How Common Is Commercial Contract Cheating in Higher Education and Is It Increasing? A Systematic Review

Frontiers in Education

Volumn 3, Issue , 2018, Pages

  Newton, Philip M ^a  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

assessment; cheating; essay mill; ghostwriting; plagiarism; term paper mill

Indexed keywords

EID: 85056105891     PISSN: None     EISSN: 2504284X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2018.00067     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Abukari Z., (2016). Awareness and Incidence of Plagiarism Among Students of Higher Education: A Case Study of Narh-Bita College. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Ghana.
2. Ahmadi A., (2014). Plagiarism in the Academic Context: a study of Iranian EFL Learners. Res. Ethics 10, 151–168. 10.1177/1747016113488859
3. Anonymous (2013). Why I Write for an Essay Mill. Times Higher Education. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/comment/opinion/why-i-write-for-an-essay-mill/2006074.article (Accessed 1 Aug, 2013).
4. Athanasou J. A., Olasehinde O., (2002). Male and female differences in self-report cheating. Pract. Assess. Res. Eval. 8.
5. Babalola Y. T., (2012). Awareness and Incidence of Plagiarism among Undergraduates in a Nigerian Private University. Afr. J. Lib. Arch. Inform. Sci. 22, 53–60.
6. Baetz M., Zivcakova L., Wood E., Nosko A., De Pasquale D., Archer K., (2011). Encouraging active classroom discussion of academic integrity and misconduct in higher education business contexts. J. Acad. Ethics 9:217. 10.1007/s10805-011-9141-4
7. Bailey J., Tomar D., Chu J., (2012). Paying for Plagiarism. Available online at: https://go.turnitin.com/webcast/paying-for-plagiarism
8. Balbuena S. E., Lamela R. A., (2015). Prevalence, Motives, and Views of Academic Dishonesty in Higher Education. Text. Available online at: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/23507756/2015/00000003/00000002/art00010
9. Bartlett T., (2009). Cheating goes global as essay mills multiply. Chron. High. Educ. 55.
10. Bichler-Robertson G., Potchak M. C., Tibbetts S., (2003). Low self-control, opportunity, and strain in students' reported cheating behaviour. J. Crime Just. 26, 23–53. 10.1080/0735648X.2003.9721169
11. Bishop S., Drozd J., Gosbin D., Guadalupe V., (2009). Academic Dishonesty and the Use of Online Media Among Education Graduate Students. San Bernadino, CA: California State University, San Bernardino.
12. Bisping T. O., Patron H., Roskelley K., (2008). Modeling Academic Dishonesty: the role of student perceptions and misconduct type. J. Econ. Educ. 39, 4–21. 10.3200/JECE.39.1.4-21
13. Boeker M., Vach W., Motschall E., (2013). Google scholar as replacement for systematic literature searches: good relative recall and precision are not enough. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 13:131. 10.1186/1471-2288-13-13124160679
14. Bomford A., (2016). The Man Who Helps Students to Cheat. BBC News. Available online at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-36276324
15. Bourassa M. J., (2011). Academic Dishonesty: Behaviors and Attitudes of Students at Church-Related Colleges and Universities. University of Toledo. Available online at: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:toledo1302301033
16. Bretag T., Harper R., Burton M., Ellis C., Newton P. M., Rozenberg P., et al. (2018). Contract cheating: a survey of Australian University Students. Stud. High. Educ. 1–20. 10.1080/03075079.2018.1462788
17. Brimble M., Stevenson-Clarke P., (2005). Perceptions of the prevalence and seriousness of academic dishonesty in Australian Universities. Aus. Educ. Res. 32, 19–44.
18. Butt S., Widdop S., Winstone E., (2016). The role of high quality surveys in political science research, in Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Political Science, eds Keman H., Wodendoorp J. J., (Camberley, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing), 262–280.
19. Carpenter D. D., Harding T. S., Finelli C. J., Montgomery S. M., Passow H. J., (2006). Engineering students' perceptions of and attitudes towards cheating. J. Eng. Educ. 95, 181–194. 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2006.tb00891.x
20. Christensen-Hughes J. M., McCabe D. L., (2006). Academic misconduct within higher education in Canada. Can. J. High. Educ. Toronto 36, 1–21.
21. Clarke R., Lancaster T., (2007). Establishing a systematic six-stage process for detecting contract cheating, in 2nd International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Applications, 2007, (New York, NY: ICPCA 2007), 342–247.
22. Clarke R., Lancaster T., (2013). Commercial aspects of contract cheating, in Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (New York, NY: ITiCSE'13; ACM) 219–224.
23. Cook H., (2017). Cheating “Hot Spots”: The Crackdown on Contract Cheating in Universities. The Sydney Morning Herald. Available online at: https://www.smh.com.au/national/cheating-hot-spots-the-crackdown-on-contract-cheating-in-universities-20171003-gytifj.html
24. Curtin R., Presser S., Singer E., (2000). The effects of response rate changes on the index of consumer sentiment. Public Opin. Q. 64, 413–428. 10.1086/31863811171024
25. Curtis G. J., Clare J., (2017). How prevalent is contract cheating and to what extent are students repeat offenders? J. Acad. Ethics 2, 115–24. 10.1007/s10805-017-9278-x
26. Curtis G. J., Gouldthorp B., Thomas E. F., O'Brien G. M., Correia H. M., (2013). Online Academic-Integrity Mastery Training May Improve Students' Awareness of, and Attitudes Toward, Plagiarism. Psychol. Learn. Teach. 12, 282–289. 10.2304/plat.2013.12.3.282
27. Curtis G. J., Popal R., (2011). An examination of factors related to plagiarism and a five-year follow-up of plagiarism at an Australian University. Int. J. Educ. Integr. 7. 10.21913/IJEI.v7i1.742
28. Curtis G. J., Vardanega L., (2016). Is plagiarism changing over time? A 10-year time-lag study with three points of measurement. Higher Educ. Res. Dev. 35, 1167–1179. 10.1080/07294360.2016.1161602
29. Dayton C. M., Scheers N. J., (1997). Latent class analysis of survey data dealing with academic dishonesty, in Applications of Latent Trait and Latent Class Models in the Social Sciences, 172–180.
30. Dickerson D., (2007). Facilitated plagiarism: the saga of term-paper mills and the failure of legislation and litigation to control them. Villan. Law Rev. 52:21.
31. Dodd T., (2018). Go8 Seeks Funding Details. The Australian, 2018. Available online at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/budget-2018-19bn-research-infrastructure-fund-welcomed/news-story/fbb4c48496b0f331ffd8530f6810ee0e
32. Draper M. J., Ibezim V., Newton P. M., (2017). Are essay mills committing fraud? an analysis of their behaviours vs the 2006 Fraud Act (UK). Int. J. Educ. Integr. 13:3. 10.1007/s40979-017-0014-5
33. Draper M. J., Newton P. M., (2017). A legal approach to tackling contract cheating? Int. J. Educ. Integr. 13:11. 10.1007/s40979-017-0022-5
34. Ellis C., Zucker I. M., Randall D., (2018). The infernal business of contract cheating: understanding the business processes and models of academic custom writing sites. Int. J. Educ. Integr. 14:1. 10.1007/s40979-017-0024-3
35. Eret E., Ok A., (2014). Internet plagiarism in higher education: tendencies, triggering factors and reasons among teacher candidates. Assess. Eval. High. Educ. 39, 1002–1016. 10.1080/02602938.2014.880776
36. Erickson M. L., Smith W. B., (1974). On the relationship between self-reported and actual deviance: an empirical test. Humboldt J. Soc. Relat. 1, 106–113.
37. Eve R., Bromley D., (1981). Scholastic dishonesty among college undergraduates parallel tests of two sociological explanations. Youth Soc. 13, 3–22.
38. Fanelli D., (2009). How many scientists fabricate and falsify research? A systematic review and meta-analysis of survey data. PLoS ONE 4:e5738. 10.1371/journal.pone.000573819478950
39. Franklyn-Stokes A., Newstead S. E., (1995). Undergraduate cheating: who does what and why? Stud. High. Educ. 20, 159–172. 10.1080/03075079512331381673
40. Gardner W. M., Roper J. T., Gonzalez C. C., Simpson R. G., (1988). Analysis of cheating on academic assignments. Psychol. Record 38, 543–555. 10.1007/BF03395046
41. Gaskill M., (2014). Cheating in Business Online Learning: Exploring Students Motivation, Current Practices and Possible Solutions. Theses, Student Research, and Creative Activity, Department of Teaching, Learning and Teacher Education. Available online at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/teachlearnstudent/35
42. Genereux R. L., McLeod B. A., (1995). Circumstances surrounding cheating: a questionnaire study of college students. Res. High. Educ. 36, 687–704. 10.1007/BF02208251
43. Gorard S., Rushforth K., Taylor C., (2004). Is there a shortage of quantitative work in education research? Oxford Rev. Educ. 30, 371–95. 10.1080/0305498042000260494
44. Goyder J., Warriner K., Miller S., (2002). Evaluating Socio-Economic Status (SES) bias in survey nonresponse. J. Offic. Statist. 18, 1–11.
45. Greene A. S., Saxe L., (1992). Everybody (Else) Does It: Academic Cheating. Available online at: https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22cheating+survey%22&id=ED347931
46. Guthrie C. L., (2009). Plagiarism and Cheating: A Mixed Methods Study of Student Academic Dishonesty. Thesis, The University of Waikato. Available online at: https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/4282
47. Haddaway N. R., Collins A. M., Coughlin D., Kirk S., (2015). The role of google scholar in evidence reviews and its applicability to grey literature searching. PLoS ONE 10:138237. 10.1371/journal.pone.013823726379270
48. Halbesleben J. R. B., Whitman M. V., (2013). Evaluating survey quality in health services research: a decision framework for assessing nonresponse bias. Health Serv. Res. 48, 913–930. 10.1111/1475-6773.1200223046097
49. Hard S. F., Conway J. M., Moran A. C., (2006). Faculty and college student beliefs about the frequency of student academic misconduct. J. High. Educ. 77, 1058–1080. 10.1080/00221546.2006.11778956
50. Harper R., Bretag T., Burton M., Ellis C., Newton P. M., Rozenberg P., et al. (2018). Contract cheating: a Survey of Australian University Staff. Stud. High. Educ. 1–17. 10.1080/03075079.2018.1462789
51. Hart L., Morgan L., (2010). Academic integrity in an online registered nurse to baccalaureate in nursing program. J. Cont. Educ. Nurs. 41, 489–505. 10.3928/00220124-20100701-0320672759
52. Haunberger S., (2011). To participate or not to participate: decision processes related to survey non-response. Bull. Sociol. Methodol. 109, 39–55. 10.1177/0759106310387721
53. Henry R., Flyn C., Glass K., (2014). £630 and I'll Put You on the Way to a First, 2014. Available online at: http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/article1422913.ece
54. Hensley L. C., Kirkpatrick K. M., Burgoon J. M., (2013). Relation of gender, course enrollment, and grades to distinct forms of academic dishonesty. Teach. High. Educ. 18, 895–907. 10.1080/13562517.2013.827641
55. Hilbert G. A., (1985). Involvement of nursing students in unethical classroom and clinical behaviors. J. Profess. Nurs. 1, 230–234. 10.1016/S8755-7223(85)80160-53854994
56. Hilbert G. A., (1987). Academic fraud: prevalence, practices, and reasons. J. Profess. Nurs. 3, 39–45. 10.1016/S8755-7223(87)80026-13644840
57. Hilbert G. A., (1988). Moral development and unethical behavior among nursing students. J. Profess. Nurs. 4, 163–167. 10.1016/S8755-7223(88)80133-93417947
58. Hosny M., Fatima S., (2014). Attitude of students towards cheating and plagiarism: University Case Study. J. Appl. Sci. 14, 748–757. 10.3923/jas.2014.748.757
59. Hunt S., (2017). Students' Use of Contract Cheaters Who Auction off Homework to Dark Web Ghostwriters Rising, Professor Warns | CBC News. CBC News Canada, 2017. Available online at; http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/contract-cheating-international-day-of-action-contract-cheating-1.4360193
60. IJEI (2017). The Rise of Contract Cheating in Higher Education: Academic Fraud Beyond Plagiarism. 2017. Available online at: https://www.springeropen.com/collections/cche
61. Irish Legal News (2017). “Essay Mills” to Be Subject to Prosecution under New Law. Irish Legal News. Available online at: http://www.irishlegal.com/7279/essay-mills-to-be-subject-to-prosecution-under-new-law/ (Accessed May 15, 2017).
62. Jamali H. R., Nabavi M., (2015). Open access and sources of full-text articles in google scholar in different subject fields. Scientometrics 105, 1635–1651. 10.1007/s11192-015-1642-2
63. Jones S., Johnson-Yale C., Millermaier S., Pérez F. S., (2008). Academic Work, the Internet and U.S. College Students. Internet High. Educ. 11, 165–177. 10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.07.001
64. Junger-Tas J., Marshall I. H., (1999). The self-report methodology in crime research. Crime Just. 25, 291–367. 10.1086/449291
65. Juni S., Gross J., Sokolowska J., (2006). Academic cheating as a function of defense mechanisms and object relations. Psychol. Reports 98, 627–639. 10.2466/pr0.98.3.627-63916933657
66. Kayaoglu M. N., Erbay S., Flitner C., Saltaş D., (2016). Examining students' perceptions of plagiarism: a cross-cultural study at tertiary level. J. Further High. Educ. 40, 682–705. 10.1080/0309877X.2015.1014320
67. Kidwell L. A., Kent J., (2008). Integrity at a distance: a study of academic misconduct among university students on and off campus. Account. Educ. 17, S3–S16. 10.1080/09639280802044568
68. Kirkland K., (2009). Academic Honesty: Is What Students Believe Different From What They Do? Leadership Studies Ed.D. Dissertations. Available onlinbe at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/leadership_diss/38
69. Lambert K., Ellen N., Taylor L., (2006). Chalkface challenges: a study of academic dishonesty amongst students in New Zealand Tertiary Institutions. Assess. Eval. High. Educ. 31, 485–503. 10.1080/02602930600679415
70. Lancaster T., Clarke R., (2016). Contract cheating: the outsourcing of assessed student work, in Handbook of Academic Integrity, ed Bretag T., (Singapore: Springer), 639–654. 10.1007/978-981-287-098-8_17
71. Ledesma R. G., (2011). Academic dishonesty among undergraduate students in a Korean University. Res. World Econ. 2:25. 10.5430/rwe.v2n2p25
72. Liberati A., Altman D. G., Tetzlaff J., Mulrow C., Gøtzsche P. C., Ioannidis J. P., et al. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 6:e1000100. 10.1371/journal.pmed.100010019621070
73. Liebler R., (2016). Collecting and reporting self-reports of the number of times cheated. College Student J. 50, 95–101.
74. Lim V. K. G., See S. K. B., (2001). Attitudes toward, and intentions to report, academic cheating among students in Singapore. Ethics Behav. 11, 261–274. 10.1207/S15327019EB1103_5
75. Mahmood Z., (2009). Contract cheating: a new phenomenon in cyber-plagiarism. Commun. IBIMA 10, 93–97.
76. Mattei N., (2009). Measuring the Effectiveness of a Required Ethics Class in an Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum. New Orleans, LA: American Society for Engineering Education.
77. Matthews D., (2013). Essay Mills: University Course Work to Order. Times Higher Education. October 2013. Available online at: http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/features/essay-mills-university-course-work-to-order/2007934.article
78. Maxwell A., Curtis G. J., Vardanega L., (2008). Does culture influence understanding and perceived seriousness of plagiarism? Int. J. Educ. Integr. 4. 10.21913/IJEI.v4i2.412
79. McCabe D. L., (2016). Cheating and honor: lessons from a long-term research project, in Handbook of Academic Integrity, ed Bretag T., (Singapore: Springer), 187–198. 10.1007/978-981-287-098-8_35
80. Megehee C. M., Spake D. F., (2008). The impact of perceived peer behavior, probable detection and punishment severity on student cheating behavior. Market. Educ. Rev. 18, 5–19. 10.1080/10528008.2008.11489033
81. Mulisa F., (2015). The prevalence of academic dishonesty and perceptions of students towards its practical habits: implication for quality of education. Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J. 4, 309–315. 10.4314/star.v4i2.43
82. Newstead S. E., Franklyn-Stokes A., Armstead P., (1996). Individual differences in student cheating. J. Educ. Psychol. 88, 229–241.
83. Newton P. M., (2015). Academic integrity: a quantitative study of confidence and understanding in students at the start of their higher education. Assess. Eval. High. Educ. 41, 482–497. 10.1080/02602938.2015.1024199
84. Newton P. M., Lang C., (2016). Custom essay writers, freelancers, and other paid third parties, in Handbook of Academic Integrity, ed Bretag T., (Singapore: Springer), 249–271. 10.1007/978-981-287-098-8_38
85. Nonis S., Swift C., (1998). Deterring cheating behavior in the marketing classroom: an analysis of the effects of demographics, attitudes, and in-class deterrent strategies. J. Market. Educ. 20, 188–199. 10.1177/027347539802000302
86. O'Malley M., Roberts T. S., (2012). Plagiarism on the rise? combating contract cheating in science courses. Int. J. Innov. Sci. Math. Educ. 20, 16–24.
87. O'Neill H. M., Pfeiffer C. A., (2012). The impact of honour codes and perceptions of cheating on academic cheating behaviours, especially for MBA bound undergraduates. Account. Educ. 21, 231–245. 10.1080/09639284.2011.590012
88. Owings S., Nelson J., (2014). The essay industry. Mount. Plains J. Bus. Econ. Gen. Res. 15.
89. Park E., Park S., Jang I., (2013). Academic cheating among nursing students. Nurse Educ. Tod. 33, 346–352. 10.1016/j.nedt.2012.12.01523357719
90. Pupovac V., Fanelli D., (2015). Scientists admitting to plagiarism: a meta-analysis of surveys. Sci. Eng. Ethics 21, 1331–1352. 10.1007/s11948-014-9600-625352123
91. QAA (2017). Contracting to Cheat in Higher Education - How to Address Contract Cheating, the Use of Third-Party Services and Essay Mills. QAA. Available online at: http://www.qaa.ac.uk:80/publications/information-and-guidance/publication?PubID=3200
92. Quintos M. A. M., (2017). A study on the prevalence and correlates of academic dishonesty in four undergrdauate degree programmes. Asia Pacific J. Multidiscip. Res. 5, 135–154.
93. Ransome J., Newton P. M., (2017). Are we educating educators about academic integrity? A study of UK higher education textbooks. Assess. Eval. High. Educ. 43, 126–137. 10.1080/02602938.2017.1300636
94. Rigby D., Burton M., Balcombe K., Bateman I., Mulatu A., (2015). Contract cheating & the market in essays. J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 111, 23–37. 10.1016/j.jebo.2014.12.019
95. Roth R., (2017). The Effect of Enrollment Status on Plagiarism Among Traditional and Non-Traditional Students. Doctoral Dissertations and Projects. Available online at: http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/1407
96. Rowland S., Slade C., Wong K., Whiting B., (2017). “Just Turn to Us”: the persuasive features of contract cheating websites. Assess. Eval. High. Educ. 1–14. 10.1080/02602938.2017.1391948
97. Rowland S., Slade C., Wong K.-S., Whiting B., (2018). ‘Just turn to us’: the persuasive features of contract cheating websites. Assess. Eval. Higher Educ. (2018) 43, 652–665. 10.1080/02602938.2017.1391948
98. Rumbough T., (2001). Controversial Uses of the Internet by College Students. University of Pennsylvania. Available online at: https://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/CSD1618.pdf
99. Scanlon P. M., Neumann D. R., (2002). Internet plagiarism among college students. J. Coll. Stud. Develop. 43, 374–385.
100. Scheers N. J., Dayton C. M., (1987). Improved estimation of academic cheating behavior using the randomized response technique. Res. High. Educ. 26, 61–69. 10.1007/BF00991933
101. Selwyn N., (2008). “Not Necessarily a Bad Thing …”: a study of online plagiarism amongst undergraduate students. Assess. Eval. High. Educ. 33, 465–479. 10.1080/02602930701563104
102. Sendag S., Duran M., Fraser M. R., (2012). Surveying the extent of involvement in online academic dishonesty (e-Dishonesty) related practices among university students and the rationale students provide: one university's experience. Comput. Hum. Behav. 28, 849–860. 10.1016/j.chb.2011.12.004
103. Shaughnessy M. F., (1988). The Psychology of Cheating Behavior, Available online at: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED303708
104. Sheard J., Dick M., Markham S., Macdonald I., Walsh M., (2002). Cheating and plagiarism: perceptions and practices of first year IT students, in Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (New York, NY: ACM; ITiCSE'02), 183–187.
105. Sheard J., Markham S., Dick M., (2003). Investigating differences in cheating behaviours of IT undergraduate and graduate students: the maturity and motivation factors. High. Educ. Res. Dev. 22, 91–108. 10.1080/0729436032000056526
106. Smith T. R., Langenbacher M., Kudlac C., Fera A. G., (2013). Deviant reactions to the college pressure cooker: a test of general strain theory on undergraduate students in the United States. Int. J. Crim. Just. Sci. 8, 88–104.
107. Spaulding M., (2009). Perceptions of Academic Honesty in Online vs. Face-to-Face Classrooms. J. Interact. Online Learn. 8, 183–198.
108. Stella-Maris O., Awala-Ale A., (2017). Exploring students' perception and experience of ghostwriting and contract cheating in Nigeria higher education institutions. World J. Educ. Res. 4:551. 10.22158/wjer.v4n4p551
109. Stephens J. M., Young M. F., Calabrese T., (2007). Does moral judgment go offline when students are online? A comparative analysis of undergraduates' beliefs and behaviors related to conventional and digital cheating. Ethics Behav. 17, 233–254. 10.1080/10508420701519197
110. Stogner J. M., Miller B. L., Marcum C. D., (2013). Learning to E-Cheat: a criminological test of internet facilitated academic cheating. J. Crim. Just. Educ. 24, 175–199. 10.1080/10511253.2012.693516
111. Sullivan A., Calderwood L., (2017). Surveys: longitudinal, cross-sectional and trend studies, in The BERA/SAGE Handbook of Educational Research: Two Volume Set, eds Wyse D., Selwyn N., Smith E., Suter L., (London: SAGE Publications Ltd.), 395–415. 10.4135/9781473983953.n20
112. Tennant P., Duggan F., (2008). Academic Misconduct Benchmarking Research (AMBeR) Project Part II Executive Summary. Projects. Available online at: http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/documents/AMBeR_PartII_Summary.pdf
113. TEQSA (2017). Good Practice Note: Addressing Contract Cheating to Safeguard Academic Integrity | Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency. Available online at: https://www.teqsa.gov.au/latest-news/publications/good-practice-note-addressing-contract-cheating-safeguard-academic24548891
114. Turner C., (2017). University Lecturers Are Topping up Earnings by Helping Students Cheat, Review Suggests. The Telegraph. Available online at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2017/10/07/university-lecturers-topping-earnings-helping-students-cheat/ (Accessed Oct. 7, 2017).
115. Turnitin R. G., (2018). Turnitin - Authorship Investigation. Turnitin. Available online at: http://turnitin.com/en_us/authorship-investigation
116. Unesco R. G., (2017). Six Ways to Ensure Higher Education Leaves No One Behind. 30. Available online at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002478/247862E.pdf
117. Usborne S., (2017). Essays for Sale: The Booming Online Industry in Writing Academic Work to Order. The Guardian. Available online at: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/mar/04/essays-for-sale-the-booming-online-industry-in-writing-academic-work-to-order (Accessed March 4, 2017).
118. Wajda-Johnston V. A., Handal P. J., Brawer P. A., Fabricatore A. N., (2001). Academic dishonesty at the graduate level. Ethics Behav. 11, 287–305. 10.1207/S15327019EB1103_7
119. Walker M., Townley C., (2012). Contract cheating: a new challenge for academic honesty? J. Acad. Ethics 10, 27–44. 10.1007/s10805-012-9150-y
120. Wallace M. J., Newton P. M., (2014). Turnaround time and market capacity in contract cheating. Educ. Stud. 40, 233–236. 10.1080/03055698.2014.889597
121. Walton C. L. T., (2010). An Investigation of Academic Dishonesty Among Undergraduates at Kansas State University. Available online at: http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/handle/2097/2368
122. Wellman N., Fallon J., (2012). Investigating academic malpractice within an MBA marketing module. Int. J. Educ. Integr. 8. 10.21913/IJEI.v8i1.783
123. White M., (2018). Can UK Universities Stop Their Students From Cheating? The Versed (blog). https://www.theversed.com/89804/can-uk-universities-stop-students-cheating/ (Accessed May 11, 2018).
124. Whitley B. E., (1998). Factors associated with cheating among college students: a review. Res. High. Educ. 39, 235–274. 10.1023/A:1018724900565
125. Williams L. K., (2012). Cheating Incidences, Perceptions of Cheating, and the Moral Development Level of College Students. Johnson & Wales University.
126. Yang S. C., (2012). Attitudes and behaviors related to academic dishonesty: a survey of Taiwanese Graduate students. Ethics Behav. 22, 218–237. 10.1080/10508422.2012.672904
127. Zafarghandi A. M., Khoshroo F., Barkat B., (2012). An Investigation of Iranian EFL masters students' perceptions of plagiarism. Int. J. Educ. Integr. 8. 10.21913/IJEI.v8i2.811