. 223 Rawcliffe PM, Truelove SC: Breakfast and Crohn's disease - I Br Med J 1978; 2:539-540.
224. 224 Archer LN, Harvey RF: Breakfast and Crohn's disease -II. Br Med J 1978; 2:540.
225. 225 Mayberry JF, Rhodes J, Newcombe RG: Increased sugar consumption in Crohn's disease. Digestion 1980; 20:323-326.
226. 226 Thornton JR, Emmett PM, Heaton KW: Diet and Crohn's disease: characteristics of the pre-illness diet. Br Med J 1979; 2:762-764.
227. 227 Thornton JR, Emmett PM, Heaton KW: Diet and ulcerative colitis. Br Med J 1980; 280:293-294.
228. 228 Kasper H, Sommer H: Dietary fiber and nutrient intake in Crohn's disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32:1898-1901.
229. 229 Mayberry JF, Rhodes J, Allan R, et al: Diet in Crohn's disease two studies of current and previous habits in newly diagnosed patients. Dig Dis Sci 1981; 26:444-448.
230. 230 Silkoff K, Hallak A, Yegena L, et al: Consumption of refined carbohydrate by patients with Crohn's disease in Tel-Aviv-Yafo. Postgrad Med J 1980; 56:842-846.
231. 231 Jarnerot G, Jarnmark I, Nilsson K: Consumption of refined sugar by patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983; 18:999-1002.
232. 232 Katschinski B, Logan RF, Edmond M, Langman MJ: Smoking and sugar intake are separate but interactive risk factors in Crohn's disease. Gut 1988; 29:1202-1206.
233. 233 Thornton JR, Emmett PM, Heaton KW: Smoking, sugar, and inflammatory bowel disease. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 290:1786-1787.
234. 234 Persson PG, Ahlbom A, Hellers G: Diet and inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Epidemiology 1992; 3:47-52.
235. 235 Sonnenberg A: Geographic and temporal variations of sugar and margarine consumption in relation to Crohn's disease. Digestion 1988; 41:161-171.
236. 236 Tragnone A, Valpiani D, Miglio F, et al: Dietary habits as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7:47-51.
237. 237 Reif S, Klein I, Lubin F, Farbstein M, Hallak A, Gilat T: Pre-illness dietary factors in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1997; 40:754-760.
238. 238 Russel MG, Engels LG, Muris JW, et al: Modern life' in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study with special emphasis on nutritional factors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 10:243-249.
239. 239 Brandes JW, Lorenz MH: Zuckerfreie Diat: Ein neue Perspektive zur Behandlung des Morbus Crohn? Eine randomisierte, kontrollierte Studie. Z Gastroenterol 1981;19:1-12.
240. 240 Ritchie JK, Wadsworth J, Lennard JJ, Rogers E: Controlled multicentre therapeutic trial of an unrefined carbohydrate, fibre rich diet in Crohn's disease. Br Med J Clin Research Ed 1987; 295:517-520.
241. 241 Guthy E: Crohn's disease and nutritional lipids. Hypothesis on etiology of regional enteritis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1982; 107:71-73.
242. 242 Guthy E: Etiology of Crohn disease. What speaks in favor of fats as a possible cause? Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1983; 108:1729-1733.
243. 243 Shoda R, Matsueda K, Yamato S, Umeda N: Therapeutic efficacy of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in experimental Crohn's disease. J Gastroenterol 1995; 30(Suppl 8):98-101.
244. 244 Campbell JM, Fahey-GC J, Lichtensteiger CA, Demichele SJ, Garleb KA: An enteral formula containing fish oil, indigestible oligosaccharides, gum arabic and antioxidants affects plasma and colonic phospholipid fatty acid and prostaglandin profiles in pigs. J Nutr 1997; 127:137-145.
245. 245 Endres S, Ghorbani R, Kelley VE, et al: The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:265-271.
246. 246 Grimminger F, Fuhrer D, Papavassilis C, et al: Influence of intravenous n-3 lipid supplementation on fatty acid profiles and lipid mediator generation in a patient with severe ulcerative colitis. Eur J Clin Invest 1993; 23:706-715.
247. 247 Nordenvall B, Brostrom O, Hellers G: Entzündliche Darmkrankheiten und Nahrungsfette. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1982; 107:1900.
248. 248 Chuah SY, Jayanthi V, Lee CN, McDonald B, Probert CS, Mayberry JF: Dietary fats and inflammatory bowel disease in Asians. Ital J Gastroenterol 1992; 24:386-388.
249. 249 Ghadirian P, Simard A, Baillargeon J, Maisonneuve P, Boyle P: Nutritional factors and pancreatic cancer in the francophone community in Montreal, Canada. Int J Cancer 1991; 47:1-6.
250. 250 Guthy E, Schroder A, Paranype S: Fat consumption, communal meals and the use of suppositories in patients with Crohn disease. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1983; 108:1719-1720.
251. 251 Heckers H, Melcher FW, Kamenisch W, Henneking K: Chemically prepared fats and Crohn disease. A pilot study of the occurrence of trans-fatty acids in the subcutaneous tissue of Crohn patients in comparison with healthy controls as a parameter of long-term fat intake. Z Gastroenterol 1988; 26:259-264.
252. 252 Nagel E, Schattenfroh S, Buhner S, Bartels M, Guthy E, Pichlmayr R: Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zu ultrastrukturellen Veranderungen der Lamina propria des Ileums durch Nahrungsfette und deren Vergleich zur Zytopathologie beim Morbus Crohn. Z Gastroenterol 1993; 31:727-734.
253. 253 Levine J, Ellis CJ, Furne JK, Springfield J, Levitt MD: Fecal hydrogen sulfide production in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93:83-87.
254. 254 Roediger WE, Duncan A, Kapaniris O, Millard S: Reducing sulfur compounds of the colon impair colonocyte nutrition: implications for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1993; 104:802-809.
255. 255 Moore J, Babidge W, Millard S, Roediger W: Colonic luminal hydrogen sulfide is not elevated in ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43:162-165.
256. 256 Babidge W, Millard S, Roediger W: Sulfides impair short chain fatty acid beta-oxidation at acyl-CoA dehydrogenase level in colonocytes: implications for ulcerative colitis. Mol Cell Biochem 1998; 181:117-124.