Yogurt and Immunity: The Health Benefits of Fermented Milk Products that Contain Lactic Acid Bacteria

Handbook of Fermented Functional Foods

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 113-144

  de Water, Judy Van ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85145118962     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9780203009727-10     Document Type: Chapter

References (135)

1. Deeth, H.C. and Tamine, A.Y., Yogurt: nutritive and therapeutic aspects, J. FoodProt., 44, 78–86, 1981.
2. Metchnikoff, O., Life of Elie Metchnikoff, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1921.
3. Dannon, The History of Yogurt, The Dannon Institute, Tarrytown, NY, 2002.
4. Roissart, H.D. and Luquet, F.M., Bactéries Lactiques: Aspects Fondamentaux et Techonologiques, Vols. 1 and 2, Lorica, Uriage, 1994.
5. Friend, B.A., Fiedler, J.M., and Shahani, K.M., Influence of culture selection on the flavor, antimicrobial activity, beta-galactosidase, and B-vitamins of yogurt, Milchwis-senschaft, 38, 133–136, 1983.
6. Nakazawa, Y. and Hosono, A., Functions of Fermented Milk: Challenges for the Health Sciences, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1992, p. 518.
7. Salminen, S. and Von Wright, A., Lactic Acid Bacteria, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993, pp. 1–95.
8. Hartley, D. and Denariaz, G., The role of lactic acid bacteria in yogurt fermentation, Int. J. Immunother., 9, 3–17, 1993.
9. Zourari, A., Accolas, J.P., and Desmazeaud, M.J., Metabolism and biochemical characteristics of yogurt bacteria: a review, Lait, 72, 1–34, 1992.
10. Cerning, J., Exocellular polysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 7, 113–130, 1990.
11. Kurmann, J.A., Rasic, J.L., and Kroger, M. Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products: An International Inventory of Fermented Milk, Cream, Buttermilk, Whey, and Related Products, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1992, p. 368.
12. Marshall, V.M., Starter cultures for milk fermentation and their characteristics, J. Soc. Dairy Technol., 46, 49–56, 1993.
13. Veringa, H.A., Galesloot, T.E., and Davelaar, H., Symbiosis in yogurt II. Isolation and identification of a growth factor for Lactobacillus bulgaricus produced by Streptococcus thermophilus, Neth. Milk Dairy J., 22, 114, 1968.
14. Rasic, J.L. and Kurmann, J.A., Yogurt, Technical Dairy Publishing House, Copenhagen, 1978.
15. Chandan, R.C., Argyle, PJ., and Mathison, G.E., Action of Lactobacillus bulgaricus proteinase preparations on milk proteins, J. Dairy Sci., 65, 1408–1413, 1982.
16. Khalid, N.M., El-Soda, M., and Marth, E.H., Peptide hydrolases of Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus delbruechkii sub-sp. bulgaricus, J. Dairy Sci., 74, 29–45, 1991.
17. Tamime, A.Y. and Deeth, H.C., Yogurt: technology and biochemistry, J. Food Prot., 43, 939–977, 1980.
18. Vaitheeswaran, N.I. and Bhat, G.S., Influence of lactic cultures in denaturation of whey proteins during fermentation of milk, J. Dairy Res., 55, 443–448, 1988.
19. Hewitt, D. and Bancroft, H.J., Nutritional value of yogurt, J. Dairy Res., 52, 197–207, 1985.
20. Breslaw, E.S. and Kleyn, D.H., In vitro digestibility of protein in yogurt at various stages of processing, J. Food Sci., 38, 1016–1021, 1973.
21. Mcdonough, F.E., Hitchins, A.D., and Wong, N.P., Effect of yogurt and freeze-dried yogurt on growth stimulation rate, J. Food Sci., 47, 1463–1465, 1982.
22. Gilliland, S.E., Properties of yogurt, in Therapeutic Properties of Fermented Milks, Robinson, R.K., Ed., Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1991, p. 75.
23. Yokokura, T., Effect of organic acid on gastrointestinal motility of rat in vitro, Life Sci., 21, 59–61, 1977.
24. Ilic, D.B. and Ashoor, S.H., Stability of vitamins A and C in fortified yogurt, J. Dairy Sci., 71, 1492–1498, 1988.
25. Kneifel, W., Kaufmann, M., Fleischer, A., and Ulberth, F., Screening of commercially available mesophilic dairy starter cultures: biochemical, sensory and microbiological properties, J. Dairy Sci., 75, 3158–3166, 1992.
26. Reddy, K.P., Shahani, K.M., and Kulkarni, S.M., B-complex vitamins in cultured and acidified yogurt, J. Dairy Sci., 59, 191–195, 1976.
27. Savaiano, D.A., Abouelanouar, A., Smith, D.E., and Levitt, M.D., Lactose malabsorption from yogurt, pasteurized yogurt, sweet acidophilus milk, and cultured milk in lactase-deficient individuals, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 40, 1219–1223, 1984.
28. Elmer, G.W., Probiotics: “living drugs,” Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm., 58, 1101–1109, 2001.
29. Bezkorovainy, A., Probiotics: determinants of survival and growth in the gut, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73, 399S–405S, 2001.
30. Perdigón, G., Alvarez, S., Rachid, M., Agüero, G., and Gobbato, N., Immune system stimulation by probiotics, J. Dairy Sci., 78, 1597–1606, 1995.
31. Heller, K.J., Probiotic bacteria in fermented foods: product characteristics and starter organisms, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73, 374S–379S, 2001.
32. Roberfroid, M.B., Prebiotics and probiotics: are they functional foods? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71, 1682S–1687S, 1688S–1690S, 2000.
33. De Vrese, M., Stegelmann, A., Richter, B., Fenselau, S., Laue, C., and Schrezenmeir, J., Probiotics: compensation for lactase insufficiency, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73, 421S–429S, 2001.
34. Gotz, V., Romankiewicz, J.A., Moss, J., and Murray, H.W., Prophylaxis against ampicillin-associated diarrhea with a lactobacillus preparation, Am. J. Hosp. Pharm., 36, 754–757, 1979.
35. Clements, M.L., Levine, M.M., Black, R.E., Robins-Browne, R.M., Cisneros, L.A., Drusano, G.L., Lanata, C.F., and Saah, A.J., Lactobacillus prophylaxis for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 20, 104–108, 1981.
36. Tankanow, R.M., Ross, M.B., Ertel, I.J., Dickinson, D.G., Mccormick, L.S., and Garfinkel, J.F., A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of Lactinex in the prophylaxis of amoxicillin-induced diarrhea, DICP, 24, 382–384, 1990.
37. Elmer, G.W., Surawicz, C.M., and Mcfarland, L.V., Biotherapeutic agents. A neglected modality for the treatment and prevention of selected intestinal and vaginal infections, JAMA, 275, 870–876, 1996.
38. Surawicz, C.M., Mcfarland, L.V., Greenberg, R.N., Rubin, M., Fekety, R., Mulligan, M.E., Garcia, R.J., Brandmarker, S., Bowen, K., Borjal, D., and Elmer, G.W., The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii, Clin. Infect. Dis., 31, 1012–1017, 2000.
39. Raza, S., Graham, S.M., Allen, S.J., Sultana, S., Cuevas, L., Hart, C.A., Kaila, M., Isolauri, E., Saxelin, M., Arvilommi, H. et al., Lactobacillus GG in acute diarrhea, Indian Pediatr., 32, 1140–1142, 1995.
40. Raza, S., Graham, S.M., Allen, S.J., Sultana, S., Cuevas, L., and Hart, C.A., Lactobacillus GG promotes recovery from acute nonbloody diarrhea in Pakistan, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J, 14, 107–111, 1995.
41. Oksanen, P.J., Salminen, S., Saxelin, M., Hamalainen, P., Ihantola-Vormisto, A., Muurasniemi-Isoviita, L., Nikkari, S., Oksanen, T., Porsti, I., Salminen, E. et al., Prevention of travellers’ diarrhoea by Lactobacillus GG, Ann. Med., 22, 53–56, 1990.
42. Heyman, M., Effect of lactic acid bacteria on diarrheal diseases, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 19, 137S-146S, 2000.
43. Dunne, C., O’Mahony, L., Murphy, L., Thornton, G., Morrissey, D., O’Halloran, S., Feeney, M., Flynn, S., Fitzgerald, G., Daly, C., Kiely, B., O’Sullivan, G.C., Shanahan, F., and Collins, J.K., In vitro selection criteria for probiotic bacteria of human origin: correlation with in vivo findings, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73, 386S-392S, 2001.
44. Michetti, P., Dorta, G., Wiesel, P.H., Brassart, D., Verdu, E., Herranz, M., Felley, C., Porta, N., Rouvet, M., Blum, A.L., and Corthesy-Theulaz, I., Effect of whey-based culture supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus (johnsonii) La1 on Helicobacter pylori infection in humans, Digestion, 60, 203-209, 1999.
45. Marteau, P.R., De Vrese, M., Cellier, C.J., and Schrezenmeir, J., Protection from gastrointestinal diseases with the use of probiotics, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73, 430S-436S, 2001.
46. Borchers, A.T., Keen, C.L., and Gershwin, M.E., The influence of yogurt/Lactobacillus on the innate and acquired immune response, Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol., 22, 207–230, 2002.
47. De Simone, C., Vesely, R., Negri, R., Bianchi Salvadori, B., Zanzoglu, S., Cilli, A., and Lucci, L., Enhancement of immune response of murine Peyer’s patches by a diet supplemented with yogurt, Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 9, 87-100, 1987.
48. Meydani, S.N. and Ha, W.K., Immunologic effects of yogurt, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71, 861-872, 2000.
49. Wheeler, J.G., Bogle, M.L., Shema, S.J., Shirrell, M.A., Stine, K.C., Pittler, A.J., Burks, A.W., and Helm, R.M., Impact of dietary yogurt on immune function, Am. J. Med. Sci., 313, 120-123, 1997.
50. Roitt, I.M., Brostoff, J., and Male, D.K., Immunology, Mosby, London, 1993, pp. 1.1-1.12, 12.12-12.20.
51. Janeway, C.A. and Travers, P, Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, Garland Pub., London, 1997.
52. Kraehenbuhl, J.P. and Neutra, M., Molecular and cellular basis of immune protection of mucosal surfaces, Am. Physiol. Soc., 72, 853-879, 1992.
53. Moreau, M.C., Ducluzeau, R., Guy-Grand, D., and Muller, M.C., Increase in the population of duodenal immunoglobulin A plasmocytes in axenic mice associated with different living or dead bacterial strains of intestinal origin, Infect. Immun., 21, 532-539, 1978.
54. Shroff, K.E., Meslin, K., and Cebra, J.J., Commensal enteric bacteria engender a self-limiting humoral mucosal immune response while permanently colonizing the gut, Infect. Immun., 63, 3904-3913, 1995.
55. Cebra, J. J., Influences of microbiota on intestinal immune system development, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69, 1046S-1051S, 1999.
56. Macpherson, A.J., Gatto, D., Sainsbury, E., Harriman, G.R., Hengartner, H., and Zinkernagel, R.M., A primitive T cell-independent mechanism of intestinal mucosal IgA responses to commensal bacteria, Science, 288, 2222-2226, 2000.
57. Herías, M.V., Midtvedt, T., Hanson, L.Å., and Wold, A.E., Increased antibody production against gut-colonizing Escherichia coli in the presence of the anaerobic bacterium Peptostreptococcus, Scand. J. Immunol., 48, 277-282, 1998.
58. Kaila, M., Isolauri, E., Soppi, E., Virtanen, E., Laine, S., and Arvilommi, H., Enhancement of the circulating antibody secreting cell response in human diarrhea by a human Lactobacillus strain, Pediatr. Res., 32, 141–144, 1992.
59. Kaila, M., Isolauri, E., Saxelin, M., Arvilommi, H., and Vesikari, T., Viable versus inactivated lactobacillus strain GG in acute rotavirus diarrhoea, Arch. Dis. Child., 72, 51–53, 1995.
60. Maassen, C.B.M., Van Holten-Neelen, C., Balk, F., Den Bak-Glashouwer, M.-J. H., Leer, R.J., Laman, J.D., Boersma, W.J.A., and Claassen, E., Strain-dependent induction of cytokine profiles in the gut by orally administered Lactobacillus strains, Vaccine, 18, 2613–2623, 2000.
61. Perdigón, G., Rachid, M., De Budeguer, M.V., and Valdez, J.C., Effect of yogurt feeding on the small and large intestine associated lymphoid cells in mice, J. Dairy Res., 61, 553–562, 1994.
62. Agüero, G., Sanchez, S., Fernandez, S., Allori, C., De Ruiz Holgado, A.P., and Perdigón, G., Administration of yoghurt or Lactobacillus casei to malnourished mice: comparative effect of lymphoid cells and mucosal reconditioning of the intestine, Food Agric. Immunol., 8, 229–238, 1996.
63. Perdigón, G., Alvarez, S., Medici, M., Vintiñi, E., De Giori, G.S., De Kairuz, M.N., and De Ruiz Holgado, A.P., Effect of yogurt with different storage periods on the immune system in mice, Milchwissenschaft, 50, 367–371, 1995.
64. Link-Amster, H., Rochat, F., Saudan, K.Y., Mignot, O., and Aeschlimann, J.M., Modulation of a specific humoral immune response and changes in intestinal flora mediated through fermented milk intake, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 10, 55–63, 1994.
65. Fang, H., Elina, T., Heikki, A., and Seppo, S., Modulation of humoral immune response through probiotic intake, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 29, 47–52, 2000.
66. Marteau, P.R., De Vrese, M., Cellier, C.J., and Schrezenmeir, J., Protection from gastrointestinal diseases with the use of probiotics, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73, 430S–436S, 2001.
67. Isolauri, E., Juntunen, M., Rautanen, T., Sillanaukee, P., and Koivula, T., A human Lactobacillus strain (Lactobacillus GG) promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children, Pediatrics, 88, 90–97, 1991.
68. Isolauri, E., Joensuu, J., Suomalainen, H., Luomala, M., and Vesikari, T., Improved immunogenicity of oral D × RRV reassortant rotavirus vaccine by Lactobacillus casei GG, Vaccine, 13, 310–312, 1995.
69. Malin, M., Suomalainen, H., Saxelin, M., and Isolauri, E., Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with Crohn’s disease by oral bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus GG, Ann. Nutr. Metab., 40, 137-145, 1996.
70. Isolauri, E., Majamaa, H., Arvola, T., Rantala, I., Virtanen, E., and Arvilommi, H., Lactobacillus casei strain GG reverses increased intestinal permeability induced by cow milk in suckling rats, Gastroenterology, 105, 1643-1650, 1993.
71. Takahashi, T., Oka, T., Iwana, H., Kuwata, T., and Yamamoto, Y., Immune response of mice to orally administered lactic acid bacteria, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 57, 1557-1560, 1993.
72. Garrote, G.L., Abraham, A.G., and De Antoni, G.L., Inhibitory power of kefir: the role of organic acids, J. Food Prot., 63, 364-369, 2000.
73. Halpern, G.M., Vruwink, K.G., Van De Water, J., Keen, C.L., and Gershwin, M.E., Influence of long-term yoghurt consumption in young adults., Int. J. Immunotherapy, 7, 205-210, 1991.
74. Rizkalla, S.W., Luo, J., Kabir, M., Chevalier, A., Pacher, N., and Slama, G., Chronic consumption of fresh but not heated yogurt improves breath-hydrogen status and short-chain fatty acid profiles: a controlled study in healthy men with or without lactose maldigestion, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72, 1474–1479, 2000.
75. Hooper, L.V., Wong, M.H., Thelin, A., Hansson, L., Falk, P.G., and Gordon, J.I., Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine, Science, 291, 881–884, 2001.
76. Puri, P., Mahapatra, S.C., Bijlani, R.L., Prasad, H.K., and Nath, I., Feed efficiency and splenic lymphocyte proliferation response in yogurt- and milk-fed mice, Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 45, 231–235, 1994.
77. Puri, P., Rattan, A., Fbijlani, R.L., Mahapatra, S.C., and Nath, I., Splenic and intestinal lymphocyte proliferation response in mice fed milk or yogurt and challenged with Salmonella typhimurium, Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 47, 391–398, 1996.
78. Pessi, T., Sutas, Y., Marttinen, A., and Isolauri, E., Probiotics reinforce mucosal degradation of antigens in rats: implications for therapeutic use of probiotics, J. Nutr., 128, 2313–2318, 1998.
79. Sütas, Y., Soppi, E., Korhonen, H., Syvaoja, E.-L., Saxelin, M., Rokka, T., and Isolauri, E., Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro by bovine caseins hydrolyzed with Lactobacillus casei GG-derived enzymes, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 98, 216–224, 1996.
80. Sütas, Y., Hurme, M., and Isolauri, E., Down-regulation of anti-CD3 antibody-induced IL-4 production by bovine caseins hydrolysed with Lactobacillus GG-derived enzymes, Scand. J. Immunol., 43, 687–689, 1996.
81. Pessi, T., Isolauri, E., Sütas, Y., Kankaanranta, H., Moilanen, E., and Hurme, M., Suppression of T cell activation by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-degraded bovine casein, Int. Immunopharmacol., 1, 211–218, 2001.
82. Prescott, S.L., Macaubas, C., Holt, B.J., Smallacombe, T.B., Loh, R., Sly, P.D., and Holt, P.G., Transplacental priming of the human immune system to environmental allergens: universal skewing of initial T cell responses toward the Th2 cytokine profile, J. Immunol., 160, 4730–4737, 1998.
83. Prescott, S.L., Macaubas, C., Smallacombe, T., Holt, B.J., Sly, P.D., and Holt, P.G., Development of allergen-specific T-cell memory in atopic and normal children, Lancet, 353, 196–200, 1999.
84. Erb, K.J., Atopic disorders: a default pathway in the absence of infection? Immunol. Today, 20, 317–322, 1999.
85. Matricardi, P.M. and Bonini, S., High microbial turnover rate preventing atopy: a solution to inconsistencies impinging on the hygiene hypothesis? Clin. Exp. Allergy, 30, 1506–1510, 2000.
86. Sepp, E., Julge, K., Vasar, M., Naaber, P., Björkstén, B., and Mikelsaar, M., Intestinal microflora of Estonian and Swedish infants, Acta Paediatr., 86, 956–961, 1997.
87. Björkstén, B., Naaber, P., Sepp, E., and Mikelsaar, M., The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year-old children, Clin. Exp. Allergy, 29, 342–346, 1999.
88. Böttcher, M.F., Nordin, E.K., Sandin, A., Midtvedt, T., and Björkstén, B., Microflora-associated characteristics in faeces from allergic and nonallergic infants, Clin. Exp. Allergy, 30, 1590–1596, 2000.
89. Kalliomäki, M., Kirjavainen, P., Eerola, E., Kero, P., Salminen, S., and Isolauri, E., Distinct patterns of neonatal gut microflora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 107, 129–134, 2001.
90. Weiner, H.L., Oral tolerance: immune mechanisms and treatment of autoimmune diseases, Immunol., Today, 18, 335-343, 1997.
91. Moreau, M.-C., and Gaboriau-Routhiau, V., The absence of gut flora, the doses of antigen ingested and aging affect the long-term peripheral tolerance induced by ovalbumin feeding in mice, Res. Immunol., 147, 49-59, 1996.
92. Sudo, N., Sawamura, S., Tanaka, K., Aiba, Y., Kubo, C., and Koga, Y., The requirement of intestinal bacterial flora for the development of an IgE production system fully susceptible to oral tolerance induction, J. Immunol., 159, 1739-1745, 1997.
93. Wold, A.E., The hygiene hypothesis revised: is the rising frequency of allergy due to changes in the intestinal flora? Allergy, 53, 20-25, 1998.
94. Shida, K., Makino, K., Morishita, A., Takamizawa, K., Hachimura, S., Ametani, A., Sato, T., Kumagai, Y., Habu, S., and Kaminogawa, S., Lactobacillus casei inhibits antigen-induced IgE secretion through regulation of cytokine production in murine splenocyte cultures, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 115, 278-287, 1998.
95. Matsuzaki, T., Yamazaki, R., Hashimoto, S., and Yokokura, T., The effect of oral feeding of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on immunoglobulin E production in mice, J. Dairy Sci., 81, 48-53, 1998.
96. Murosaki, S., Yamamoto, Y., Ito, K., Inokuchi, T., Kusaka, H., Ikeda, H., and Yoshikai, Y., Heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 suppresses naturally fed antigen-specific IgE production by stimulation of IL-12 production in mice, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 102, 57-64, 1998.
97. Perdigon, G., Nader de Macias, M.E., Alvarez, S., Oliver, G., and Pesce de Ruiz Holgado, A.A., Enhancement of immune response in mice fed with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus acidophilus, J. Dairy Sci., 70, 919-926, 1987.
98. Ha, C.L., Lee, J.H., Zhou, H.R., Ustunol, Z., and Pestka, J.J., Effects of yogurt ingestion on mucosal and systemic cytokine gene expression in the mouse, J. Food Prot., 62, 181-188, 1999.
99. Halpern, G.M., Vruwink, K.G., Van De Water, J., Keen, C.L., and Gershwin, M.E., Influence of long-term yogurt consumption in young adults, Int. J. Immunother., 7, 205-210, 1991.
100. Trapp, C.L., Chang, C.C., Halpern, G.M., Keen, C.L., and Gershwin, M.E., The influence of chronic yogurt consumption of populations of young and elderly adults, Int. J. Immunother., 9, 53-64, 1993.
101. Van De Water, J., Keen, C.L., and Gershwin, M.E., The influence of chronic yogurt consumption on immunity, J. Nutr., 129, 1492S-1495S, 1999.
102. Aattouri, N. and Lemonnier, D., Production of interferon induced by Streptococcus thermophilus: role of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, Nutr. Biochem., 8, 25-31, 1997.
103. Solis-Pereyra, B., Aattouri, N., and Lemonnier, D., Role of food in the stimulation of cytokine production, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 66, 521S-525S, 1997.
104. Wheeler, J.G., Shema, S.J., Bogle, M.L., Shirrell, M.A., Burks, A.W., Pittler, A., and Helm, R.M., Immune and clinical impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus on asthma, Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 79, 229-233, 1997.
105. Haller, D., Blum, S., Bode, C., Hammes, W.P., and Schiffrin, E.J., Activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by nonpathogenic bacteria in vitro: evidence of NK cells as primary targets, Infect. Immun., 68, 752-759, 2000.
106. Pessi, T., Sütas, Y., Saxelin, M., Kallioinen, H., and Isolauri, E., Antiproliferative effects of homogenates derived from five strains of candidate probiotic bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 4725-4728, 1999.
107. De Simone, C., Tzantzoglou, S., Baldinelli, L., Di Fabio, S., Bianchi-Salvadori, B., Jirillo, E., and Vesely, R., Enhancement of host resistance against Salmonella typh-imurium infection by a diet supplemented with yogurt, Immunopharmacol. Immuno-toxicol., 10, 399-415, 1988.
108. De Simone, C., Vesely, R., Negri, R., Bianchi Salvadori, B., Zanzoglu, S., Cilli, A., and Lucci, L., Enhancement of immune response of murine Peyer’s patches by a diet supplemented with yogurt, Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 9, 87-100, 1987.
109. Kirjavainen, P.V., El-Nezami, H.S., Salminen, S.J., Ahokas, J.T., and Wright, P.F.A., The effect of orally administered viable probiotic and dairy lactobacilli on mouse lymphocyte proliferation, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 26, 131-135, 1999.
110. Kirjavainen, P.V., Elnezami, H.S., Salminen, S.J., Ahokas, J.T., and Wright, P.F.A., Effects of orally administered viable Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Propionibac-terium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii JS on mouse lymphocyte proliferation, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 6, 799-802, 1999.
111. Mike, A., Nagaoka, N., Tagami, Y., Miyashita, M., Shimada, S., Uchida, K., Nanno, M., and Ohwaki, M., Prevention of B220+ T cell expansion and prolongation of lifespan induced by Lactobacillus casei in MRL/lpr mice, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 117, 368-375, 1999.
112. Perdigón, G., De Macias, M.E., Alvarez, S., Oliver, G., and De Ruiz Holgado, A.P., Systemic augmentation of the immune response in mice by feeding fermented milks with Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus, Immunology, 63, 17-23, 1988.
113. Perdigon, G., De Macias, M.E., Alvarez, S., Oliver, G., and De Ruiz Holgado, A.A., Effect of perorally administered lactobacilli on macrophage activation in mice, Infect. Immun., 53, 404-410, 1986.
114. Valdez, J.C., Rachid, M., Bru, E., and Perdigón, G., The effect of yoghurt on the cytotoxic and phagocytic activity of macrophages in tumour-bearing mice, Food Agric. Immunol., 9, 299-308, 1997.
115. Perdigón, G., Valdez, J.C., and Rachid, M., Antitumour activity of yogurt: study of possible immune mechanisms, J. Dairy Res., 65, 129-138, 1998.
116. Gill, H.S., Rutherford, K.J., Prasad, J., and Gopal, P.K., Enhancement of natural and acquired immunity by Lactobacillus rhamnosus (HN001), Lactobacillus acidophilus (HN017) and Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019), Br. J. Nutr., 83, 167-176, 2000.
117. Schiffrin, E.J., Rochat, F., Link-Amster, H., Aeschlimann, J.M., and Donnet-Hughes, A., Immunomodulation of human blood cells following the ingestion of lactic acid bacteria, J. Dairy Sci., 78, 491-497, 1995.
118. Donnet-Hughes, A., Rochat, F., Serrant, P., Aeschlimann, J.M., and Schiffrin, E.J., Modulation of nonspecific mechanisms of defense by lactic acid bacteria: effective dose, J. Dairy Sci., 82, 863-869, 1999.
119. Pelto, L., Isolauri, E., Lilius, E.M., Nuutila, J., and Salminen, S., Probiotic bacteria down-regulate the milk-induced inflammatory response in milk-hypersensitive subjects but have an immunostimulatory effect in healthy subjects, Clin. Exp. Allergy, 28, 1474-1479, 1998.
120. Haller, D., Bode, C., and Hammes, W.P., Cytokine secretion by stimulated monocytes depends on the growth phase and heat treatment of bacteria: a comparative study between lactic acid bacteria and invasive pathogens, Microbiol. Immunol., 43, 925-935, 1999.
121. Takagi, A., Matsuzaki, T., Sato, M., Nomoto, K., Morotomi, M., and Yokokura, T., Inhibitory effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus casei on 3-methylcholan-threne-induced carcinogenesis in mice, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berlin), 188, 111–116, 1999.
122. Takagi, A., Matsuzaki, T., Sato, M., Nomoto, K., Morotomi, M., and Yokokura, T., Enhancement of natural killer cytotoxicity delayed murine carcinogenesis by a probiotic microorganism, Carcinogenesis, 22, 599–605, 2001.
123. Chiang, B.L., Sheih, Y.H., Wang, L.H., Liao, C.K., and Gill, H.S., Enhancing immunity by dietary consumption of a probiotic lactic acid bacterium (Bifidobacterium lactis HN019): optimization and definition of cellular immune responses, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 54, 849–855, 2000.
124. Perdigon, G., Valdez, J.C., and Rachid, M., Antitumour activity of yogurt: study of possible immune mechanisms, J. Dairy Res., 65, 129–138, 1998.
125. Majamaa, H. and Isolauri, E., Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food allergy, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 99, 179–185, 1997.
126. Kato, I., Endo-Tanaka, K., and Yokokura, T., Suppressive effects of the oral administration of Lactobacillus casei on type II collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice, Life Sci., 63, 635–644, 1998.
127. Kato, I., Tanaka, K., and Yokokura, T., Lactic acid bacterium potently induces the production of interleukin-12 and interferon-g by mouse splenocytes, Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 21, 121–131, 1999.
128. Miettinen, M., Matikainen, S., Vuopio-Varkila, J., Pirhonen, J., Varkila, K., Kurimoto, M., and Julkunen, I., Lactobacilli and streptococci induce interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-18, and gamma interferon production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Infect. Immun., 66, 6058–6062, 1998.
129. Solis Pereyra, D.L., Induction of human cytokines by bacteria used in dairy foods, Nutr. Res., 13, 1127–1140, 1993.
130. Miettinen, M., Vuopio-Varkila, J., and Varkila, K., Production of human tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 is induced by lactic acid bacteria, Infect. Immun., 64, 5403–5405, 1996.
131. Haller, D., Bode, C., Hammes, W.P., Pfeifer, A.M., Schiffrin, E.J., and Blum, S., Nonpathogenic bacteria elicit a differential cytokine response by intestinal epithelial cell/leucocyte co-cultures, Gut, 47, 79–87, 2000.
132. Tejada-Simon, M.V. and Pestka, J. J., Proinflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide induction in murine macrophages by cell wall and cytoplasmic extracts of lactic acid bacteria, J. Food Prot., 62, 1435–1444, 1999.
133. Marin, M.L., Tejada-Simon, M.V., Lee, J.H., Murtha, J., Ustunol, Z., and Pestka, J.J., Stimulation of cytokine production in clonal macrophage and T-cell models by Streptococcus thermophilus: comparison with Bifidobacterium sp. and Lactobacillus bul-garicus, J. Food Prot., 61, 859–864, 1998.
134. Simelyte, E., Isomäki, P., Rimpiläinen, M., Zhang, X., and Toivanen, P., Cytokine production in arthritis susceptible and resistant rats: a study with arthritogenic and nonarthritogenic Lactobacillus cell walls, Scand. J. Immunol., 53, 132–138, 2001.
135. Tejada-Simon, M.V., Ustunol, Z., and Pestka, J.J., Ex vivo effects of lactobacilli, streptococci, and bifidobacteria ingestion on cytokine and nitric oxide production in a murine model, J. Food Prot., 62, 162–169, 1999.