메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 12, 2018, Pages 1287-1302

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: the latest developments

Author keywords

Canagliflozin; dapagliflozin; empagliflozin; heart failure; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics; SGLT2 inhibitors; type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; BIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE; CANAGLIFLOZIN; DAPAGLIFLOZIN; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; EMPAGLIFLOZIN; ERTUGLIFLOZIN; GLP 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; INSULIN; MEGLITINIDE; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITOR; SODIUM PROTON EXCHANGE PROTEIN; SOTAGLIFLOZIN; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; SLC5A2 PROTEIN, HUMAN; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2;

EID: 85058218252     PISSN: 17425255     EISSN: 17447607     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1551877     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (97)

References (115)
  • 1
    • 85047755617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart disease and stroke statistics—2018 update: A report from the American Heart Association [Internet]
    • Available from
    • Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2018 update: A report from the American Heart Association [Internet]. Circulation. 2018. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558.
    • (2018) Circulation
    • Benjamin, E.J.1    Virani, S.S.2    Callaway, C.W.3
  • 2
    • 84929250160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of cardiovascular complications among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
    • [Internet], Available from
    • Vaidya V, Gangan N, Sheehan J, Impact of cardiovascular complications among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res [Internet] 2015;15:487–497. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/14737167.2015.1024661.
    • (2015) Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res , vol.15 , pp. 487-497
    • Vaidya, V.1    Gangan, N.2    Sheehan, J.3
  • 3
    • 0034641568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study
    • Internet]. Available from
    • Stratton IM., Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ Internet]. 2000;321:405–412. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405.
    • (2000) BMJ , vol.321 , pp. 405-412
    • Stratton, I.M.1
  • 4
    • 45149131667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes
    • Gerstein G, Miller M, Byington R, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545–2559.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 2545-2559
    • Gerstein, G.1    Miller, M.2    Byington, R.3
  • 5
    • 84888420674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness of hypoglycemic medications among veterans
    • Nov-Dec, et al
    • Kheirbek RE, Alemi F, Zargoush M, et al. Comparative effectiveness of hypoglycemic medications among veterans. J Manag Care Pharm. 2013 Nov-Dec;19(9):740-744.
    • (2013) J Manag Care Pharm , vol.19 , Issue.9 , pp. 740-744
    • Kheirbek RE, Alemi, F.1    Zargoush, M.2
  • 7
    • 85039561524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes: an update
    • Internet]
    • Upadhyay J, Polyzos SA, Perakakis N, et al. Pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes: an update. Metabolism Internet]. 2018;78:13–42.
    • (2018) Metabolism , vol.78 , pp. 13-42
    • Upadhyay, J.1    Polyzos, S.A.2    Perakakis, N.3
  • 8
    • 85039728203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018
    • Internet]. Available from
    • American Diabetes Association AD. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care Internet]. 2018;41:S55–S64. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29222377.
    • (2018) Diabetes Care , vol.41 , pp. S55-S64
  • 9
    • 0346727578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acarbose reduces the risk for myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients: meta-analysis of seven long-term studies
    • Hanefeld M, Cagatay M, Petrowitsch T, et al. Acarbose reduces the risk for myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients: meta-analysis of seven long-term studies. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:10–16.
    • (2004) Eur Heart J , vol.25 , pp. 10-16
    • Hanefeld, M.1    Cagatay, M.2    Petrowitsch, T.3
  • 10
    • 77950507168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart failure events with rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes: data from the RECORD clinical trial
    • Komajda M, Jjv M, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Heart failure events with rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes: data from the RECORD clinical trial. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:824–831.
    • (2010) Eur Heart J , vol.31 , pp. 824-831
    • Komajda, M.1    Jjv, M.2    Beck-Nielsen, H.3
  • 11
    • 0242332284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of thiazolidinediones and risk of heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study
    • Delea TE, Edelsberg JS, Hagiwara M, et al. Use of thiazolidinediones and risk of heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2983–2989.
    • (2003) Diabetes Care , vol.26 , pp. 2983-2989
    • Delea, T.E.1    Edelsberg, J.S.2    Hagiwara, M.3
  • 12
    • 60049097779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes
    • Nissen S, Wolski K., Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:100.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.357 , pp. 100
    • Nissen, S.1    Wolski, K.2
  • 13
    • 77955285732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality
    • Nissen SE, Wolski K. Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1191–1201.
    • (2010) Arch Intern Med , vol.170 , pp. 1191-1201
    • Nissen, S.E.1    Wolski, K.2
  • 14
    • 84979086273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of insulin in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
    • Internet]
    • Erpeldinger S, Rehman MB, Berkhout C, et al. Efficacy and safety of insulin in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC Endocr Disord Internet]. 2016;16:1–15.
    • (2016) BMC Endocr Disord , vol.16 , pp. 1-15
    • Erpeldinger, S.1    Rehman, M.B.2    Berkhout, C.3
  • 15
    • 4344605042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 increases myocardial glucose uptake and improves left ventricular performance in conscious dogs with pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Nikolaidis LA, Elahi D, Hentosz T, et al. Recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 increases myocardial glucose uptake and improves left ventricular performance in conscious dogs with pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2004;110:955–961.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , pp. 955-961
    • Nikolaidis, L.A.1    Elahi, D.2    Hentosz, T.3
  • 16
    • 1442311383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction after successful reperfusion
    • Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, Sokos GG, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction after successful reperfusion. Circulation. 2004;109:962–965.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.109 , pp. 962-965
    • Nikolaidis, L.A.1    Mankad, S.2    Sokos, G.G.3
  • 17
    • 58949084130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exenatide reduces infarct size and improves cardiac function in a porcine model of ischemia and reperfusion injury
    • Internet
    • Timmers L, Henriques JPS, DP V DK, et al. Exenatide reduces infarct size and improves cardiac function in a porcine model of ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Am Coll Cardiol Internet. 2009;53:501–510.
    • (2009) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.53 , pp. 501-510
    • Timmers, L.1    Henriques, J.P.S.2    Dp V, D.3
  • 18
    • 84863560602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exenatide reduces reperfusion injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
    • Lønborg J, Vejlstrup N, Kelbæk H, et al. Exenatide reduces reperfusion injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1491–1499.
    • (2012) Eur Heart J , vol.33 , pp. 1491-1499
    • Lønborg, J.1    Vejlstrup, N.2    Kelbæk, H.3
  • 19
    • 85019611136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel diabetes drugs and the cardiovascular specialist
    • Sattar N, Petrie MC, Zinman B, et al. Novel diabetes drugs and the cardiovascular specialist. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2646–2656.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.69 , pp. 2646-2656
    • Sattar, N.1    Petrie, M.C.2    Zinman, B.3
  • 20
    • 84873085581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo, all in combination with metformin in type 2 diabetes: 2-year results from the LEAD-2 study
    • Nauck M, Frid A, Hermansen K, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo, all in combination with metformin in type 2 diabetes: 2-year results from the LEAD-2 study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:204–212.
    • (2013) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.15 , pp. 204-212
    • Nauck, M.1    Frid, A.2    Hermansen, K.3
  • 21
    • 84994813253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Internet, Available from
    • Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2016;375:1834–1844. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1607141.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.375 , pp. 1834-1844
    • Marso, S.P.1    Bain, S.C.2    Consoli, A.3
  • 22
    • 84978839381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes hhs public access
    • Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes hhs public access. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:311–322.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.375 , pp. 311-322
    • Marso, S.P.1    Daniels, G.H.2    Brown-Frandsen, K.3
  • 23
    • 85030448557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes
    • Available from, [Internet]
    • Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, et al. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2017;NEJMoa1612917. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1612917.
    • (2017) N Engl J Med
    • Holman, R.R.1    Bethel, M.A.2    Mentz, R.J.3
  • 24
    • 84948740668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome
    • [Internet]. Available from
    • Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, et al. Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2015;373:2247–2257. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1509225.
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.373 , pp. 2247-2257
    • Pfeffer, M.A.1    Claggett, B.2    Diaz, R.3
  • 25
    • 85044600598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis
    • Bethel MA, Patel RA, Merrill P, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:105–113.
    • (2018) Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol , vol.6 , pp. 105-113
    • Bethel, M.A.1    Patel, R.A.2    Merrill, P.3
  • 26
    • 84883765959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • [Internet]. Available from
    • Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, E B, et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2013;369:1317–1326. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1307684.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.369 , pp. 1317-1326
    • Scirica, B.M.1    Bhatt, D.L.2
  • 27
    • 84883745765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Internet, Available from
    • White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR, et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2013;369:1327–1335. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1305889.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.369 , pp. 1327-1335
    • White, W.B.1    Cannon, C.P.2    Heller, S.R.3
  • 28
    • 84937053742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes
    • Internet, Available from
    • Green JB, Ma B, Armstrong PW, et al. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2015;373:232–242. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1501352.
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.373 , pp. 232-242
    • Green, J.B.1    Ma, B.2    Armstrong, P.W.3
  • 29
    • 84873733300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin: an old but still the best treatment for type 2 diabetes
    • Available from, [Internet]
    • Rojas LBA, Gomes MB. Metformin: an old but still the best treatment for type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr [Internet]. 2013;5:6. Available from: http://dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1758-5996-5-6.
    • (2013) Diabetol Metab Syndr , vol.5 , pp. 6
    • Rojas, L.B.A.1    Gomes, M.B.2
  • 30
    • 0032511566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)
    • Turner R. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854–865.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 854-865
    • Turner, R.1
  • 31
    • 84879207411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative safety and effectiveness of metformin in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure systematic review of observational studies involving 34 000 patients
    • Eurich DT, Weir DL, Majumdar SR, et al. Comparative safety and effectiveness of metformin in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure systematic review of observational studies involving 34 000 patients. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6:395–402.
    • (2013) Circ Heart Fail , vol.6 , pp. 395-402
    • Eurich, D.T.1    Weir, D.L.2    Majumdar, S.R.3
  • 32
    • 84916602915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sulfonylurea in combination with insulin is associated with increased mortality compared with a combination of insulin and metformin in a retrospective Danish nationwide study
    • Mogensen UM, Andersson C, Fosbøl EL, et al. Sulfonylurea in combination with insulin is associated with increased mortality compared with a combination of insulin and metformin in a retrospective Danish nationwide study. Diabetologia. 2015;58:50–58.
    • (2015) Diabetologia , vol.58 , pp. 50-58
    • Mogensen, U.M.1    Andersson, C.2    Fosbøl, E.L.3
  • 33
    • 85029529182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative safety of sulfonylurea and metformin monotherapy on the risk of heart failure: a cohort study
    • [Internet], Available from
    • Roumie CL, Min JY, D’Agostino McGowan L, et al. Comparative safety of sulfonylurea and metformin monotherapy on the risk of heart failure: a cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc [Internet]. 2017;6:e005379. Available from: http://jaha.ahajournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1161/JAHA.116.005379.
    • (2017) J Am Heart Assoc , vol.6 , pp. e005379
    • Roumie, C.L.1    Min, J.Y.2    D’Agostino McGowan, L.3
  • 34
    • 77951473452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of nateglinide on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events
    • Ns G, Holman R, Haffner S, et al. Effect of nateglinide on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1463–1476.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.362 , pp. 1463-1476
    • Ns, G.1    Holman, R.2    Haffner, S.3
  • 35
    • 85002045820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing the risks of hospitalized heart failure associated with glinide, sulfonylurea, and acarbose use in type 2 diabetes: A nationwide study
    • Internet]
    • Lee YC, Chang CH, Dong YH, et al. Comparing the risks of hospitalized heart failure associated with glinide, sulfonylurea, and acarbose use in type 2 diabetes: A nationwide study. Int J Cardiol Internet]. 2017;228:1007–1014.
    • (2017) Int J Cardiol , vol.228 , pp. 1007-1014
    • Lee, Y.C.1    Chang, C.H.2    Dong, Y.H.3
  • 36
    • 85003855318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Renal, metabolic and cardiovascular considerations of SGLT2 inhibition
    • Internet
    • DeFronzo RA, Norton L, Abdul-Ghani M. Renal, metabolic and cardiovascular considerations of SGLT2 inhibition. Nat Rev Nephrol Internet. 2017;13:11–26.
    • (2017) Nat Rev Nephrol , vol.13 , pp. 11-26
    • DeFronzo, R.A.1    Norton, L.2    Abdul-Ghani, M.3
  • 37
    • 38549182041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Na+-glucose transporter-2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in kidney of diabetic rats correlates with glycemic levels: involvement of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α expression and activity
    • Freitas HS, Anhê GF, Melo KFS, et al. Na+-glucose transporter-2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in kidney of diabetic rats correlates with glycemic levels: involvement of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α expression and activity. Endocrinology. 2008;149:717–724.
    • (2008) Endocrinology , vol.149 , pp. 717-724
    • Freitas, H.S.1    Anhê, G.F.2    Melo, K.F.S.3
  • 38
    • 33644688031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucose transporters in human renal proximal tubular cells isolated from the urine of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes
    • Rahmoune H, Thompson PW, Ward JM, et al. Glucose transporters in human renal proximal tubular cells isolated from the urine of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes. 2005;54:3427–3434.
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , pp. 3427-3434
    • Rahmoune, H.1    Thompson, P.W.2    Ward, J.M.3
  • 39
    • 85019963940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT)2 and SGLT1 renal expression in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Solini A, Rossi C, Mazzanti CM, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT)2 and SGLT1 renal expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19:1289–1294.
    • (2017) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.19 , pp. 1289-1294
    • Solini, A.1    Rossi, C.2    Mazzanti, C.M.3
  • 40
    • 84891865819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of renal glucose reabsorption in response to dapagliflozin in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes
    • Defronzo RA, Hompesch M, Kasichayanula S, et al. Characterization of renal glucose reabsorption in response to dapagliflozin in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:3169–3176.
    • (2013) Diabetes Care , vol.36 , pp. 3169-3176
    • Defronzo, R.A.1    Hompesch, M.2    Kasichayanula, S.3
  • 41
    • 79956331954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canagliflozin, a novel inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2, dose dependently reduces calculated renal threshold for glucose excretion and increases urinary glucose excretion in healthy subjects
    • Sha S, Devineni D, Ghosh A, et al. Canagliflozin, a novel inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2, dose dependently reduces calculated renal threshold for glucose excretion and increases urinary glucose excretion in healthy subjects. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13:669–672.
    • (2011) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.13 , pp. 669-672
    • Sha, S.1    Devineni, D.2    Ghosh, A.3
  • 42
    • 84877710926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of a novel method for determining the renal threshold for glucose excretion in untreated and canagliflozin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Polidori D, Sha S, Ghosh A, et al. Validation of a novel method for determining the renal threshold for glucose excretion in untreated and canagliflozin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:867–871.
    • (2013) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.98 , pp. 867-871
    • Polidori, D.1    Sha, S.2    Ghosh, A.3
  • 43
    • 84891534541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel hypothesis to explain why SGLT2 inhibitors inhibit only 30-50% of filtered glucose load in humans
    • Abdul-Ghani MA, DeFronzo RA, Norton L. Novel hypothesis to explain why SGLT2 inhibitors inhibit only 30-50% of filtered glucose load in humans. Diabetes. 2013;62:3324–3328.
    • (2013) Diabetes , vol.62 , pp. 3324-3328
    • Abdul-Ghani, M.A.1    DeFronzo, R.A.2    Norton, L.3
  • 44
    • 84864283226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SGLT2 inhibition in diabetes mellitus: rationale and clinical prospects
    • Available from, Internet
    • Ferrannini E, Solini A. SGLT2 inhibition in diabetes mellitus: rationale and clinical prospects. Nat Rev Endocrinol Internet. 2012;8:495–502. Available from.
    • (2012) Nat Rev Endocrinol , vol.8 , pp. 495-502
    • Ferrannini, E.1    Solini, A.2
  • 45
    • 84983452534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium glucose CoTransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: current status and future perspective
    • [Internet]
    • Madaan T, Akhtar M, Najmi AK. Sodium glucose CoTransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: current status and future perspective. Eur J Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2016;93:244–252.
    • (2016) Eur J Pharm Sci , vol.93 , pp. 244-252
    • Madaan, T.1    Akhtar, M.2    Najmi, A.K.3
  • 46
    • 84902551594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes
    • [Internet]
    • Hasan FM, Alsahli M, Gerich JE. SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract [Internet]. 2014;104:297–322.
    • (2014) Diabetes Res Clin Pract , vol.104 , pp. 297-322
    • Hasan, F.M.1    Alsahli, M.2    Gerich, J.E.3
  • 47
    • 84872733237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antidiabetic agent ertugliflozin (PF-04971729) in healthy male subjectss
    • Miao Z, Nucci G, Amin N, et al. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antidiabetic agent ertugliflozin (PF-04971729) in healthy male subjectss. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013;41:445–456.
    • (2013) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.41 , pp. 445-456
    • Miao, Z.1    Nucci, G.2    Amin, N.3
  • 48
    • 85050110454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sotagliflozin: a dual sodium-glucose co-transporter-1 and −2 inhibitor for the management of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Internet]
    • Available from
    • Sims H, Smith KH, Bramlage P, et al. Sotagliflozin: a dual sodium-glucose co-transporter-1 and −2 inhibitor for the management of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Internet]. Diabet Med. 2018. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/dme.13645%0A, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29637608.
    • (2018) Diabet Med
    • Sims, H.1    Smith, K.H.2    Bramlage, P.3
  • 49
    • 85031780039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sotagliflozin added to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes
    • Available from, [Internet]
    • Garg SK, Henry RR, Banks P, et al. Effects of sotagliflozin added to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2017;NEJMoa1708337. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1708337.
    • (2017) N Engl J Med
    • Garg, S.K.1    Henry, R.R.2    Banks, P.3
  • 50
    • 84920525774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel sglt2 inhibitor ipragliflozin
    • Kadokura T, Zhang W, Krauwinkel W, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel sglt2 inhibitor ipragliflozin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2014;53:975–988.
    • (2014) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.53 , pp. 975-988
    • Kadokura, T.1    Zhang, W.2    Krauwinkel, W.3
  • 51
    • 85018818422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tofogliflozin (a selective sglt2 inhibitor) in healthy male subjects
    • Kasahara-Ito N, Fukase H, Ogama Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tofogliflozin (a selective sglt2 inhibitor) in healthy male subjects. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2017;67:349–357.
    • (2017) Drug Res (Stuttg) , vol.67 , pp. 349-357
    • Kasahara-Ito, N.1    Fukase, H.2    Ogama, Y.3
  • 52
    • 84951567808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in the diabetic kidney: an update
    • Novikov A, Vallon V. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in the diabetic kidney: an update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2016;25:50–58.
    • (2016) Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens , vol.25 , pp. 50-58
    • Novikov, A.1    Vallon, V.2
  • 53
    • 85015765803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition for the reduction of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus
    • Marx N, McGuire DK. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition for the reduction of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:3192–3200b.
    • (2016) Eur Heart J , vol.37 , pp. 3192-3200b
    • Marx, N.1    McGuire, D.K.2
  • 54
    • 84887191925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, as add-on to metformin in type 2 diabetes with mild hyperglycaemia
    • Rosenstock J, Seman LJ, Jelaska A, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, as add-on to metformin in type 2 diabetes with mild hyperglycaemia. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:1154–1160.
    • (2013) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.15 , pp. 1154-1160
    • Rosenstock, J.1    Seman, L.J.2    Jelaska, A.3
  • 55
    • 84951906012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy balance after sodium- glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition
    • Ferrannini G, Hach T, Crowe S, et al. Energy balance after sodium- glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:1730–1735.
    • (2015) Diabetes Care , vol.38 , pp. 1730-1735
    • Ferrannini, G.1    Hach, T.2    Crowe, S.3
  • 56
    • 85031915334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation and inhibition of sodium-hydrogen exchanger is a mechanism that links the pathophysiology and treatment of diabetes mellitus with that of heart failure
    • Packers M. Activation and inhibition of sodium-hydrogen exchanger is a mechanism that links the pathophysiology and treatment of diabetes mellitus with that of heart failure. Circulation. 2017;136:1548–1559.
    • (2017) Circulation , vol.136 , pp. 1548-1559
    • Packers, M.1
  • 57
    • 85035777138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Class effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in mouse cardiomyocytes and hearts: inhibition of Na+/H+exchanger, lowering of cytosolic Na+and vasodilation
    • Uthman L, Baartscheer A, Bleijlevens B, et al. Class effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in mouse cardiomyocytes and hearts: inhibition of Na+/H+exchanger, lowering of cytosolic Na+and vasodilation. Diabetologia. 2018;61:722–726.
    • (2018) Diabetologia , vol.61 , pp. 722-726
    • Uthman, L.1    Baartscheer, A.2    Bleijlevens, B.3
  • 58
    • 84929377076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dapagliflozin lowers plasma glucose concentration and improves β-cell function
    • Merovci A, Mari A, Solis C, et al. Dapagliflozin lowers plasma glucose concentration and improves β-cell function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:1927–1932.
    • (2015) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.100 , pp. 1927-1932
    • Merovci, A.1    Mari, A.2    Solis, C.3
  • 59
    • 85045436396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empagliflozin treatment is associated with improved beta cell function in T2DM
    • [Internet, Available from
    • Al Jobori H, Daniele G, Adams J, et al. Empagliflozin treatment is associated with improved beta cell function in T2DM. J Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2018;103:1402–1407. Available from: http://academic.oup.com/jcem/advance-article/doi/10.1210/jc.2017-01838/4801231.
    • (2018) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.103 , pp. 1402-1407
    • Al Jobori, H.1    Daniele, G.2    Adams, J.3
  • 60
    • 84975789692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empagliflozin, via switching metabolism toward lipid utilization, moderately increases LDL cholesterol levels through reduced LDL catabolism
    • Briand F, Mayoux E, Brousseau E, et al. Empagliflozin, via switching metabolism toward lipid utilization, moderately increases LDL cholesterol levels through reduced LDL catabolism. Diabetes. 2016;65:2032–2038.
    • (2016) Diabetes , vol.65 , pp. 2032-2038
    • Briand, F.1    Mayoux, E.2    Brousseau, E.3
  • 61
    • 84944800184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes
    • [Internet], Available from
    • Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2015;373:2117–2128. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1504720.
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.373 , pp. 2117-2128
    • Zinman, B.1    Wanner, C.2    Lachin, J.M.3
  • 62
    • 85050821060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucose-lowering therapies and heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • [Internet], Available from
    • Vijayakumar S, Vaduganathan M, Butler J. Glucose-lowering therapies and heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation [Internet]. 2018;137:1060–1073. Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032099.
    • (2018) Circulation , vol.137 , pp. 1060-1073
    • Vijayakumar, S.1    Vaduganathan, M.2    Butler, J.3
  • 63
    • 84879795546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase IIb, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Ferrannini E, Seman L, Seewaldt-Becker E, et al. A phase IIb, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:721–728.
    • (2013) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.15 , pp. 721-728
    • Ferrannini, E.1    Seman, L.2    Seewaldt-Becker, E.3
  • 64
    • 85058221194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin type 2 diabetes
    • Hu H, Merker L, Seewaldt-Becker E, et al. Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:1–9.
    • (2013) Diabetes Care , vol.36 , pp. 1-9
    • Hu, H.1    Merker, L.2    Seewaldt-Becker, E.3
  • 65
    • 84942294658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of empagliflozin added on to basal insulin in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin: A 78-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Rosenstock J, Jelaska A, Zeller C, et al. Impact of empagliflozin added on to basal insulin in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin: A 78-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:936–948.
    • (2015) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.17 , pp. 936-948
    • Rosenstock, J.1    Jelaska, A.2    Zeller, C.3
  • 66
    • 84874291673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise
    • Stenlöf K, Cefalu WT, Kim KA, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:372–382.
    • (2013) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.15 , pp. 372-382
    • Stenlöf, K.1    Cefalu, W.T.2    Kim, K.A.3
  • 67
    • 84877865378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canagliflozin lowers postprandial glucose and insulin by delaying intestinal glucose absorption in addition to increasing urinary glucose excretion: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care
    • 36(8):2154-2161
    • Polidori D, Sha S, Mudaliar S, et al. Canagliflozin lowers postprandial glucose and insulin by delaying intestinal glucose absorption in addition to increasing urinary glucose excretion: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care. Diabetes Care. 2013;;36(8):2154-2161.
    • (2013) Diabetes Care
    • Polidori, D.S.S.M.S.E.A.1
  • 68
    • 84887997289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin compared with placebo and sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin monotherapy: A randomised trial
    • Lavalle-González FJ, Januszewicz A, Davidson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin compared with placebo and sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin monotherapy: A randomised trial. Diabetologia. 2013;56:2582–2592.
    • (2013) Diabetologia , vol.56 , pp. 2582-2592
    • Lavalle-González, F.J.1    Januszewicz, A.2    Davidson, J.3
  • 69
    • 84884167643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (CANTATA-SU): 52 week results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial
    • Available from, Internet
    • Cefalu WT, Leiter LA, Yoon KH, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (CANTATA-SU): 52 week results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Internet. 2013;382:941–950. Available from.
    • (2013) Lancet , vol.382 , pp. 941-950
    • Cefalu, W.T.1    Leiter, L.A.2    Yoon, K.H.3
  • 70
    • 84930844091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of canaglif lozin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, when used in conjunction with insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Neal B, Perkovic V, De Zeeuw D, et al. Efficacy and safety of canaglif lozin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, when used in conjunction with insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:403–411.
    • (2015) Diabetes Care , vol.38 , pp. 403-411
    • Neal, B.1    Perkovic, V.2    De Zeeuw, D.3
  • 71
    • 84942320701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin used in conjunction with sulfonylurea in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled trial
    • Fulcher G, Matthews DR, Perkovic V, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin used in conjunction with sulfonylurea in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes Ther. 2015;6:289–302.
    • (2015) Diabetes Ther , vol.6 , pp. 289-302
    • Fulcher, G.1    Matthews, D.R.2    Perkovic, V.3
  • 72
    • 84891784200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canagliflozin compared with sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who with metformin plus sulfonylurea
    • Schernthaner G, Gary M. Canagliflozin compared with sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who with metformin plus sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2508–2515.
    • (2013) Diabetes Care , vol.36 , pp. 2508-2515
    • Schernthaner, G.1    Gary, M.2
  • 73
    • 65349196064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium-glucose cotransport inhibition
    • List JF, Tang W, Woo V, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransport inhibition. Emerg Treat Technol. 2009;32:650–657.
    • (2009) Emerg Treat Technol , vol.32 , pp. 650-657
    • List, J.F.1    Tang, W.2    Woo, V.3
  • 74
    • 84876335563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin as a monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese patients with inadequate glycaemic control: A phase II multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Kaku K, Inoue S, Matsuoka O, et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin as a monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese patients with inadequate glycaemic control: A phase II multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:432–440.
    • (2013) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.15 , pp. 432-440
    • Kaku, K.1    Inoue, S.2    Matsuoka, O.3
  • 75
    • 77956921439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise
    • Ferrannini E, Ramos SJ, Salsali A, et al. Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2217–2224.
    • (2010) Diabetes Care , vol.33 , pp. 2217-2224
    • Ferrannini, E.1    Ramos, S.J.2    Salsali, A.3
  • 76
    • 84860218907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dapagliflozin, metformin XR, or both: initial pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes, a randomised controlled trial
    • Henry RR, Murray AV, Marmolejo MH, et al. Dapagliflozin, metformin XR, or both: initial pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes, a randomised controlled trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2012;66:446–456.
    • (2012) Int J Clin Pract , vol.66 , pp. 446-456
    • Henry, R.R.1    Murray, A.V.2    Marmolejo, M.H.3
  • 77
    • 77953857048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Bailey CJ, Gross JL, Pieters A, et al. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:2223–2233.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.375 , pp. 2223-2233
    • Bailey, C.J.1    Gross, J.L.2    Pieters, A.3
  • 78
    • 84862875221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dapagliflozin, an sglt2 inhibitor, on HbA1c, body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy
    • Rosenstock J, Vico M, Wei L, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin, an sglt2 inhibitor, on HbA1c, body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1473–1478.
    • (2012) Diabetes Care , vol.35 , pp. 1473-1478
    • Rosenstock, J.1    Vico, M.2    Wei, L.3
  • 79
    • 84896701131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dapagliflozin is effective as add-on therapy to sitagliptin with or withoutmetformin: A 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
    • Jabbour SA, Hardy E, Sugg J, et al. Dapagliflozin is effective as add-on therapy to sitagliptin with or withoutmetformin: A 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:740–750.
    • (2014) Diabetes Care , vol.37 , pp. 740-750
    • Jabbour, S.A.1    Hardy, E.2    Sugg, J.3
  • 80
    • 84858323889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mar,. Dapagliflozin 006 Study Group. Long-term efficacy of dapagliflozin patients with type, diabetes mellitus receiving high doses of insulin: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med
    • Wilding JP, Woo V, Soler NG, et al. Dapagliflozin 006 Study Group. Long-term efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving high doses of insulin: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Mar 20;156(6):405-415.
    • (2012) , vol.156 , Issue.2 , pp. 405-415
  • 81
    • 85013455452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase III, efficacy and safety study of ertugliflozin monotherapy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise alone
    • Terra SG, Focht K, Davies M, et al. Phase III, efficacy and safety study of ertugliflozin monotherapy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise alone. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19:721–728.
    • (2017) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.19 , pp. 721-728
    • Terra, S.G.1    Focht, K.2    Davies, M.3
  • 82
    • 85030632365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of ertugliflozin on glucose control, body weight, blood pressure and bone density in type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy (VERTIS MET)
    • Rosenstock J, Frias J, Páll D, et al. Effect of ertugliflozin on glucose control, body weight, blood pressure and bone density in type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy (VERTIS MET). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:520–529.
    • (2018) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.20 , pp. 520-529
    • Rosenstock, J.1    Frias, J.2    Páll, D.3
  • 83
    • 85041495425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ertugliflozin and sitagliptin co-initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes: the VERTIS SITA randomized study
    • Internet]. Available from
    • Miller S, Krumins T, Zhou H, et al. Ertugliflozin and sitagliptin co-initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes: the VERTIS SITA randomized study. Diabetes Ther Internet]. 2018;9:253–268. Available from.;:.
    • (2018) Diabetes Ther , vol.9 , pp. 253-268
    • Miller, S.1    Krumins, T.2    Zhou, H.3
  • 84
    • 84969915634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and network meta-analysis
    • [Internet], Available from
    • Zaccardi F, Webb DR, Htike ZZ, et al. Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab [Internet]. 2016;18:783–794. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27059700.
    • (2016) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.18 , pp. 783-794
    • Zaccardi, F.1    Webb, D.R.2    Htike, Z.Z.3
  • 85
    • 85043391124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of empagliflozin on risk for cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization across the spectrum of heart failure risk in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial
    • [Internet], Available from
    • Fitchett D, Butler J, van de Borne P, et al. Effects of empagliflozin on risk for cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization across the spectrum of heart failure risk in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial. Eur Heart J [Internet]. 2018;39:363–370. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/5/363/4096345.
    • (2018) Eur Heart J , vol.39 , pp. 363-370
    • Fitchett, D.1    Butler, J.2    van de Borne, P.3
  • 86
    • 85042792101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empagliflozin and clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, established cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease
    • Wanner C, Lachin JM, Inzucchi SE, et al. Empagliflozin and clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, established cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. Circulation. 2018;137:119–129.
    • (2018) Circulation , vol.137 , pp. 119-129
    • Wanner, C.1    Lachin, J.M.2    Inzucchi, S.E.3
  • 87
    • 85034766786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes
    • Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. CANVAS Programme Collaborative Group. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377:644–657.
    • (2017) N Engl J Med , vol.377 , pp. 644-657
    • Neal, B.1    Perkovic, V.2    Mahaffey, K.W.3
  • 88
    • 85041737787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular outcomes associated with canagliflozin versus other non-gliflozin antidiabetic drugs: population based cohort study
    • [Internet], Available from
    • Patorno E, Goldfine AB, Schneeweiss S, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes associated with canagliflozin versus other non-gliflozin antidiabetic drugs: population based cohort study. BMJ [Internet]. 2018;k119. Available from http://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.k119.
    • (2018) BMJ , pp. k119
    • Patorno, E.1    Goldfine, A.B.2    Schneeweiss, S.3
  • 89
    • 85060042753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes
    • [Internet], Available from
    • Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2018;NEJMoa1812389. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1812389.\.
    • (2018) N Engl J Med
    • Wiviott, S.D.1    Raz, I.2    Bonaca, M.P.3
  • 90
    • 85046093511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors with all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • [Internet], Available from
    • Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Aghar-Jaffar R, et al. Association between use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors with all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Jama [Internet]. 2018;319:1580. Available from: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2018.3024.
    • (2018) Jama , vol.319 , pp. 1580
    • Zheng, S.L.1    Roddick, A.J.2    Aghar-Jaffar, R.3
  • 91
    • 84979895487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes
    • Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:323–334.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.375 , pp. 323-334
    • Wanner, C.1    Inzucchi, S.E.2    Lachin, J.M.3
  • 92
    • 85045833901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the SGLT-2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on glomerular and tubular injury markers
    • [Internet], Available from
    • Dekkers CCJ, Petrykiv S, Laverman G, et al. Effects of the SGLT-2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on glomerular and tubular injury markers. Diabetes Obes Metab [Internet]. 2018;1–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29573529%0Ahttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/dom.13301.
    • (2018) Diabetes Obes Metab , pp. 1-6
    • Dekkers, C.C.J.1    Petrykiv, S.2    Laverman, G.3
  • 93
    • 79952273819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes
    • Mar, Gerstein HC, et al
    • Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Genuth S, et al. Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. Accord Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 3;364(9):818-828.
    • (2011) Accord Study Group. N Engl J Med. , vol.364 , Issue.9 , pp. 818-828
    • Miller, M.E.1    Genuth, S.2
  • 94
    • 85043391124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of empagliflozin on risk for cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization across the spectrum of heart failure risk in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial
    • Fitchett D, Butler J, Van De Borne P, et al. Effects of empagliflozin on risk for cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization across the spectrum of heart failure risk in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:363–370.
    • (2018) Eur Heart J , vol.39 , pp. 363-370
    • Fitchett, D.1    Butler, J.2    Van De Borne, P.3
  • 95
    • 84991712516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empagliflozin decreases myocardial cytoplasmic Na+through inhibition of the cardiac Na+/H+exchanger in rats and rabbits
    • Baartscheer A, Schumacher CA, Rci W, et al. Empagliflozin decreases myocardial cytoplasmic Na+through inhibition of the cardiac Na+/H+exchanger in rats and rabbits. Diabetologia. 2017;60:568–573.
    • (2017) Diabetologia , vol.60 , pp. 568-573
    • Baartscheer, A.1    Schumacher, C.A.2    Rci, W.3
  • 96
    • 0034687597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger with cariporide to prevent myocardial infarction in high-risk ischemic situations. Main results of the GUARDIAN trial. Guard during ischemia against necrosis (GUARDIAN) Investigators
    • Théroux P, Chaitman B, Danchin N, et al. Inhibition of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger with cariporide to prevent myocardial infarction in high-risk ischemic situations. Main results of the GUARDIAN trial. Guard during ischemia against necrosis (GUARDIAN) Investigators. Circulation. 2000;102:3032–3038.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102 , pp. 3032-3038
    • Théroux, P.1    Chaitman, B.2    Danchin, N.3
  • 97
    • 84887490616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac insulin-resistance and decreased mitochondrial energy production precede the development of systolic heart failure after pressure-overload hypertrophy
    • Zhang L, Jaswal JS, Ussher JR, et al. Cardiac insulin-resistance and decreased mitochondrial energy production precede the development of systolic heart failure after pressure-overload hypertrophy. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6:1039–1048.
    • (2013) Circ Heart Fail , vol.6 , pp. 1039-1048
    • Zhang, L.1    Jaswal, J.S.2    Ussher, J.R.3
  • 99
    • 84975853831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CV protection in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial: a thrifty substrate hypothesis
    • Ferrannini E, Mark M, Mayoux E. CV protection in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial: a thrifty substrate hypothesis. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:1108–1114.
    • (2016) Diabetes Care , vol.39 , pp. 1108-1114
    • Ferrannini, E.1    Mark, M.2    Mayoux, E.3
  • 100
    • 84975840750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can a shift in fuel energetics explain the beneficial cardiorenal outcomes in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME study? A unifying hypothesis
    • Mudaliar S, Alloju S, Henry RR. Can a shift in fuel energetics explain the beneficial cardiorenal outcomes in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME study? A unifying hypothesis. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:1115–1122.
    • (2016) Diabetes Care , vol.39 , pp. 1115-1122
    • Mudaliar, S.1    Alloju, S.2    Henry, R.R.3
  • 101
    • 84893872877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in type 2 diabetic patients
    • Ferrannini E, Muscelli E, Frascerra S, et al. Metabolic response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:499–508.
    • (2014) J Clin Invest , vol.124 , pp. 499-508
    • Ferrannini, E.1    Muscelli, E.2    Frascerra, S.3
  • 102
    • 84964608804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shift to fatty substrate utilization in response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in subjects without diabetes and patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Ferrannini E, Baldi S, Frascerra S, et al. Shift to fatty substrate utilization in response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in subjects without diabetes and patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2016;65:1190–1196.
    • (2016) Diabetes , vol.65 , pp. 1190-1196
    • Ferrannini, E.1    Baldi, S.2    Frascerra, S.3
  • 103
    • 84878466943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease
    • [Internet], Available from
    • Cotter DG, Schugar RC, Crawford PA. Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease. AJP Heart Circ Physiol [Internet]. 2013;304:H1060–H1076. Available from: http://ajpheart.physiology.org/cgi/doi/10.1152/ajpheart.00646.2012.
    • (2013) AJP Heart Circ Physiol , vol.304 , pp. H1060-H1076
    • Cotter, D.G.1    Schugar, R.C.2    Crawford, P.A.3
  • 104
    • 85052598169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart failure and cardiomyopathies EMPAGLIFLOZIN INDUCES A MYOCARDIAL METABOLIC SHIFT FROM GLUCOSE CONSUMPTION
    • [Internet]
    • Santos-Gallego CG, Antonio J, Ibanez R, et al. Heart failure and cardiomyopathies EMPAGLIFLOZIN INDUCES A MYOCARDIAL METABOLIC SHIFT FROM GLUCOSE CONSUMPTION. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2018;71:A674.
    • (2018) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.71 , pp. A674
    • Santos-Gallego, C.G.1    Antonio, J.2    Ibanez, R.3
  • 105
    • 84892959743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of empagliflozin on arterial stiffness and heart rate variability in subjects with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes mellitus
    • Cherney DZI, Perkins BA, Soleymanlou N, et al. The effect of empagliflozin on arterial stiffness and heart rate variability in subjects with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014;13:1–8.
    • (2014) Cardiovasc Diabetol , vol.13 , pp. 1-8
    • Cherney, D.Z.I.1    Perkins, B.A.2    Soleymanlou, N.3
  • 106
    • 84945455839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of empagliflozin on blood pressure and markers of arterial stiffness and vascular resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Chilton R, Tikkanen I, Cannon CP, et al. Effects of empagliflozin on blood pressure and markers of arterial stiffness and vascular resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:1180–1193.
    • (2015) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.17 , pp. 1180-1193
    • Chilton, R.1    Tikkanen, I.2    Cannon, C.P.3
  • 107
    • 85006172812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of empagliflozin on left ventricular mass and diastolic function in individuals with diabetes: an important clue to the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial?
    • Verma S, Garg A, Yan AT, et al. Effect of empagliflozin on left ventricular mass and diastolic function in individuals with diabetes: an important clue to the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial? Diabetes Care. 2016;39:e212–e213.
    • (2016) Diabetes Care , vol.39 , pp. e212-e213
    • Verma, S.1    Garg, A.2    Yan, A.T.3
  • 108
    • 85010216514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition with empagliflozin improves cardiac diastolic function in a female rodent model of diabetes
    • Habibi J, Aroor AR, Sowers JR, et al. Sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition with empagliflozin improves cardiac diastolic function in a female rodent model of diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16:1–15.
    • (2017) Cardiovasc Diabetol , vol.16 , pp. 1-15
    • Habibi, J.1    Aroor, A.R.2    Sowers, J.R.3
  • 109
    • 85047345720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of canagliflozin on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Available from, Internet
    • Matsutani D, Sakamoto M, Kayama Y, et al. Effect of canagliflozin on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol Internet. 2018;17:1–12. Available from.
    • (2018) Cardiovasc Diabetol , vol.17 , pp. 1-12
    • Matsutani, D.1    Sakamoto, M.2    Kayama, Y.3
  • 110
    • 85025091208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of canagliflozin on cardiovascular biomarkers in older adults with type 2 diabetes
    • Januzzi JL, Butler J, Jarolim P, et al. Effects of canagliflozin on cardiovascular biomarkers in older adults with type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:704–712.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.70 , pp. 704-712
    • Januzzi, J.L.1    Butler, J.2    Jarolim, P.3
  • 111
    • 84992453325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diuretic action of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and its importance in the management of heart failure
    • [Internet], Available from
    • Kimura G. Diuretic action of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and its importance in the management of heart failure. Circ J [Internet]. 2016;80:2277–2281. Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/80/11/80_CJ-16-0780/_article.
    • (2016) Circ J , vol.80 , pp. 2277-2281
    • Kimura, G.1
  • 112
  • 113
    • 85045201560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and the risk of ketoacidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A nationwide population-based cohort study
    • [Internet]
    • Kim Y-G, Jeon JY, Han SJ, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and the risk of ketoacidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab [Internet]. 2018;;20(8):1852-1858.
    • (2018) Diabetes Obes Metab
    • Kim, Y.-G.1    Jeon, J.Y.2    Han, S.J.3
  • 114
    • 85030831513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased amputation risk with canagliflozin treatment: behind the large cardiovascular benefit?
    • Tanaka A, Node K. Increased amputation risk with canagliflozin treatment: behind the large cardiovascular benefit? Cardiovasc Diabetology. 2017;16:17–19.
    • (2017) Cardiovasc Diabetology , vol.16 , pp. 17-19
    • Tanaka, A.1    Node, K.2
  • 115
    • 85024835007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SGTL2 inhibitors and amputations in the US FDA adverse event reporting system
    • [Internet]
    • Fadini GP, Avogaro A. SGTL2 inhibitors and amputations in the US FDA adverse event reporting system. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol [Internet]. 2017;5:680–681.
    • (2017) Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol , vol.5 , pp. 680-681
    • Fadini, G.P.1    Avogaro, A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.